{ "id": 5576240, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. BRIAN BERNASCO, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Bernasco", "decision_date": "1990-10-18", "docket_number": "No. 69035", "first_page": "349", "last_page": "368", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 349" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 153", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5564623 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "162" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0153-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 U.S. 91", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11958689 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/469/0091-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 Ill. 451", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5311066 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/410/0451-01" ] }, { "cite": "34 Ill. 2d 11", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2878286 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/34/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "37 Ill. 2d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2865034 ], "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Ill. 2d 489", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2857193 ], "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "497-98" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/39/0489-01" ] }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5809407 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "171-72" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3070612 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0087-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Ill. 2d 254", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5448512 ], "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "258-59, 263" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/71/0254-01" ] }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 421", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5443843 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "437" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0421-01" ] }, { "cite": "121 Ill. 2d 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3201150 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "433-34" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/121/0401-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549964 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "110-13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 Ill. 2d 50", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5554525 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "74" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/125/0050-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 Ill. 2d 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5551152 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "495" }, { "page": "494-500" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/123/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 Ill. 2d 27", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3254843 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "51-52, 54-56" }, { "page": "59-60" }, { "page": "46, 58-59" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/136/0027-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Dick. L. Rev. 153", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Dick. L. Rev.", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168-71, 175-84", "parenthetical": "discussing factors judicially and scientifically found to bear on waiver competence of arrestees under age 18" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 534", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "J. Crim. L. & Criminology", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "536-37, 546-56" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "87 Ill. 2d 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3031402 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "127-28" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/87/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "33 Vill. L. Rev. 895", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Vill. L. Rev.", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "907, 920-22", "parenthetical": "intelligent knowledge is separate requirement" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 1007", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "U. Pitt. L. Rev.", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1018-19, 1042-54", "parenthetical": "intelligent knowledge remains separate Miranda waiver requirement in addition to voluntariness" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 Wash. U.L.Q. 59", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Wash. U. L.Q.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "487 U.S. 285", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1775137 ], "weight": 21, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "292" }, { "page": "272" }, { "page": "2395" }, { "page": "293" }, { "page": "273" }, { "page": "2395" }, { "page": "297" }, { "page": "275" }, { "page": "2397" }, { "page": "292, 300" }, { "page": "272, 277" }, { "page": "2394, 2399", "parenthetical": "\"the specific issue posed here is whether [defendant's] waiver was a 'knowing and intelligent' waiver\"; \"Because we believe that [defendant's] waiver *** was 'knowing and intelligent,' we find no error\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/487/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 344", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 4952 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "301" }, { "page": "1179" }, { "page": "301" }, { "page": "1179" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/0344-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 L. Ed. 2d 243", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 12122654 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/496/0292-01" ] }, { "cite": "479 U.S. 564", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6221261 ], "weight": 13, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "573" }, { "page": "965" }, { "page": "857" }, { "page": "572" }, { "page": "965" }, { "page": "857" }, { "page": "574" }, { "page": "577" }, { "page": "577" }, { "page": "573-75" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/479/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "702 P.2d 722", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "case_ids": [ 10415369 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "728-29" }, { "page": "729" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/p2d/702/0722-01" ] }, { "cite": "56 Ill. 2d 201", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5404417 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "205-07" }, { "page": "205-07" }, { "page": "206" }, { "page": "205-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/56/0201-01" ] }, { "cite": "475 U.S. 412", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204292 ], "weight": 48, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "421" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "420-21" }, { "page": "1140-41", "parenthetical": "\" 'provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently' \"" }, { "page": "415-17" }, { "page": "417-18" }, { "page": "1138-39" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "425, 427" }, { "page": "423, 424" }, { "page": "1143, 1144" }, { "page": "423-24" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "1142" }, { "page": "424" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "1142" }, { "page": "426-27" }, { "page": "424" }, { "page": "1143-44" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "421" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "422" }, { "page": "1141" }, { "page": "421-24" }, { "page": "421-22" }, { "page": "1141-42", "parenthetical": "voluntariness of waiver not at issue; no question about comprehension of rights; police misconduct in failing to tell defendant about attorney's telephone call could not have affected his intelligence and voluntariness in waiving Miranda rights" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/475/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "479 U.S. 157", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6213196 ], "weight": 25, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "167" }, { "page": "484" }, { "page": "522" }, { "page": "164" }, { "page": "482" }, { "page": "520" }, { "page": "166-67" }, { "page": "484" }, { "page": "522" }, { "page": "166-67" }, { "page": "170-71" }, { "page": "166" }, { "page": "177-78" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/479/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 Ill. App. 3d 480", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2648004 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "495" }, { "page": "495" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/185/0480-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "444" }, { "page": "707" }, { "page": "1612" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1301, "char_count": 34829, "ocr_confidence": 0.741, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.886252334077915e-07, "percentile": 0.9646575920063293 }, "sha256": "47be89a499db9ec98a58b6126976d10127f41d66209da35c52d6cabeef7696ff", "simhash": "1:fccaf109639a5ed7", "word_count": 5577 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:27:37.998829+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. BRIAN BERNASCO, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE STAMOS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nIn the circuit court of Madison County, the 17-year-old defendant, Brian Bernasco, was charged by information with two counts of residential burglary (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 19 \u2014 3). That court suppressed his confession, finding that, though the confession was not coerced or otherwise the product of improper police conduct, and though the confession was preceded by Miranda warnings (see Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602), defendant\u2019s intelligence level was so low that his Miranda waiver and his confession were neither voluntary nor knowing.\nThe appellate court affirmed. (185 Ill. App. 3d 480.) The appellate court held that, even though defendant\u2019s Miranda waiver and confession were voluntary within the meaning of the fifth and fourteenth amendments (U.S. Const., amends. V, XIV; see Colorado v. Connelly (1986), 479 U.S. 157, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473, 107 S. Ct. 515), his Miranda waiver was invalid because, as the trial court found, it was not knowing and intelligent (see Moran v. Burbine (1986), 475 U.S. 412, 421, 89 L. Ed. 2d 410, 421, 106 S. Ct. 1135, 1141; People v. Turner (1973), 56 Ill. 2d 201, 205-07). (185 Ill. App. 3d at 490.) The appellate court acknowledged that in given cases the confessions of subnormally intelligent defendants have been held admissible, but the court observed that the question of intelligent waiver is a factual one that may depend in part on such circumstances as a defendant\u2019s background and conduct. The appellate court concluded that the trial court\u2019s finding in the present cause was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. We then allowed the State\u2019s petition for leave to appeal (107 Ill. 2d R. 315(a)) and now affirm.\nThe chief issue is whether a valid Miranda waiver must be knowing and intelligent in addition to being free from coercion or other misconduct. The secondary issue is whether the trial court\u2019s finding, that defendant did not knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights or confess, was in accord with the manifest weight of the evidence.\nThe facts of this cause were fully set forth in the appellate court\u2019s opinion. We will refer to them as necessary. Briefly, defendant was of subnormal intelligence and was questioned by police outside his father\u2019s presence and on the assumption that he could understand Miranda warnings. At trial, his father testified that defendant had left school in the ninth grade and had had no prior police experience. A psychologist testified that defendant could not understand certain Miranda terminology and that he would probably have agreed to almost anything said to him if doing so would end his interrogation. Defendant testified that he had not been paying attention to his Miranda waiver form, had not understood it, and had been scared.\nI\nThe State contends that, in Colorado v. Connelly (1986), 479 U.S. 157, 93 L. Ed. 2d 473, 107 S. Ct. 515, the Supreme Court decisively rejected the theory on which the appellate court relied and for which defendant argues: that a Miranda waiver and resulting confession must be knowing and intelligent as well as constitutionally \u201cvoluntary\u201d in order to be admissible. In turn, the appellate court and defendant rest their view on Moran v. Burbine (1986), 475 U.S. 412, 89 L. Ed. 2d 410, 106 S. Ct. 1135. We hold that the State\u2019s contention is not supported by Connelly and that Burbine\u2019s requirement of intelligent knowledge as well as of voluntariness continues to be the law.\nConnelly involved a defendant who, while mentally ill, had confessed to a murder. He had first confessed spontaneously upon approaching a police officer in the street. He had then confessed twice more after being given Miranda warnings. No improper police coercion had accompanied his confessions.\nThe Colorado Supreme Court held that, as a matter of due process, voluntariness required that the first, spontaneous confession have been \u201cthe product of a rational intellect and a free will,\u201d regardless of whether there had been improper coercion; that, despite any lack of official coercive origin, the confession\u2019s very admission into evidence would have constituted State action implicating the fourteenth amendment\u2019s due process clause; and that, because of evidence that the defendant had been suffering from a serious mental disorder, the trial court correctly found that he had lacked a rational intellect and free will and that the confession had thus been involuntary. (People v. Connelly (Colo. 1985), 702 P.2d 722, 728-29.) As for the subsequent confessions, the Colorado Supreme Court likewise held that, because of the evidence of the defendant\u2019s mental condition, the trial court correctly concluded that the State had failed to prove clearly and convincingly that the defendant\u2019s attempted waivers of Miranda rights were free and intelligent so as to be voluntary and thus effective. People v. Connelly, 702 P.2d at 729.\nOn review, the United States Supreme Court held that, in order to satisfy the fourteenth amendment\u2019s due process requirements as to voluntariness, it is sufficient that a confession not be causally related to coercive police conduct, (Colorado v. Connelly, 479 U.S. at 167, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 484, 107 S. Ct. at 522.) The Court rejected any conclusion that, \u201cby itself and apart from its relation to official coercion,\u201d a defendant\u2019s mental condition might determine constitutional voluntariness. (Connelly, 479 U.S. at 164, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 482, 107 S. Ct. at 520.) Accordingly, any voluntariness inquiries into a confessing defendant\u2019s state of mind, \u201cinquiries quite divorced from any coercion brought to bear on the defendant by the State,\u201d should be left for resolution by State evidence rules pertaining to reliability; such matters are not governed by the fourteenth amendment\u2019s due process clause. Connelly, 479 U.S. at 166-67, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 484, 107 S. Ct. at 522.\nThe Connelly Court explained that it was reversing the Colorado judgment in its entirety because the Court believed that the judgment\u2019s underlying analysis had been influenced by an erroneous view of constitutional voluntariness requirements. However, the Court explicitly noted that, on remand, the Colorado court could reconsider other issues not inconsistent with the Federal opinion (Connelly, 479 U.S. at 171 n.4, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 487 n.4, 107 S. Ct. at 524 n.4) \u2014 issues that apparently could include the separate question whether defendant\u2019s Miranda waivers had been intelligent and knowing (see Connelly, 479 U.S. at 184 n.5, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 495 n.5, 107 S. Ct. at 531 n.5 (Brennan, J., joined by Marshall, J., dissenting)).\nThough it is clear from the Connelly majority opinion and the cited dissent that a confession, made after a Miranda waiver, might still be suppressed on grounds that Miranda\u2019s protections had not been intelligently and knowingly waived, it is not perfectly clear from the Connelly majority opinion whether such suppression would have a constitutional basis. Nevertheless, defendant would ground suppression in the constitutional jurisprudence of Burbine, and we agree that Burbine has continuing vitality in this regard.\nAccording to Burbine, an inquiry into Miranda waiver has \u201ctwo distinct dimensions\u201d: (1) whether there was a free, uncoerced choice and (2) whether there was awareness of the right and the consequences of abandoning it. (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 421, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 106 S. Ct. at 1141; accord Colorado v. Spring (1987), 479 U.S. 564, 573, 93 L. Ed. 2d 954, 965, 107 S. Ct. 851, 857.) A valid Miranda waiver would thus require \u201cboth an uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 421, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 106 S. Ct. at 1141.) Burbine traced its requirements of voluntariness and intelligent knowledge to Miranda itself and beyond. Burbine, 475 U.S. at 421, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 420-21, 106 S. Ct. at 1140-41 (\u201c \u2018provided the waiver is made voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently\u2019 \u201d), quoting Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 707, 86 S. Ct. at 1612.\nIn Burbine, the police had failed to inform the respondent that an attorney, whom the respondent\u2019s sister had attempted to retain for him, had telephoned the police less than an hour before the respondent\u2019s interrogation and had been told by the police that the respondent would not be interrogated until the next day. (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 415-17, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 417-18, 106 S. Ct. at 1138-39.) The Court found no doubt about the respondent\u2019s \u201ccomprehension of the full panoply of [Miranda] rights *** and of the potential consequences of a decision to relinquish them.\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 422, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 106 S. Ct. at 1141.) The Court, viewing Miranda as establishing protections against the \u201ccompulsion inherent in custodial interrogation,\u201d reaffirmed that \u201cfull comprehension of the rights to remain silent and request an attorney [is] sufficient to dispel whatever coercion is inherent in the interrogation process.\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 425, 427, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 423, 424, 106 S. Ct. at 1143, 1144.) The unethical failure to inform the respondent of the attorney\u2019s call did not deprive him of \u201cknowledge essential to his ability to understand the nature of his rights and the consequences of abandoning them.\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 423-24, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 422, 106 S. Ct. at 1142.) Accordingly, \u201c[because respondent\u2019s voluntary decision to speak was made with full awareness and comprehension of all the information Miranda requires the police to convey,\u201d his\nMiranda waivers were valid. Burbine, 475 U.S. at 424, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 422,106 S. Ct. at 1142.\nIn arguable contrast to the twin Burbine-recognized requirements of voluntariness and intelligent knowledge for Miranda waivers, the Connelly Court initially declared with seeming breadth that admissibility of a confession by a defendant whose mental state interfered with \u201c \u2018rational intellect\u2019 \u201d and \u201c \u2018free will\u2019 \u201d is to be governed by State evidence rules \u201crather than by our previous decisions regarding coerced confessions and Miranda waivers.\u201d (Connelly, 479 U.S. at 159, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 479, 107 S. Ct. at 518.) Burbine was a previous decision regarding Miranda waivers, albeit one announced only nine months before.\nHowever, Connelly merely means that, in general, issues of intelligent knowledge are separate from issues of voluntariness. The Connelly opinion was actually addressing (1) an initial confession given under circumstances requiring no Miranda warning (hence involving no question of waiver), the voluntariness of the confession being at issue, and (2) subsequent confessions given after Miranda warnings, the voluntariness of the Miranda waivers being at issue. Thus \u2014 in a narrower vein than that in which the opinion\u2019s opening sentences might cursorily be read \u2014 the Court continued that, in determining whether a confession is voluntary where there has been no official coercion, inquiries into the state of a confessing defendant\u2019s mind, when \u201cdivorced from any coercion *** by the State,\u201d are to be resolved by State evidence law rather than by the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment. (Connelly, 479 U.S. at 166-67, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 484, 107 S. Ct. at 522.) Likewise, in determining whether a Miranda waiver is voluntary, a court is to consider the presence or absence of coercion emanating from official sources, not coercion that is of unofficial origin or that flows merely from a defendant\u2019s psychological peculiarities. Connelly, 479 U.S. at 170-71, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 486-87, 107 S. Ct. at 523-24.\nWe observe that at no point did the Connelly Court overrule Burbine\u2019s and other cases\u2019 requirement that a Miranda waiver be intelligent and knowing as well as voluntary. The Connelly opinion analyzed merely the constitutional voluntariness component of a confession\u2019s admissibility and of a waiver\u2019s validity. Connelly, 479 U.S. at 167, 170, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 484, 486, 107 S. Ct. at 522, 523 (citing, inter alia, Burbine).\nThus, from a Federal constitutional viewpoint, only voluntariness, rather than intelligent knowledge, ordinarily need be shown in the case of a confession (such as the Connelly respondent\u2019s first one) that is given under circumstances not requiring a Miranda warning. But, where a defendant confesses after being given Miranda, warnings (as in the case of the subsequent Connelly confessions), both intelligent knowledge and voluntariness remain requirements for assuring that a defendant\u2019s Miranda waiver reflects Miranda\u2019s \u201ccarefully drawn approach\u201d: its \u201csubtle balance\u201d between the need for police questioning and the coercive pressures inherent in such questioning. See Burbine, 475 U.S. at 426-27, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 424, 106 S. Ct. at 1143-44.\nThis understanding of Connelly and Burbine has been confirmed by later decisions. (See Colorado v. Spring (1987), 479 U.S. 564, 572, 93 L. Ed. 2d 954, 965, 107 S. Ct. 851, 857 (Miranda waiver must be made \u201c \u2018voluntarily, knowingly and intelligently\u2019 \u201d); cf. Illinois v. Perkins (1990), 496 U.S. _, 110 L. Ed. 2d 243, 110 S. Ct. 2394 (where murder confession was obtained deceptively by undercover \u201ccellmate\u201d prior to any need for Miranda warning on murder charge, and thus no Miranda waiver question existed, sole self-incrimination issue was voluntariness in sense of absence of coercion; intelligent knowledge not issue where no Miranda waiver question presented); Michigan v. Harvey (1990), 494 U.S. 344, _, 108 L. Ed. 2d 293, 301, 110 S. Ct. 1176, 1179 (waiver of right of counsel under sixth amendment must be voluntary, knowing, and intelligent; equivalent of Miranda warnings generally suffices to establish knowing and intelligent waiver of sixth amendment right during post-indictment questioning); Patterson v. Illinois (1988) , 487 U.S. 285, 292 & n.4, 101 L. Ed. 2d 261, 272 & n.4, 108 S. Ct. 2389, 2394 & n.4 (whether Miranda waiver also waived right to counsel under sixth amendment during subsequent post-indictment questioning depended on whether Miranda waiver was both voluntary and \u201cknowing and intelligent\u201d).) Commentators support this understanding. See Benner, Requiem for Miranda: The Rehnquist Court\u2019s Voluntariness Doctrine in Historical Perspective, 67 Wash. U.L.Q. 59, 143-47 & n.383 (1989) (criticizing perceived retreat from Miranda but implicitly recognizing that Connelly left intelligent-knowledge waiver requirement intact); Berger, Compromise and Continuity: Miranda Waivers, Confession Admissibility, and the Retention of Interrogation Protections, 49 U. Pitt. L. Rev. 1007, 1018-19, 1042-54 (1988) (intelligent knowledge remains separate Miranda waiver requirement in addition to voluntariness); Note, Constitutional Protection of Confessions Made by Mentally Retarded Defendants, 14 Am. J.L. Med. 431, 433-36, 448-58 (1989) (probably after Connelly, but certainly after Patterson, intelligent knowledge remains separate Miranda waiver requirement); Note, Colorado v. Connelly: The Demise of Free Will as an Independent Basis for Finding a Confession Involuntary, 33 Vill. L. Rev. 895, 907, 920-22 (1988) (intelligent knowledge is separate requirement).\nThere remains a world of difference between voluntariness and intelligent knowledge. It has been noted, though to analytically different effect, that a mentally ill person may \u201cconfess\u201d at length quite without external compulsion but not intelligently and knowingly, while a perfectly rational person on the torture rack may confess intelligently and knowingly but without free will. People v. Kincaid (1981), 87 Ill. 2d 107, 127-28 (Simon, J., dissenting) (issue on review was solely whether confession was \u201cvoluntary\u201d; dissent discussed no distinction between lack of coercion and intelligent knowledge in terms of post-1986 Burbine-Connelly constitutional voluntariness doctrine but simply deemed both hypothetical confessions not \u201cvoluntary\u201d).\nHowever, for Federal constitutional purposes, a distinction does need to be made between two types of awareness in interpreting the Miranda-derived waiver requirement of intelligent knowledge.\nThe first type of awareness involves \u201cknowing] and understanding] every possible consequence of a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege\u201d (Spring, 479 U.S. at 574, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 966, 107 S. Ct. at 857), being \u201ctotally rational and properly motivated\u201d when confessing (Connelly, 479 U.S. at 166, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 484, 107 S. Ct. at 521), or having all information that might be \u201cuseful\u201d or that \u201cmight *** affec[t one\u2019s] decision to confess\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 422, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 106 S. Ct. at 1141), such as a list of \u201call the possible subjects of questioning in advance of interrogation\u201d (Spring, 479 U.S. at 577, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 968, 107 S. Ct. at 859). In the cited cases, the Supreme Court held that this mental state is not necessary for a valid Miranda waiver. The Constitution does not demand \u201cthat the police supply a suspect with a flow of information to help him calibrate his self-interest in deciding whether to speak or stand by his rights\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 422, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 106 S. Ct. at 1141), and there is no Federal constitutional right to confess only when in possession of information that \u201ccould affect only the wisdom of a Miranda waiver, not its essentially voluntary and knowing nature\u201d (Spring, 479 U.S. at 577, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 967,107 S. Ct. at 859).\nThe second type of awareness involves simply being cognizant at all times of \u201cthe State\u2019s intention to use [one\u2019s] statements to secure a conviction\u201d and of the fact that one can \u201cstand mute and request a lawyer.\u201d (Burbine, 475 U.S. at 422, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 422, 106 S. Ct. at 1141.) The latter mental state is what is held necessary for a valid Miranda waiver.\nThis second type of awareness has been elucidated more recently than Connelly and Burbine were decided. (See Patterson v. Illinois (1988), 487 U.S. 285, 101 L. Ed. 2d 261, 108 S. Ct. 2389.) As noted by the Supreme Court in interchangeably discussing a \u201cknowing and intelligent\u201d waiver of rights to counsel under the fifth and sixth amendments (U.S. Const., amends. V, VI), a waiver must reflect \u201c \u2018an intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege\u2019 \u201cthe accused must \u2018kno[w] what he is doing\u2019 so that \u2018his choice is made with eyes open\u2019 the accused must have \u201c \u2018a full awareness of both the nature of the right being abandoned and the consequences of the decision to abandon it.\u2019 \u201d Patterson, 487 U.S. at 292, 101 L. Ed. 2d at 272, 108 S. Ct. at 2395.\nIn satisfying the latter formulation\u2019s \u201cconstitutional minimum,\u201d the Patterson Court found it sufficient under the sixth amendment that the petitioner had been aware of two points: (1) he had a right to consult with an attorney, to have an attorney present during questioning, and to have an attorney appointed if he could not afford to retain one privately; and (2) any statement that he made could be used against him in criminal proceedings, and an attorney\u2019s presence during questioning could serve him by affording him advice on making any statements. (Patterson, 487 U.S. at 293, 101 L. Ed. 2d at 273, 108 S. Ct. at 2395.) Though Patterson\u2019s waiver claim arose under the sixth amendment rather than the fifth, the Court noted that the awareness just described resembled the level of awareness found necessary in Burbine, adding that, for purposes of post-indictment questioning such as in Patterson, there is \u201ca strong similarity between the level of knowledge a defendant must have to waive his Fifth Amendment right to counsel, and the protection accorded to Sixth Amendment rights.\u201d (Patterson, 487 U.S. at 297, 299 n.12, 101 L. Ed. 2d at 275, 276 n.12, 108 S. Ct. at 2397, 2398 n.12; accord Michigan v. Harvey (1990), 494 U.S. 344, _, 108 L. Ed. 2d 293, 301, 110 S. Ct. 1176, 1179.) It is therefore clear from Miranda and its progeny, including Patterson, that this second type of awareness on a defendant\u2019s part is necessary in order to constitute the intelligent knowledge that in turn is required for blunting the coercive effects of police interrogation in a Miranda waiver context.\nThe foregoing review of intelligent-knowledge waiver doctrine is a key to harmonizing Connelly with Burbine. It also aids in deciding the present cause.\nThe trial judge in the present cause found that defendant had no prior criminal experience and had a beginning fourth-grade reading and comprehension level that prevented him from ! \u2018understanding] what was happening here and *** hav[ing] a knowing understanding of what was happening,\u201d so that he could not effectively waive his Miranda rights \u201cwithout the aid of his parents or someone who would assist him in translating what was really happening.\u201d In other words, as the trial judge found, \u201cbecause of [defendant\u2019s] station in life, because of the circumstances surrounding the situation, he was unable to form a necessary intent to knowingly waive his rights.\u201d (The parties agree that defendant\u2019s father was not present at defendant\u2019s interrogation; the father testified that the police refused him permission to be present, and the trial judge so found.)\nThe trial judge had heard testimony from a school psychologist that defendant\u2019s measured intelligence quotient placed him at the bottom of the slow-learner, low-average range. The psychologist testified that such persons \u201cneed to go over things time and time again in order to assimilate the same material than [sic] a student who functions in the normal range of intelligence.\u201d The psychologist also testified that defendant probably would not have understood the terms \u201cinterrogate,\u201d \u201ccourt-appointed attorney,\u201d \u201cintimidation,\u201d \u201cimmunity,\u201d and \u201cwaiver\u201d but that he would have agreed \u201cto most everything that was said to him to get himself out of the situation.\u201d (The terms \u201ca lawyer appointed for me,\u201d \u201cwaiver,\u201d \u201cimmunity,\u201d and \u201cintimidated\u201d are contained in the waiver form signed by defendant.)\nOn cross-examination, the psychologist testified that defendant probably had an idea what a lawyer is, though he would not be able to give a very specific, accurate definition; that defendant understood the terms \u201csilent,\u201d \u201cI do not have to talk with any Collinsville Police Officer unless I want to,\u201d and \u201cI know that I can refuse to answer any questions,\u201d all of which appeared on his waiver form; but that he would have some difficulty with the word \u201cstatements\u201d in the form\u2019s phrase \u201cstop giving any statements any time.\u201d On redirect examination, the psychologist also testified that defendant might be confused by the term \u201clegal rights\u201d and would probably refer to \u201cright\u201d in opposition to \u201cwrong.\u201d\nIn his written order, the trial judge found that, based on his observations of defendant during direct testimony, defendant had substantial difficulty in understanding relatively routine questions, was limited in his comprehension of single words, and was substantially unable to understand relatively simple concepts. The order also recited that the trial judge was convinced from the psychological testimony that defendant would have agreed to and signed almost anything given him during interrogation.\nThough the trial judge erred in finding that defendant\u2019s confession was not voluntary in the Federal constitutional sense, his findings provide ample support for concluding that defendant\u2019s Miranda waiver was not knowing and intelligent.\nIf intelligent knowledge in the Miranda context means anything, it means the ability to understand the very words used in the warnings. It need not mean the ability to understand far-reaching legal and strategic effects of waiving one\u2019s rights, or to appreciate how widely or deeply an interrogation may probe, or to withstand the influence of stress or fancy; but to waive rights intelligently and knowingly, one must at least understand basically what those rights encompass and minimally what their waiver will entail. Here, defendant was found not to understand fundamental terms contained in the Miranda warnings of his rights, not to have been able to form an intent to waive those rights, and not to have a normal ability to understand questions and concepts. Such findings, if borne out by the evidence, are sufficient to warrant the conclusion that defendant did not waive his Miranda rights knowingly and intelligently, and hence to justify suppressing his confession. See Note, Constitutional Protection of Confessions Made by Mentally Retarded Defendants, 14 Am. J.L. Med. 431, 432-33, 440-44 (1989) (discussing mentally retarded persons\u2019 limited intellectual ability to make knowing and intelligent Miranda waivers); cf. Holtz, Miranda in a Juvenile Setting: A Child\u2019s Right to Silence, 78 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 534, 536-37, 546-56 (1987) (citing evidence that most youths lack proper comprehension of rights under police interrogation; proposing use of simplified version of Miranda warnings); Note, Now My Son, You Are a Man: The Judicial Response to Uncounseled Waivers of Miranda Rights by Juveniles in Pennsylvania, 92 Dick. L. Rev. 153, 168-71, 175-84 (1987) (discussing factors judicially and scientifically found to bear on waiver competence of arrestees under age 18).\nOur own prior cases lend further weight to today\u2019s holding. We have repeatedly analyzed Miranda waivers with regard to whether they were both voluntary and knowing and intelligent. For example, we recently did so in People v. Reid (1990), 136 Ill. 2d 27, 51-52, 54-56, a case bearing some factual resemblance to the present one. Though we held there that the trial court\u2019s denial of a motion to suppress a confession was not against the manifest weight of the evidence (Reid, 136 Ill. 2d at 59-60), we were conscious of our responsibility to show deference to the findings of a trial court that had assessed credibility, demeanor, and the relevant facts \u2014 a responsibility we likewise have now, given the trial court\u2019s decision to suppress defendant\u2019s confession in the present cause. (See People v. Rogers (1988), 123 Ill. 2d 487, 495.) The Reid result is also distinguishable in that the mother of the 15-year-old subnormally intelligent defendant had been present with him and thus available to explain events to him during his interrogation, even though she was not an attorney. Reid, 136 Ill. 2d at 46, 58-59.\nAmong additional cases in which this court recognized that a Miranda waiver must be knowing and intelligent as well as voluntary were People v. Evans (1988), 125 Ill. 2d 50, 74; People v. Rogers, 123 Ill. 2d at 494-500; People v. St. Pierre (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 95, 110-13; People v. Thompkins (1988), 121 Ill. 2d 401, 433-34; People v. Murphy (1978), 72 Ill. 2d 421, 437; People v. Medina (1978), 71 Ill. 2d 254, 258-59, 263; and People v. Turner (1973), 56 Ill. 2d 201, 205-07. See also People v. Aldridge (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 87 (presuming that right of counsel under sixth amendment was involved, but analyzing issue in terms of voluntary and knowing waiver following fifth-amendment Miranda warnings); People v. Wipfler (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 158, 171-72 (treating both non-coercion and intelligent knowledge as components of voluntariness).\nIndependently of Miranda and its Federal voluntariness principles, Illinois courts have long held that, to be admissible, a confession must be \u201cvoluntary\u201d in a State-law sense and that a defendant\u2019s mental ability, familiarity with the English language, age, education, and experience are among factors to be weighed in determining from the totality of the circumstances whether a confession or waiver of rights is \u201cvoluntary\u201d in that sense. (See People v. Turner, 56 Ill. 2d at 206; People v. Hester (1968), 39 Ill. 2d 489, 497-98; People v. Cocroft (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 19, 22; People v. Earl (1966), 34 Ill. 2d 11, 15.) (Insanity is treated as a categorical exception; under Illinois law, the confession of an insane person is involuntary per se. (People v. Lambersky (1951), 410 Ill. 451, 455; cf. 33 Vill. L. Rev. at 903-05 (collecting similar State and pre-Connelly Federal holdings).)) In their holdings under State law, Illinois courts in effect have treated intelligent knowledge as one component of a confession\u2019s overall voluntariness, rather than as an admissibility criterion separate from voluntariness as in Miranda waiver law. (See also Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 114 \u2014 11 (governing motions to suppress confessions as involuntary).) The line of Miranda cases represented by Burbine, Connelly, Spring, and Patterson has now seemingly settled, for Federal constitutional purposes, that voluntariness and intelligent knowledge are separate questions; however, for purposes of our own evidence law they are interrelated. Still, at this point we need not further consider how or whether our own State\u2019s common, statutory, or constitutional law would bear on the issues before us, because the parties have not raised such questions, and because Federal constitutional principles by themselves are sufficient to inform our present judgment.\nIn the latter connection, we note the State\u2019s argument that Supreme Court cases cited by defendant as supporting a separate admissibility requirement of intelligent knowledge are explainable by whether police misconduct was present of which a defendant was aware. (See Patterson, 487 U.S. 285, 101 L. Ed. 2d 261, 108 S. Ct. 2389; Spring, 479 U.S. 564, 93 L. Ed. 2d 954, 107 S. Ct. 851; Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 89 L. Ed. 2d 410, 106 S. Ct. 1135; Smith v. Illinois (1984), 469 U.S. 91, 83 L. Ed. 2d 488, 105 S. Ct. 490.) The State says that when either there was no such misconduct (Spring and Patterson) or a defendant was unaware of such misconduct and it had no effect on him (Burbine), defendants\u2019 statements were found admissible. The State concludes that, since no police misconduct occurred here, the cases cited by defendant support admitting his confession, not suppressing it.\nThe enunciation of Miranda principles in Patterson, Spring, and Burbine, which we have already discussed, survives the State\u2019s attempt to interpret those cases factually. All three cases clearly require that a Miranda waiver be both constitutionally voluntary and a decision taken knowingly and intelligently. In further response to the State\u2019s contention, we emulate the tone though not the substance of a separate opinion in Connelly, 479 U.S. at 177-78, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 491, 107 S. Ct. at 527-28 (Brennan, J., joined by Marshall, J., dissenting):\nWhile it is true that no police misconduct discernible by a defendant had occurred when statements were held admissible in Patterson, Spring, and Burbine, it is also true that in those cases the Court explicitly and at least as significantly recognized that the statements followed knowing and intelligent waivers of rights. See Patterson, 487 U.S. at 292, 300, 101 L. Ed. 2d at 272, 277, 108 S. Ct. at 2394, 2399 (\u201cthe specific issue posed here is whether [defendant\u2019s] waiver was a \u2018knowing and intelligent\u2019 waiver\u201d; \u201cBecause we believe that [defendant\u2019s] waiver *** was \u2018knowing and intelligent,\u2019 we find no error\u201d); Spring, 479 U.S. at 573-75, 93 L. Ed. 2d at 965-66, 107 S. Ct. at 857-58 (no allegation of coercion; no allegation that defendant failed to understand that he could remain silent and that anything said could be used against him; waiver was \u201cindisputably\u201d made \u201cknowingly and intelligently\u201d); Burbine, 475 U.S. at 421-24, 89 L. Ed. 2d at 421-22, 106 S. Ct. at 1141-42 (voluntariness of waiver not at issue; no question about comprehension of rights; police misconduct in failing to tell defendant about attorney\u2019s telephone call could not have affected his intelligence and voluntariness in waiving Miranda rights).\nThe fact that defendants in Patterson, Spring, Burbine, and the present case were all conscious of no police misconduct signifies only that, in regard to whether the intelligent-knowledge Miranda waiver element existed, this would be a case of first impression. Arguably unlike the present defendant, the defendants in the cited cases understood their Miranda waivers and the effects of their statements. Whether defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his Miranda rights and gave his confession remains the key factual question here.\nII\nWe now turn to the question whether the manifest weight of the evidence contradicts the trial court\u2019s finding that defendant did not waive his Miranda rights or give his confession knowingly and intelligently.\nWe do not sit to reweigh the evidence as if we were a trial court; a reviewing court will not disturb a trial court\u2019s determination on a motion to suppress evidence unless it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. (People v. Galvin (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 153, 162.) Whether a defendant intelligently waived his right to counsel depends, in each case, on the particular facts and circumstances of that case, including the defendant\u2019s background, experience, and conduct. (People v. Turner (1973), 56 Ill. 2d 201, 205-06.) The trial court here reached its conclusion after hearing police, parental, and psychological testimony and\u2014 what is very significant \u2014 making its own observations of defendant while he was testifying.\nThe State argues that defendant could read his confession aloud and that he told the police and they believed that he understood his rights. The State further argues that defendant understood that he did not have to speak with police and that he understood what a lawyer was. The State cites numerous cases, most of them noted in the appellate court\u2019s opinion (185 Ill. App. 3d at 495), in which the confessions of defendants with low intelligence and little education have been held admissible. The majority of the cases cited by the State can easily be distinguished on the facts of the defendants\u2019 backgrounds and trials. In any event, as the appellate court wrote, \u201c[tjhese decisions can offer little support for the State\u2019s position *** since the validity of a waiver of rights is essentially a question of fact.\u201d (185 Ill. App. 3d at 495.) The State has not persuasively demonstrated that the trial court manifestly erred when it found, based on the facts and circumstances of this cause, that defendant did not knowingly and intelligently waive his Miranda rights or give his confession.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE STAMOS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Neil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and William R. Haine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Edwardsville (Kenneth R. Boyle, Stephen E. Norris and Matthew E. Franklin, of the Office of the State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of Mt. Vernon, of counsel), for the People.", "William C. Evers III, of Collinsville, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 69035.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. BRIAN BERNASCO, Appellee.\nOpinion filed October 18, 1990.\nNeil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and William R. Haine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Edwardsville (Kenneth R. Boyle, Stephen E. Norris and Matthew E. Franklin, of the Office of the State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of Mt. Vernon, of counsel), for the People.\nWilliam C. Evers III, of Collinsville, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0349-01", "first_page_order": 359, "last_page_order": 378 }