{ "id": 3254958, "name": "THE CITY OF CHICAGO, Appellant, v. HOWARD ANTHONY, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "City of Chicago v. Anthony", "decision_date": "1990-03-29", "docket_number": "No. 67753", "first_page": "169", "last_page": "192", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "136 Ill. 2d 169" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "415 Ill. 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2684352 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "223" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/415/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "11 Ill. 2d 431", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2785210 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "438" }, { "page": "438" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/11/0431-01" ] }, { "cite": "411 Ill. 183", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5313300 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "191" }, { "page": "191" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/411/0183-01" ] }, { "cite": "321 Ill. 538", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5167595 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "544" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/321/0538-01" ] }, { "cite": "254 Ill. 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4687211 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "238" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/254/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "305 Ill. 194", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2430653 ], "year": 1912, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/305/0194-01" ] }, { "cite": "276 Ill. 544", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4854738 ], "year": 1922, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "550" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/276/0544-01" ] }, { "cite": "569 F.2d 666", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 3774370, 3773875, 1423502, 1423367 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "673" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us-app-dc/187/0011-01", "/us-app-dc/187/0011-02", "/f2d/569/0666-01", "/f2d/569/0666-02" ] }, { "cite": "611 F.2d 1115", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 470041 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1120" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/611/1115-01" ] }, { "cite": "714 F.2d 498", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1886484 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "502" }, { "page": "503" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/714/0498-01" ] }, { "cite": "739 F.2d 1028", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 654352 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1033" }, { "page": "1033" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/739/1028-01" ] }, { "cite": "751 F.2d 1484", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 301475 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1494" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/751/1484-01" ] }, { "cite": "818 F.2d 187", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1716534 ], "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/818/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "611 F. Supp. 1223", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3770860 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1243" }, { "page": "1245" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/611/1223-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3173556 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "12" }, { "page": "12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 Ill. App. 3d 908", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3641225 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "910" }, { "page": "910" }, { "page": "911-12" }, { "page": "910" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/137/0908-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 Ill. App 3", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "27 Ill. 2d 455", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5360003 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/27/0455-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 186", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3045513 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "193" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 Ill. 395", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2433154 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "406" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/313/0395-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 Ill. 2d 308", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5455854 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "314" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/69/0308-01" ] }, { "cite": "343 Ill. 11", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5254204 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "16" }, { "page": "16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/343/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "174 Ill. App. 3d 288", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3515093 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "298" }, { "page": "298" }, { "page": "298" }, { "page": "299" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/174/0288-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1128, "char_count": 36091, "ocr_confidence": 0.757, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.684139806154302e-07, "percentile": 0.9493760060914749 }, "sha256": "77633b9568bcdf5e96be328a824ae6c212b6bb59bc05500d76d040e19e3c94c1", "simhash": "1:8140bcbc3f51e5e3", "word_count": 6046 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:08:10.696220+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE CITY OF CHICAGO, Appellant, v. HOWARD ANTHONY, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE CALVO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn February 21, 1985, plaintiff, City of Chicago, filed a complaint in the circuit court of Cook County to condemn a parcel of land owned by defendant, Howard A. Anthony. A jury returned a verdict in the amount of $10,910, and the circuit court entered judgment on the verdict. Defendant appealed, and the appellate court reversed and remanded for a new trial (174 Ill. App. 3d 288). This court allowed plaintiffs petition for leave to appeal. Amicus curiae briefs were accepted from the Lake County Forest Preserve District and the Du Page County Forest Preserve District.\nThe triangular parcel of.land sought to be taken in the condemnation proceeding is commonly known as 300 S. Hermitage, 1735 W. Jackson Boulevard and 1757 W. Ogden Avenue in Chicago. At the time of the condemnation, the parcel was improved with a two-story, masonry-constructed commercial retail store building with residential apartments on the second floor. The building was vacant. Subsequent to the filing of the complaint, the building was demolished. The parcel is located in the vicinity of the Eisenhower Expressway.\nNine days before plaintiff filed its complaint, defendant received a letter, dated February 12, 1985, from Jeffrey J. Berg, real estate manager for Outdoor Media, Inc. The letter was entitled \u201cRe: Sign Lease Proposal.\u201d The proposal concerned leasing approximately 48 inches of ground space for an illuminated advertising sign with visibility from the Eisenhower Expressway. The proposal contained the dimensions of the proposed sign, as well as proposed monthly rental payments for a 15-year lease which totaled $93,600. The proposal concluded, \u201cI shall phone your office next week for your thoughts ***.\u201d\nIn an eminent domain case, the only question for a jury to decide is the just compensation to be paid to the owner of the property sought to be condemned. (Sanitary District v. Johnson (1931), 343 Ill. 11, 16.) Just compensation is the fair cash market value of the subject property at its highest and best use on the date of the filing of the complaint to condemn. (Department of Public Works & Buildings v. An Association of Franciscan Fathers (1977), 69 Ill. 2d 308, 314.) It is provided by statute:\n\u201c[T]he fair cash market value of property in a proceeding in eminent domain shall be the amount of money which a purchaser, willing but not obligated to buy the property, would pay to an owner willing but not obliged to sell in a voluntary sale, which amount of money shall be determined and ascertained as of the date of filing the complaint to condemn.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 110, par. 7-121.\nThe highest and best use may be the present use to which the property is actually put or:\n\u201cany capacity for future use which may be anticipated with reasonable certainty, though dependent upon circumstances which may possibly never occur, *** if it in fact enhanced the market value of the land in its present condition and state of improvement. The future prospective use affecting value must be a present capacity for a use which may be anticipated with reasonable certainty and made the basis of an intelligent estimate of value.\u201d Crystal Lake Park District v. Consumers Co. (1924), 313 Ill. 395, 406.\nAt-trial, defendant\u2019s expert valuation witness, Donald Engel, was not permitted to testify concerning the dollar amount of the rental income contained in the sign lease proposal. Mr. Engel was also prohibited from testifying about the rental income received from sign lease agreements on other properties. The appellate court reversed, holding that under Federal Rule of Evidence 703 and Federal Rule of Evidence 705, defendant\u2019s expert should have been able to so testify.\nRule 703 provides:\n\u201cThe facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to the expert at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.\u201d Fed. R. Evid. 703.\nRule 705 provides:\n\u201cThe expert may testify in terms of opinion or inference and give reasons therefor without prior disclosure of the underlying facts or data, unless the court requires otherwise. The expert may in any event be required to disclose the underlying facts or data on cross-examination.\u201d Fed. R. Evid. 705.\nRules 703 and 705 were adopted by this court in Wilson v. Clark (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 186.\nOn November 25, 1985, plaintiff filed a motion in limine to exclude from the trial any testimony or evidence relating to the sign lease proposal, including any testimony which concerned the appraised value of the sign lease proposal and any testimony which valued the sign lease proposal separately from the value of the land or which considered future rental income from the sign lease proposal.\nDefendant filed a response to plaintiffs motion - in limine, and a hearing was held on December 10, 1985. On December 20, 1985, a judge (hereafter referred to as the motion judge) ruled on the motion. The motion judge found the property must be valued as a whole, and a lease may not be separately valued as one part to be added to another part. This ruling is consistent with the unit rule of valuation in eminent domain cases, which requires that property be valued as a whole. Because the \u201cmeasure of recovery for damage to private property caused by a public improvement is the loss which concerns the property itself *** the fair market value of improved property is not the sum of the value of the building and the value of the land computed separately.\u201d (Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Lotta (1963), 27 Ill. 2d 455, 456.) The unit rule is applied in eminent domain cases to avoid misleading the jury.\nConcerning the admissibility of the sign lease proposal, the motion judge stated her findings: (1) the document was not an offer to purchase the property for cash; (2) the document was not an actual lease; (3) the document was an initial contact letter setting forth a proposed business opportunity; and (4) \u201cthe rental income set forth in the document is contingent upon not only both parties agreeing to enter into a leasing agreement, but to the proposed advertising, means, zoning ordinances and receiving City Council clearance.\u201d The motion judge specifically found the proposed rental income to be \u201cspeculative and certainly futuristic.\u201d The judge found the document would tend to confuse the issue of highest and best use, would be prejudicial, and would have the danger of being misunderstood by the jury. The judge ruled the document was inadmissible.\nConcerning the use of the sign lease proposal for the purpose of supporting defendant\u2019s theory of highest and best use, the motion judge ruled, \u201cThe Court will allow testimony related to the specific sign lease proposal which would be acceptable under Federal Rules of Evidence, 703 and 705, which were adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in 1981 in Wilson v. Clark ***. And also in Department of Transportation v. Charles Beeson ***.\u201d The judge also stated:\n\u201cNothing in this order shall be considered a ruling that otherwise inadmissible evidence will be admitted for all purposes through the testimony of the expert evaluation witnesses, and the Court shall instruct the jury on that. You will see the impact of that after you read the Beeson case.\u201d\nThis ruling was followed by several requests for clarification by counsel for both plaintiff and defendant. The motion judge explained that defendant\u2019s expert would be able to testify that in his opinion the subject property has its highest and best use in sign lease advertising. The expert could be asked the basis of his opinion and would be able to say \u201cthat there were offers with regard to a sign lease being put on and that was received before, according to the Federal Rules, we are going to be able to get into various things with regard to that sign lease proposal. He\u2019s going to be able to say that that was a factor in his consideration of what was the highest and best use.\u201d After another request for clarification, the motion judge said the specifics of the rental income contained in the proposal would not be admissible, but defendant\u2019s expert \u201ccan say that he took into consideration that there would be a rental income that is produced by that property.\u201d\nThe motion judge again clarified her ruling regarding the sign lease proposal, saying the document would be excluded from evidence, but \u201c[tjestimony relating to the document, if it is within 703 and 705, I have no choice but to allow it in that limited context if it fits within the Federal Rules *** unless at a future time at the pretrial you can somehow say that my interpretation of this with regard to the rental income is wrong.\u201d The judge also noted, \u201cIf we have any further problem with this when you have developed the case, we will be able to decide all of this at pretrial.\u201d The judge directed that an order be drafted, noting the order could read that the motion is \u201chalf denied and half not denied. But you can work that out by attaching a copy of that transcript to the order.\u201d Plaintiff drafted an order which was signed by the motion judge on January 22, 1986, the same day the case was transferred to another judge (hereafter referred to as the trial judge). Among the conclusions of law, the order stated:\n\u201c5. The document entitled sign lease proposal is hereby excluded and shall not be admitted into evidence. The introduction of the document would tend to confuse and prejudice the jury.\n6. Federal Rules of Evidence 703 and 705, adopted by the Illinois Supreme Court in Wilson v. Clark., [sic] 84 Ill. 2d 186, will be deemed to apply in this cause.\u201d\nThe motion judge then added to conclusion 6, by hand, \u201cas defined in Dept of Transportation v. Beeson, 137 Ill. App 3[d] 908.\u201d The order continued:\n\u201ca. The document entitled Sign Lease Proposal is inadmissible as evidence in the trial of this cause.\nb. Testimony which separately values the proposed sign lease hold is inadmissible as evidence in the trial of this cause.\nc. Testimony regarding future rental income to be derived from the sign lease proposal is inadmissible as evidence in the trial of this cause.\nd. Within the limited context of testimony regarding highest and best uses of the subject property, testimony of experts who may have considered the sign lease proposal as a factor in reaching a determination of highest and best use of the property may be allowed; however, nothing in this order shall be considered a ruling that otherwise inadmissible evidence will be admitted for all purposes through the testimony of an expert valuation witness, and the Court will so instruct the jury.\u201d\nThe judge then added by hand: \u201ce. [T]he transcript of proceedings is attached hereto.\u201d Defendant filed a motion to vacate and/or modify the motion judge\u2019s ruling of January 22, 1986, which was denied.\nPlaintiff later deposed defendant\u2019s expert valuation witness, Don Engel. Mr. Engel\u2019s appraisal report and his testimony during the deposition disclosed he had considered future rental income from the sign lease proposal in reaching his opinion of the fair cash market value of the defendant\u2019s property. Plaintiff filed another motion in limine on June 12, 1986, requesting that Mr. Engel be barred from testifying to an opinion of value which was based in part on future rental income previously held to be inadmissible.\nAt the hearing on plaintiff\u2019s motion, the trial judge noted the sign lease proposal \u201chad been gone over and over\u201d at least four or five times. At issue was the interpretation of the trial judge\u2019s ruling regarding the admissibility of the sign lease proposal. Plaintiff asked the trial judge for the relief which, in plaintiff\u2019s interpretation, the motion judge had already granted: an order barring any testimony concerning future rental income from the sign lease proposal.\nThe trial judge entered an order which read:\n\u201c1. Defendant\u2019s expert may express an opinion of value and if asked on direct examination what facts or underlying data did the appraiser take into consideration in making his opinion, he will not be allowed to testify as to income as set forth in the sign lease proposal.\n2. This does not prohibit Defendant\u2019s appraiser from testifying about other facts or underlying data of the type which is usually relied upon by appraisers including other sign income in formulating an opinion of value.\u201d\nAt trial, two experts testified for plaintiff. Ripley Mead, Jr., a licensed real estate broker and appraiser, was retained by plaintiff to appraise the subject parcel in 1983. Mr. Mead testified only to the physical condition of the property: in his opinion, the overall condition of the building was poor. Mr. Mead did not express an opinion of value.\nSylvester Kerwin, a real estate broker and appraiser, was retained by plaintiff in December 1985 to value the property as of the condemnation date, February 21, 1985. The building had been razed before Mr. Kerwin was so retained. Mr. Kerwin was familiar with the exterior of the building from earlier inspections of other buildings in the area; he also inspected public assessment records in order to determine the size, shape and condition of the property.\nIn Mr. Kerwin\u2019s opinion, the highest and best use of the subject property would be to raze the building and develop the property commercially by assembling the property with surrounding parcels. According to Mr. Kerwin, the fair cash market value of the property was $8,700: 2,183 square feet valued at $4 per square foot. Mr. Kerwin considered four or five sales of commercial properties, which in his opinion were comparable, in reaching his opinion of the fair cash market value of the property. In order to relate the sale of these properties to the subject property, Mr. Kerwin made adjustments for location, traffic flow, size and time of sale.\nAccording to Mr. Kerwin, the use of the property for sign leasing under the sign lease proposal \u201cwas not reasonably probable as of the date of the evaluation.\u201d Mr. Kerwin considered such a use to be speculative. During cross-examination, Mr. Kerwin stated he did not recall the specific zoning requirements regarding illuminated signs.\nAt trial, defendant testified he purchased the subject property for $7,500 on August 19, 1981. There was space for three commercial stores on the first floor of the building, and three apartments, consisting of 13 rooms, on the second floor. The land area of the property was 2,180 square feet. The building was 3,980 square feet. Defendant testified the property was in good condition. Defendant bought the property with the intention of \u201crehabbing\u201d it. Defendant estimated the cost of rehabilitating the building to be between $7,000 and $20,000. Defendant never received any income from the property.\nMr. Engel, a real estate appraiser, testified as an expert witness for defendant. It was Mr. Engel\u2019s opinion that the highest and best use of the property would be its \u201crehabilitation or reconstruction for commercial uses *** and its availability for sign lease use and income to be generated from that source.\u201d Mr. Engel stated that he took into consideration his experience in estimating in determining the cost of rehabilitating the building. Mr. Engel examined the zoning ordinances of the City of Chicago as they related to illuminated signs to determine the feasibility of defendant\u2019s property being legally used for an illuminated sign. Mr. Engel also investigated land sales in the area.\nMr. Engel\u2019s opinion of the value of the subject property on February 21, 1985, was $55,000. Mr. Engel testified he took into consideration the value of the underlying land, the value of the then existing building structure in its condition at that point in time, and the value of the potential rental income from leasing an advertising sign. Mr. Engel testified that in arriving at a final estimate of the fair cash market value of the subject property, he took the value of the subject property as a whole and the influence of each factor on its value. Concerning the potential income from sign leasing purposes, Mr. Engel testified he examined the sign lease proposal itself and spoke with the signer of the letter. Furthermore, Mr. Engel testified he spoke with other individuals in the business of negotiating sign leases and reached the conclusion that the proposal was a reasonable rental for this location and its achievement was reasonably probable.\nAn objection was sustained by the circuit court to Mr. Engel\u2019s testimony regarding the general market in outdoor advertising signs. The circuit court also sustained an objection to Mr. Engel\u2019s testimony concerning the market rentals for similar properties which might disclose an average dollar amount paid for similar signs. When defendant requested to make an offer of proof, the circuit court informed defendant an offer of proof would be allowed at the close of the evidence. The circuit court also excluded from evidence certain journals of proceedings of the city council, and evidence of the number of sign permit requests made by a certain sign leasing company.\nAt the close of the evidence, during the offer of proof, defendant\u2019s counsel explained that Mr. Engel would have testified concerning the official indexes of the City of Chicago for the years 1982-85. From those indexes, Mr. Engel had counted the applications for illuminated sign approvals which had been submitted to the joint committee on building and zoning. Specifically, Mr. Engel would have testified to the exact number of applications from specific sign leasing companies and the number which had been approved. At this point, the judge instructed defense counsel to continue making his offer of proof, and to come to his chambers when the offer of proof was completed. The judge then left the courtroom.\nThe remainder of the offer of proof concerned the specifics of the sign lease proposal about which defendant had wanted Mr. Engel to testify, and the research performed by Mr. Engel concerning the average rental income for advertising signs in the market. Furthermore, Mr. Engel would have testified that the proposed sign income was the type of fact reasonably relied upon by experts in the field in reaching a conclusion of the value of the property. Finally, Mr. Engel would have testified that there was an absence of actual sales of properties with similar signs in the area, and Outdoor Media had the financial ability to fulfill the terms of the proposal for the sign lease.\nDefendant appealed. The appellate court reversed the judgment of the circuit court and remanded the cause for a new trial. The appellate court found the excluded testimony of defendant\u2019s expert, Mr. Engel, regarding the value of the sign income reflected in the proposed sign lease, to clearly come within that allowable under Federal Rules of Evidence 703 and 705. As such, the appellate court concluded it was error to prohibit defendant\u2019s expert from testifying about the sign lease proposal. The appellate court held the circuit court\u2019s finding that the rental income from the sign lease proposal was \u201cspeculative\u201d and \u201cfuturistic\u201d to be contrary to the weight of the evidence.\nFurther, relying on Department of Transportation v. Beeson (1985), 137 Ill. App. 3d 908, the appellate court found \u201cdefendant\u2019s expert should have been allowed to testify as to an average rental income for other signs, insofar as defendant\u2019s expert took into account potential sign rental income in determining the value of the subject property.\u201d (174 Ill. App. 3d at 298.) The appellate court noted testimony concerning the market rental income from other similar signs would serve to \u201cshed light upon the basis for the expert\u2019s opinion regarding the value of the rental income contained in the sign lease proposal.\u201d 174 Ill. App. 3d at 298.\nIn Beeson, the appellate court held that Rules 703 and 705 \u201cshould be applied to the testimony of valuation witnesses, with the result being that all sales considered by valuation witnesses now are admissible\u201d in eminent domain cases. (Beeson, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 910.) In the instant case, the appellate court found Beeson distinguishable \u201cin that Beeson involved the admissibility of comparable sales of properties, while the instant appeal involves the admissibility of comparable uses of property for sign leasing and the income generated therefrom.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) (174 Ill. App. 3d at 298.) The appellate court found the analysis in Beeson helpful since Beeson considered the rationale behind Rules 703 and 705.\nFor the reasons expressed below, we reverse the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court. We agree that Rules 703 and 705, as adopted by this court in Wilson, apply to a qualified expert witness who expresses an opinion of the fair cash market value of a piece of property in an eminent domain case. Rule 703 was intended to \u201cbring the judicial practice into line with the practice of the experts themselves when not in court.\u201d (Fed. R. Evid. 703, Advisory Committee\u2019s Note.) The advisory committee\u2019s note to Rule 703 also states: \u201cIf it be feared that. enlargement of permissible data may tend to break down the rules of exclusion unduly, notice should be taken that the rule requires that the facts or data 'be of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field.\u2019 \u201d Fed. R. Evid. 703, Advisory Committee\u2019s Note.\nRule 703 did not create an exception to the hearsay rule; the underlying facts or data upon which an expert in a particular field is found to have reasonably relied are not admitted for their truth. The underlying facts or data are admitted \u201cfor the limited purpose of explaining the basis for the expert witness\u2019 opinion.\u201d (People v. Anderson (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 1, 12.) Even though the facts or data underlying an expert\u2019s opinion are not offered for their truth, a \u201ckey element in applying Federal Rule 703 is whether the information upon which the expert bases his opinion is of a type that is reliable.\u201d (Wilson, 84 Ill. 2d at 193.) This court has stated a trial judge need not allow an expert to state the underlying facts or data of his opinion \u201cwhen [their] probative value in explaining the expert\u2019s opinion pale[ ] beside [their] likely prejudicial impact or [their] tendency to create confusion.\u201d Anderson, 113 Ill. 2d at 12.\nOther courts have indicated that it is for the circuit court, in the exercise of its discretion, to determine whether the underlying facts or data upon which an expert bases an opinion are of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field. (In re \u201cAgent Orange\u201d Product Liability Litigation (E.D.N.Y. 1985), 611 F. Supp. 1223, 1243, affd (2d Cir. 1987), 818 F.2d 187; Greenwood Utilities Comm\u2019n v. Mississippi Power Co. (5th Cir. 1985), 751 F.2d 1484, 1494; Barrel of Fun, Inc. v. State Farm Fire & Casualty Co. (5th Cir. 1984), 739 F.2d 1028, 1033; Soden v. Freightliner Corp. (5th Cir. 1983), 714 F.2d 498, 502; Bauman v. Centex Corp. (5th Cir. 1980), 611 F.2d 1115, 1120; Merit Motors, Inc. v. Chrysler Corp. (D.C. Cir. 1977), 569 F.2d 666, 673; see J. Weinstein & M. Berger, Weinstein\u2019s Evidence, par. 703(03), at 703 \u2014 16 (1988).) In Soden, the court noted that such inquiry into whether the basis for the expert\u2019s opinion meets this standard must be made on a case-by-case basis and should \u201cfocus on the reliability of the opinion and its foundation rather than merely on the fact that it was based *** upon hearsay.\u201d Soden, 714 F.2d at 503.\nWe hold that it is for the circuit court, in the exercise of its discretion, to determine whether the underlying facts or data upon which an expert bases an opinion are of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field. Such a determination shall not be disturbed unless there has been an abuse of discretion.\nThe opinion of an expert that the underlying facts or data upon which he or she seeks to base an opinion are of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field is a factor to be considered by a circuit court in the exercise of its discretion. This, however, does not allow the circuit court to \u201cabdicate its independent responsibilities to decide if the bases meet minimum standards of reliability as a condition of admissibility.\u201d In re \u201cAgent Orange\u201d, 611 F. Supp. at 1245.\nThe reason for the substantive inadmissibility of the facts or data upon which an expert relies must be considered by the circuit court. If another rule of law applicable to the case excludes the information sought to be relied upon by the expert, the information may not be permitted to come before the jury under the guise of a basis for the opinion of the expert.\nAs stated by the court in Barrel of Fun:\n\u201c[Ujnder Rule 703, expert testimony may not be excluded merely because it is based on facts or data that are inadmissible in evidence. However, the Rule does not guarantee the admissibility of all expert testimony that meets its criteria if such testimony runs afoul of other evidentiary requirements. For instance, expert testimony otherwise admissible under Rules 702 and 703 may still be excluded \u2018if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury ....\u2019 Fed. R. Evid. 403.\u201d Barrel of Fun, 739 F.2d at 1033.\nIn this case, it is eminent domain law which controls the admissibility of evidence for its truth as well as for the limited purpose of explaining the basis for an expert\u2019s opinion pursuant to Rule 703. Because each piece of property is unique, each condemnation case depends upon the facts and circumstances of the particular case. Except for condemnation cases which announce general principles of eminent domain law, it has been noted that precedents may be of little assistance in arriving at the fair cash market value to be paid in each case. (City of Chicago v. Lord (1916), 276 Ill. 544, 550.) Because no blanket rule of eminent domain law will be applicable in every condemnation case, \u201c[t]he limits of the evidence necessarily rest largely in the discretion of the trial judge.\u201d Forest Preserve District v. Wing (1922), 305 Ill. 194; Chicago & Western Indiana R.R. Co. v. Heidenreich (1912), 254 Ill. 231, 238.\nThe proper factors which may be taken into consideration in determining just compensation must be determined by the trial court as a question of law. (Johnson, 343 Ill. at 16.) An expert in valuation of property for condemnation purposes may only rely upon facts or data which are legally relevant to the issue of the fair cash market value of the property in question. To the extent that an expert relies upon facts or data which are irrelevant to proving the fair cash market value of the property in question, then the facts or data so relied upon would not be based upon lawful elements of damage and would be of no benefit to a jury. Illinois Power & Light Corp. v. Talbott (1926), 321 Ill. 538, 544.\nThe parties have not directed our attention to any case comparable to the case at bar. Defendant argues his valuation expert should have been allowed to testify about the specifics of the proposed rental income set forth in the sign lease proposal as a partial basis for the expert\u2019s opinion of the fair cash market value of the subject property. Further, defendant argues his expert should have been permitted to testify about the market rental for similar signs. According to defendant, he was prevented from setting forth the basis of his opinion of the fair cash market value of the subject property.\nDefendant argues that the sign lease proposal, as an offer to lease part of his property for sign advertising purposes, should be treated under the law of eminent domain as an offer to purchase property for cash. We disagree. Bona fide offers to purchase property for cash by persons able to buy, in the absence of evidence of comparable sales, have been held to be some evidence of the fair cash market value of property in condemnation cases. (Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Lambert (1952), 411 Ill. 183, 191.) In order for an offer to be bona fide, it must \u201cbe made in good faith, by a [person] of good judgment, acquainted with the value of real estate and of sufficient ability to pay. It must be for cash and not for credit or in exchange and it must be determined whether made with reference to the fair cash market value of the property or to supply a particular need or fancy.\u201d (City of Chicago v. Harrison-Halsted Building Corp. (1957), 11 Ill. 2d 431, 438.) The question whether an offer to purchase is bona fide is a preliminary question to be determined by the trial court in the exercise of its discretion, and will not be disturbed unless it is manifestly against the weight of the evidence. Lambert, 411 Ill. at 191; Harrison-Halsted, 11 Ill. 2d at 438.\nIn this case, the circuit court, in the exercise of its discretion, found the sign lease proposal to be an initial contact letter setting forth a proposed business activity. The circuit court determined that the contingencies to which the sign lease proposal was subject included compliance with zoning ordinances and receipt of city council approval, as well as agreement of the parties. Because the sign lease proposal was not even an offer to lease, any analogy to an offer to purchase fails. The finding by the circuit court that the proposed rental income was speculative was not, on this record, against the weight of the evidence, and the appellate court erred in reversing this finding of fact by the circuit court.\nThe circuit court did not abuse its discretion in prohibiting defendant\u2019s expert from testifying about the proposed future rental income in the initial contact letter setting forth a proposed business activity because such a proposal is not relevant to the fair cash market value of a piece of property in a condemnation case; it is not a competent factor upon which an expert may reasonably rely in forming an opinion of fair cash market value. The exclusion of the particulars of the document did not violate Rule 703, and the appellate court erred in so holding.\nDefendant also argues his valuation expert should not have been precluded from testifying about the average sign rental income from properties other than the subject property. The trial judge\u2019s order did not prohibit defendant\u2019s expert from \u201ctestifying about other facts or underlying data of the type which is usually relied upon by appraisers including other sign income in formulating an opinion of value.\u201d Defendant\u2019s expert was, however, prohibited from so testifying, and the appellate court, relying on Beeson, found this to be error \u201cinsofar as defendant\u2019s expert took into account potential sign rental income in determining the value of the subject property.\u201d The appellate court also found that the average sign rental income of other properties should be admissible \u201csince it would aid the jury in a determination of the fair cash market value of the property for its highest and best use.\u201d 174 Ill. App. 3d at 299.\nThe appellate court in Beeson held Rules 703 and 705 applicable to the testimony of expert witnesses in eminent domain cases. Beeson held that Rule 703 and Rule 705 apply to the testimony of valuation witnesses, \u201cwith the result being that all sales considered by valuation witnesses now are admissible.\u201d (Beeson, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 910.) The Beeson court \u201cbelieve[d] that Federal Rules of Evidence 703 and 705 should be applied to the valuation testimony of comparable sales.\u201d (Beeson, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 911-12.) The disputed testimony in Beeson concerned evidence of the dollar amounts of comparable sales considered by the defendant\u2019s valuation witnesses.\nThe Beeson court indicated that Wilson \u201caltered the rule of judicial discretion in the admissibility of comparable sales.\u201d (Beeson, 137 Ill. App. 3d at 910.) We do not agree; Rule 703 and Rule 705 allow for an expert to express an opinion based on facts or data not admissible in evidence only if the facts or data are of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field, and are not excluded by another rule of law or a competing policy interest.\nIn an eminent domain case, in order for facts or data to be reasonably relied upon by an expert in reaching an opinion of the fair cash market value of the property sought to be condemned, the facts or data must be legally relevant. Under the eminent domain law of this State, there may be circumstances where an expert may be permitted to state the particulars of a rental agreement as a basis for an opinion of fair cash market value. (See Department of Public Works & Buildings v. Kirkendall (1953), 415 Ill. 214, 223.) Each eminent domain case, however, must be decided on its facts. Even if it might be proper, under the appropriate circumstances, to allow an expert to testify about the average sign rental income received on comparable properties in a condemnation case as an underlying fact or data upon which the expert relied in reaching an opinion of the fair cash market value of the subject property, such circumstances are not present here. The circuit court correctly prohibited defendant\u2019s expert from stating the specifics of the rental income contained in the sign lease proposal as a basis for his opinion of the fair cash market value of the subject property. As a result, the actual dollar amounts of income received pursuant to other sign leasing agreements on other parcels of property would not serve to \u201cshed light\u201d upon the basis for the expert\u2019s opinion regarding rental income set out in the sign lease proposal.\nDefendant contends the rulings by the circuit court prohibited him from conveying his theory of the highest and best use of his property to the jury. We disagree. \u2022Defendant was able to put before the jury his theory of highest and best use: the rehabilitation or reconstruction of the building for commercial uses and the availability of the subject property for sign lease use and income to be generated from that source. Defendant\u2019s expert testified he had examined a sign lease proposal and spoke to the signer of the letter. Defendant\u2019s expert testified that the sign lease proposal was a factor in his consideration of the highest and best use of the subject property. Defendant\u2019s expert testified in detail about the zoning requirements applicable to illuminated signs, and opined that the achievement of using the subject property for advertising sign lease purposes was reasonably probable.\nDefendant's expert specifically stated his opinion of value of the subject property, $55,000, was based on a combination of the following factors: the value of the underlying land, the value of the then existing building structure, and the value of the potential income from sign leasing purposes. It was not error to exclude the sign lease proposal itself, or the particulars of the proposed rental income referred to therein. Neither was it error to exclude the average rental income from other properties. The jury award of $10,910 was within the range of the evidence.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nAppellate court judgment reversed; circuit court judgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE CALVO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Judson H. Miner, Corporation Counsel, and Kelly R. Welsh, Acting Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Ruth M. Moscovitch, Kathleen Ransford, Jeffrey Paul Smith and Frederick S. Rhine, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellant.", "Ronald A. Shudnow, of Chicago, for appellee.", "Donald T. Morrison, of Waukegan, for amicus curiae Lake County Forest Preserve District.", "Stephen D. Helm and Paul M. Nero, of Helm & Day, of Naperville, for amicus curiae Du Page County Forest Preserve District." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 67753.\nTHE CITY OF CHICAGO, Appellant, v. HOWARD ANTHONY, Appellee.\nOpinion filed March 29, 1990.\nRehearing denied May 31, 1990.\nJudson H. Miner, Corporation Counsel, and Kelly R. Welsh, Acting Corporation Counsel, of Chicago (Ruth M. Moscovitch, Kathleen Ransford, Jeffrey Paul Smith and Frederick S. Rhine, Assistant Corporation Counsel, of counsel), for appellant.\nRonald A. Shudnow, of Chicago, for appellee.\nDonald T. Morrison, of Waukegan, for amicus curiae Lake County Forest Preserve District.\nStephen D. Helm and Paul M. Nero, of Helm & Day, of Naperville, for amicus curiae Du Page County Forest Preserve District." }, "file_name": "0169-01", "first_page_order": 179, "last_page_order": 202 }