{ "id": 5591473, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JOSE HUANTE, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Huante", "decision_date": "1991-04-18", "docket_number": "No. 69918", "first_page": "61", "last_page": "74", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "143 Ill. 2d 61" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "184 Ill. App. 3d 718", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2639958 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/184/0718-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 Ill. App. 3d 492", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2593112 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/201/0492-01" ] }, { "cite": "778 F.2d 764", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1526720 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "768" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/778/0764-01" ] }, { "cite": "16 Harv. C.R-C.L. L. Rev. 157", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev.", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "171-75" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "793 F.2d 449", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1587212 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "456" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/793/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "869 F.2d 333", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10529121 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "337" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/869/0333-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 F.2d 379", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 439256 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/328/0379-01" ] }, { "cite": "513 F.2d 781", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 163028 ], "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/513/0781-01" ] }, { "cite": "529 F.2d 1066", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10597318 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/529/1066-01" ] }, { "cite": "323 F.2d 180", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 101307 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/323/0180-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Ill. 2d 122", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2851738 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "125" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/41/0122-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3160364 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484" }, { "page": "486" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/101/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 N.W.2d 581", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10658197 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/407/0581-01" ] }, { "cite": "520 Pa. 552", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pa.", "case_ids": [ 1815635 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/pa/520/0552-01" ] }, { "cite": "863 F.2d 6", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10523540 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/863/0006-01" ] }, { "cite": "902 F.2d 55", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 3482057, 10526495 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us-app-dc/284/0090-01", "/f2d/902/0055-01" ] }, { "cite": "499 F.2d 456", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1171000 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "462" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/499/0456-01" ] }, { "cite": "397 U.S. 742", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12058257 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "748" }, { "page": "756" }, { "page": "1469" }, { "page": "756" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/397/0742-01" ] }, { "cite": "397 U.S. 759", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12058501 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "770-71" }, { "page": "773" }, { "page": "1448-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/397/0759-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 U.S. 52", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6197970 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "57" }, { "page": "209" }, { "page": "369-70" }, { "page": "56" }, { "page": "208" }, { "page": "369" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/474/0052-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3147214 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "526-27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 17, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" }, { "page": "688" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "688" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "2064" }, { "page": "687, 700" }, { "page": "693, 702" }, { "page": "2064, 2071" }, { "page": "694" }, { "page": "698" }, { "page": "2068" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "151 Ill. App. 3d 297", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3540055 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/151/0297-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 541", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3129823 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "550" }, { "page": "551" }, { "page": "549" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0541-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 U.S.C. \u00a71251", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)(ll)" }, { "page": "(b)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "8 U.S.C. \u00a71101", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "(a)(3)" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "194 Ill. App. 3d 159", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498212 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "162-63" }, { "page": "167", "parenthetical": "DiVito, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "166" }, { "page": "164" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/194/0159-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 884, "char_count": 20455, "ocr_confidence": 0.78, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.435117369826029e-07, "percentile": 0.9449944765119511 }, "sha256": "519b5d9a157462592e750108bd86437cc67ed024b6ccb5478a991ad9f656f6d4", "simhash": "1:82c989c66a054ec5", "word_count": 3355 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:09:26.787690+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JOSE HUANTE, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "CHIEF JUSTICE MILLER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Jose Huante, pleaded guilty to felony drug charges in the circuit court of Cook County. As a result of the convictions arising from his guilty plea, defendant, a United States resident with legal alien status, is now subject to deportation pursuant to Federal statute. Defendant filed a post-conviction petition seeking to have his guilty plea set aside on grounds that he received ineffective assistance of counsel. In his petition, defendant alleged that his plea was involuntary because his attorney failed to advise him that he would be deported as a result of his convictions. The trial court denied the petition, finding no affirmative misrepresentation of law regarding the deportation consequences. The appellate court, with one justice dissenting, reversed the circuit court\u2019s order and remanded the cause with directions to vacate defendant\u2019s guilty plea. (194 Ill. App. 3d 159.) We allowed the State\u2019s petition for leave to appeal (107 Ill. 2d R. 315(a)) and now reverse the judgment of the appeUate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court.\nDefendant was bom in Mexico and had resided in the United States as a lawful alien for 13 years at the time of his arrest. He is deemed an \u201calien\u201d because he is not a citizen of this country. (8 U.S.C. \u00a71101(a)(3) (1982).) Defendant was arrested on November 13, 1985, after he made three separate sales of cocaine to an undercover Chicago police officer. The total street value of the narcotics delivered by defendant was $6,450, making him eligible for sentencing as a Class X felon. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 56\u00bd, par. 1401(a)(2).\nIt appears from the evidence that during discussions between defendant and his attorney regarding plea negotiations and the consequences of pleading guilty, the attorney did not ask defendant about his citizenship, defendant did not disclose to the attorney his alien status, and the attorney was not otherwise aware of that status. The attorney did not at any time advise defendant that he would be subject to deportation as a result of his convictions.\nPursuant to a plea agreement, the State reduced one of the charges to a lesser charge, and defendant pleaded guilty to three counts of delivery of a controlled substance. Defendant was subsequently sentenced to a concurrent three-year term of imprisonment on each of the three counts. At the time the plea was taken, the trial judge advised defendant of the plea consequences in accordance with the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 402 (107 Ill. 2d R. 402). Defendant did not thereafter appeal his convictions or file a motion to withdraw his guilty plea. Following his release from prison, defendant learned that the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service had lodged a detainer against him. Defendant is subject to deportation as a convicted felon pursuant to 8 U.S.C. \u00a71251(a)(ll) (1982). There is no dispute here that defendant\u2019s convictions require his deportation under that provision.\nDefendant began the present action on May 26, 1988, by filing in the circuit court of Cook County a petition pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122 \u2014 1 et seq.). In the petition, defendant asked to have his guilty plea set aside, alleging that because he had been denied the effective assistance of counsel, the plea was involuntary. Specifically, defendant claimed that he would not have pleaded guilty had his attorney first determined his alien status and advised him that he would be subject to deportation as a result of his convictions.\nThe trial court granted defendant an evidentiary hearing on the post-conviction petition. At the hearing, the presentence report prepared in the original case was admitted as evidence indicating that defendant was bom in Mexico, had resided in the United States for 13 years, was employed as a general contractor, and was married and had two children. Defendant\u2019s trial attorney testified that at the time he advised defendant to plead guilty, he was aware that a drug conviction could result in deportation under Federal law. The attorney explained that he did not broach the subject of deportation with defendant at any time because he did not know that defendant was an alien or might have any immigration problems.\nDefendant also testified at the hearing. He stated that at the time of his arrest he had a \u201cgreen card,\u201d which authorized him to reside legally in the United States. Defendant testified that before pleading guilty, he was not advised by counsel that he would be deported as a result of the convictions arising from the plea. Defendant stated that he would not have entered the guilty plea had he known that he would face deportation as a consequence of the convictions.\nThe trial judge denied defendant\u2019s post-conviction petition. The judge distinguished the present case from People v. Correa (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 541, in which counsel was found to be ineffective for giving erroneous advice in response to the defendant\u2019s specific questions about deportation, and People v. Padilla (1986), 151 Ill. App. 3d 297, in which counsel was found to be ineffective because he knew that the defendant was an alien but failed to advise him of deportation consequences. The trial judge concluded that the attorney\u2019s representation of defendant was not ineffective because the attorney was unaware of defendant\u2019s alien status and did not affirmatively misrepresent the law.\nDefendant appealed. With one justice dissenting, the appellate court reversed. (194 Ill. App. 3d 159.) The appellate court found that defendant\u2019s attorney knew or should have known that defendant was an alien, and the court found that the attorney\u2019s failure to advise defendant of the possible deportation consequences of his convictions constituted ineffective assistance of counsel. (194 Ill. App. 3d at 162-63.) The dissenting justice believed that, because the attorney was unaware of defendant\u2019s alien status, the attorney\u2019s conduct was not deficient. (194 Ill. App. 3d at 167 (DiVito, J., dissenting).) We allowed the State\u2019s petition for leave to appeal from the appellate court judgment. (107 Ill. 2d R. 315(a).) A joint brief in support of the appellate court\u2019s decision has been filed by amici curiae, the Chicago Lawyers\u2019 Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, Inc., the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund, and Travelers & Immigrants Aid of Chicago. See 107 Ill. 2d R. 345.\nOur analysis for determining whether defendant has been denied the effective assistance of counsel begins with the standard set forth by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052. (See People v. Albanese (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 504, 526-27 (adopting standard).) Although Strickland dealt with a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel in a capital sentencing proceeding, the test announced in that case is applicable as well to challenges to guilty pleas alleging the ineffective assistance of counsel. (Hill v. Lockhart (1985), 474 U.S. 52, 57, 88 L. Ed. 2d 203, 209, 106 S. Ct. 366, 369-70.) To show that he was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel, defendant must establish both that his attorney\u2019s performance was deficient, and that defendant suffered prejudice as a result. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693,104 S. Ct. at 2064.\nWe applied the Strickland standard in People v. Correa (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 541, which also involved an allegation of ineffective assistance of counsel in an attorney\u2019s representation of a defendant in entering a guilty plea. In Correa, th\u00e9 defendant\u2019s attorney, in response to his client\u2019s questions, incorrectly stated that the defendant would not be deported as a result of his convictions in that case. Noting that the defendant had specifically sought his attorney\u2019s advice on the potential immigration consequences of a conviction, this court found that the defendant had been denied the effective assistance of counsel. The court also noted that the case was \u201cnot one in which counsel simply failed to advise the defendant of the collateral consequence of deportation\u201d (Correa, 108 Ill. 2d at 550). The court expressly declined to consider the question raised here, whether \u201cthe passive conduct of counsel in failing to discuss with a defendant the collateral consequences of a guilty plea\u201d constituted ineffective assistance of counsel (Correa, 108 Ill. 2d at 551). In the present case, it is undisputed that the defendant and his attorney did not discuss the defendant\u2019s status as a legal alien, and that the attorney did not provide any misleading or incorrect advice with respect to the immigration consequences of a criminal conviction.\nOur first inquiry under Strickland is whether counsel\u2019s performance was deficient, that is, whether it \u201cfell below an objective standard of reasonableness.\u201d (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, 104 S. Ct. at \u263a2064.) In cases involving guilty pleas, the standard for reasonableness \u201cdepends *** not on whether a court would retrospectively consider counsel\u2019s advice to be right or wrong, but whether that advice was within the range of competence demanded of attorneys in criminal cases.\u201d McMann v. Richardson (1970), 397 U.S. 759, 770-71, 25 L. Ed. 2d 763, 773, 90 S. Ct. 1441, 1448-49; see also Correa, 108 Ill. 2d at 549.\nThe foundations of a valid guilty plea are the defendant\u2019s voluntary admission in open court that he committed the acts with which he is charged and his knowing consent that judgment may be entered without trial. (Brady v. United States (1970), 397 U.S. 742, 748, 25 L. Ed. 2d 747, 756, 90 S. Ct. 1463, 1469.) Because the defendant stands as a witness against himself in the plea setting and is thus protected by the fifth amendment, his admission cannot be compelled but must be a voluntary expression of his own choice. And because a defendant\u2019s consent to judgment without trial constitutes a waiver of the constitutional rights attending trial, his consent must be made with knowledge of the waiver of those rights. Brady, 397 U.S. at 748, 25 L. Ed. 2d at 756, 90 S. Ct. at 1469.\nBecause the validity of a defendant\u2019s guilty plea turns on whether he entered the plea voluntarily and intelligently (Hill, 474 U.S. at 56, 88 L. Ed. 2d at 208, 106 S. Ct. at 369; Brady, 397 U.S. at. 748, 25 L. Ed. 2d at 756, 90 S. Ct. at 1469), counsel\u2019s conduct is deficient under Strickland if the attorney failed to ensure that the defendant entered the plea voluntarily and intelligently (Santos v. Kolb (7th Cir. 1989), 880 E2d 941, 944; see also Lee v. Hopper (5th Cir. 1974), 499 F.2d 456, 462).\nIn measuring the reasonableness of an attorney\u2019s performance under the Strickland test, courts have emphasized the distinction between advising a defendant of the direct consequences of a guilty plea and of consequences such as deportation that arise collaterally from the plea. Because knowledge of the latter is not necessary for the entry of a knowing and voluntary plea, courts' generally have declined under Strickland to find that an attorney who failed to advise a defendant of the deportation consequences of a guilty plea provided ineffective assistance of counsel. (See, e.g., United States v. Del Rosario (D.C. Cir. 1990), 902 F.2d 55; United States v. Yearwood (4th Cir. 1988), 863 F.2d 6; Commonwealth v. Frometa (1989), 520 Pa. 552, 555 A.2d 92; Mott v. State (Iowa 1987), 407 N.W.2d 581.) As one court has explained:\n\u201cIf the consequence flowing from the plea is \u2018collateral,\u2019 then the defendant need not be informed of it before entering the plea. Since the doctrine provides a test- for determining the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea, it is applied both to the trial court \u2014 as a measure of its performance in establishing the voluntary and intelligent character of the plea before accepting it \u2014 and to defense counsel \u2014 as a measure of his performance in providing a defendant with the information necessary to render the plea voluntary and intelligent.\u201d Santos, 880 F.2d at 944.\nTo ensure that a defendant enters his guilty plea knowingly and voluntarily, and thereby to safeguard the integrity of the plea process, this court adopted Supreme Court Rule 402. Entry of a valid guilty plea in compliance with Rule 402 requires that the trial judge determine that the plea is knowing and voluntary. To ensure that the defendant enters his guilty plea knowingly, the judge must advise the defendant of the nature of the charges and the minimum and maximum sentences prescribed by law. The judge must also inform the defendant of the waiver of trial rights. (107 Ill. 2d R. 402(a).) To ensure that the defendant enters his guilty plea voluntarily, the judge must determine in open court that the plea was not obtained by coercion, threats, or promises apart from a plea agreement. (107 Ill. 2d R. 402(b); People v. Stewart (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 470, 484.) Rule 402 does not require, however, that a defendant be advised of the collateral consequences of his plea. In that respect Rule 402 reflects our decisional law prior to the rule\u2019s adoption. (See People v. Thomas (1968), 41 Ill. 2d 122, 125.) Similarly, this court has observed that \u201cRule 402 was designed to insure properly entered pleas of guilty, not to provide for a recital of all the possible sentencing situations that might arise.\u201d Stewart, 101 Ill. 2d at 486.\nDecisions interpreting the Federal counterpart to our Rule 402, Rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure (Fed. R. Grim. Proc. 11), have also held that the validity of a guilty plea is not affected by the failure of the court or counsel to inform a defendant of the myriad consequences that are collateral to a felony conviction. Other collateral consequences that might be as serious to another defendant as deportation may be to this defendant, but that need not be discussed by counsel prior to the entry of a valid guilty plea, include loss of the right to vote (United States v. Cariola (3d Cir. 1963), 323 F.2d 180), loss of civil service employment (United States v. Crowley (3d Cir. 1976), 529 F.2d 1066), loss of the right to a driver\u2019s license (Moore v. Hinton (5th Cir. 1975), 513 F.2d 781) and loss of the right to travel freely abroad (Meaton v. United States (5th Cir. 1964), 328 F.2d 379).\nAs we have stated, courts of review have generally agreed that a defendant\u2019s awareness of collateral consequences, including deportation, is not a prerequisite to the entry of a knowing and voluntary plea of guilty. We. see no grounds for departing from that sound reasoning, which reflects the proper concerns for the sixth amendment guarantee of effective assistance of counsel, for the practical administration of criminal justice, and for the integrity of the plea process. Applying Strickland to the facts of this case, we conclude that the conduct of defendant\u2019s attorney in failing to volunteer to his client advice concerning the deportation consequences of a criminal conviction did not \u201c[fall] below an objective standard of reasonableness.\u201d Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693,104 S. Ct. at 2064.\nOur conclusion that counsel\u2019s performance was not deficient is, of course, dispositive of defendant\u2019s claim that his plea should be vacated because he was denied the effective assistance of counsel. (See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 700, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, 702, 104 S. Ct. at 2064, 2071.) Assuming, however, that the attorney\u2019s performance was professionally unreasonable, defendant must also establish a reasonable probability that, but for his attorney\u2019s errors, \u201cthe result of the proceeding would have been different.\u201d Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698,104 S. Ct. at 2068.\nIn the present case, the appellate court concluded that defendant had satisfied the prejudice prong of the Strickland analysis because \u201cthere could be no doubt that the attorney\u2019s conduct affected the outcome of the plea process.\u201d (194 Ill. App. 3d at 166.) Elsewhere in its discussion, the court referred to the possibility that, under Federal law (see 8 U.S.C. \u00a7 1251(b) (1982)), deportation may be avoided if the trial judge makes a recommendation to that effect. (194 Ill. App. 3d at 164.) We note, however, that aliens who are subject to deportation for narcotics offenses, as is the defendant here, are expressly excluded from the relief available under the cited provision. Accordingly, defendant cannot be heard to argue that he was prejudiced by his attorney\u2019s failure to attempt to negotiate a judicial recommendation against deportation. See United States v. George (7th Cir. 1989), 869 F.2d 333, 337 (no prejudice where judicial recommendation against deportation not available); Janvier v. United States (2d Cir. 1986), 793 F.2d 449, 456 (Bartels, J., concurring) (no per se ineffective assistance of counsel arising from the attorney\u2019s failure to suggest a judicial recommendation against deportation even when such relief from deportation was in fact available); see also Comment, Collateral Conse qumces of Guilty Pleas in the Federal Criminal Justice System, 16 Harv. C.R-C.L. L. Rev. 157,171-75 (1981).\nDefendant alleges that, \u201cbut for\u201d his attorney\u2019s failure to advise him of the deportation consequences of pleading guilty, he would not have entered the plea but would have gone to trial instead. The mere allegation of prejudice is not enough, however (see United States v. Campbell (11th Cir. 1985), 778 F.2d 764, 768), and we do not believe that defendant in the present case has made the necessary showing under Strickland.\nIt should be noted that the same threat of deportation existed whether defendant was convicted upon a guilty plea or following a trial. Defendant raised no possible defense to the charges at the post-conviction proceeding and has said nothing to repudiate his admission of guilt. As we have indicated, defendant was originally charged with a Class X felony. As part of the plea agreement between defense counsel and the prosecution, the charges were later reduced, and defendant received a correspondingly less severe sentence of imprisonment. These circumstances suggest that defendant would have had reason to continue with his plea even if he had been aware of the deportation consequences of a conviction. Moreover, defendant has failed to show that the decision to go to trial would have carried with it anything more than a remote chance of gaining an acquittal. The State\u2019s evidence against defendant was strong; the chief prosecution witness was the undercover police officer to whom defendant sold the contraband. The record does not demonstrate a \u201creasonable probability\u201d that advising defendant of the deportation consequences of a conviction would have led him to reject the terms of the plea agreement.\nIn sum, defendant has failed to establish either requirement of the Strickland test. Defendant has shown neither that his attorney\u2019s performance caused him to plead guilty unknowingly or involuntarily, nor that he would have insisted on proceeding to trial had he been aware of the collateral consequences of his convictions. No less is required to warrant vacating defendant\u2019s guilty plea on a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. We now disapprove of People v. Maranovic (1990), 201 Ill. App. 3d 492, People v. Miranda (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 718, and People v. Padilla (1986), 151 Ill. App. 3d 297, to the extent that those decisions are inconsistent with our present opinion.\nFor the reasons stated, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAppellate court reversed; circuit court affirmed.\nJUSTICE BILANDIC took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "CHIEF JUSTICE MILLER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Neil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Cecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Terence M. Madsen, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee Goldfarb and Stanislaus Gonsalves, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.", "Stephen M. Connolly, of Chicago, for appellee.", "Javier H. Rubinstein, of Mayer, Brown & Platt, of Chicago (Roslyn C. Lieb and Susan R. Gzesh, of counsel), for amici curiae Chicago Lawyers\u2019 Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Inc., et al." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 69918.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. JOSE HUANTE, Appellee.\nOpinion filed April 18, 1991.\nBILANDIC, J., took no part.\nNeil F. Hartigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Cecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Terence M. Madsen, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee Goldfarb and Stanislaus Gonsalves, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.\nStephen M. Connolly, of Chicago, for appellee.\nJavier H. Rubinstein, of Mayer, Brown & Platt, of Chicago (Roslyn C. Lieb and Susan R. Gzesh, of counsel), for amici curiae Chicago Lawyers\u2019 Committee for Civil Rights under Law, Inc., et al." }, "file_name": "0061-01", "first_page_order": 93, "last_page_order": 106 }