{ "id": 3278412, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. LEONARD KIDD, Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Kidd", "decision_date": "1992-04-16", "docket_number": "No. 66609", "first_page": "510", "last_page": "547", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 510" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "129 Ill. 2d 432", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5567524 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/129/0432-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 Ill. 2d 412", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3156228 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/102/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "813 F.2d 117", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1689751 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/813/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "115 L. Ed. 2d 158", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1108476 ], "weight": 12, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168-71" }, { "page": "2208-11" }, { "page": "166" }, { "page": "2207" }, { "page": "168" }, { "page": "2209" }, { "page": "169" }, { "page": "2209" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/501/0171-01" ] }, { "cite": "147 Ill. 2d 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3277896 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/147/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 Ill. 2d 340", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5542432 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/114/0340-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. App. 3d 882", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5660663 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/118/0882-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 Ill. 2d 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5573939 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "130" }, { "page": "130", "parenthetical": "stating that it is within the discretion of the trial court to decide whether evidence is relevant and admissible" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/139/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "271 N.C. 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.C.", "case_ids": [ 8564149 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "394-95" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nc/271/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 S.E.2d 721", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "724" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "14 A.L.R.4th 802", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 4th", "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "19 Cal. 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal.", "case_ids": [ 2201913 ], "year": 1913, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal/19/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Colo. 51", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Colo.", "case_ids": [ 2474647 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "52-53" }, { "page": "56" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/colo/55/0051-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 P. 64", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64-65" }, { "page": "66", "parenthetical": "if the accused was asleep, statements are not admissible, but \"[wjhere there is a question of whether the accused was conscious or unconscious when he spoke, it should be left to the jury under proper instructions\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "258 Ga. 28", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ga.", "case_ids": [ 1217704 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1908, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ga/258/0028-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 Iowa 653", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Iowa", "case_ids": [ 2157784 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "657" }, { "page": "657" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/iowa/138/0653-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 N.W. 797", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "800" }, { "page": "800", "parenthetical": "if accused was asleep and unconscious, statements \"might not properly be received in evidence\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "76 A.D.2d 889", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.2d", "case_ids": [ 3202768, 3193309 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "889" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad2d/76/0889-01", "/ad2d/76/0889-02" ] }, { "cite": "428 N.Y.S.2d 709", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "711" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 A.D.2d 160", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.2d", "case_ids": [ 3379733 ], "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "164" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad2d/104/0160-01" ] }, { "cite": "481 N.Y.S.2d 879", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "881" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 Vt. 114", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Vt.", "case_ids": [ 4461645 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "117" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/vt/71/0114-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 A. 1045", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.", "weight": 2, "year": 1898, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1046" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "302 S.W.2d 884", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10181831 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "890" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/302/0884-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 S.W.2d 802", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 1312397 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "805-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mo/351/1110-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ga. 418", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ga.", "case_ids": [ 1152449 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ga/237/0418-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 S.E.2d 815", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "35 W. Va. 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "W. Va.", "case_ids": [ 8639717 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "265" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/w-va/35/0260-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 S.E. 385", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.E.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 Ill. 2d 458", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5567120 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "477" }, { "page": "483" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/129/0458-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. 2d 284", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5569602 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "295" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/131/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "404 U.S. 477", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6174724 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/404/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 Ill. 2d 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5516622 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "497" }, { "page": "497" }, { "page": "497" }, { "page": "498" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/97/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 2d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5557518 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "271" }, { "page": "273" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/126/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 Ill. 2d 303", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3106373 ], "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "321" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/94/0303-01" ] }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 2d 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2937684 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "176" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/55/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 Ill. 2d 40", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3238211 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "60" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/141/0040-01" ] }, { "cite": "47 Ill. 2d 289", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2904464 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "299-300" }, { "page": "301" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/47/0289-01" ] }, { "cite": "27 Ill. 2d 510", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5361772 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "517-18" }, { "page": "518" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/27/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 Ill. App. 3d 79", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2466868 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "100-01" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/199/0079-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 Ill. App. 3d 997", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3582957 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1004" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/164/0997-01" ] }, { "cite": "127 Ill. App. 3d 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3563875 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "234" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/127/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "97 Ill. App. 3d 319", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3106869 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/97/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. App. 3d 315", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3337746 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "324" }, { "page": "324" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/63/0315-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 Ill. 2d 430", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3251613 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "491" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/137/0430-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767501 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 Ill. 2d 271", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5545542 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "287" }, { "page": "288" }, { "page": "288" }, { "page": "288" }, { "page": "288" }, { "page": "292" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/117/0271-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 Ill. 2d 75", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3173969 ], "weight": 7, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "82" }, { "page": "82" }, { "page": "82" }, { "page": "82" }, { "page": "82" }, { "page": "82" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/113/0075-01" ] }, { "cite": "117 Ill. 2d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5545304 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "339" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/117/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 Ill. 2d 366", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5589139 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/132/0366-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 Ill. 2d 399", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5588761 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/132/0399-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1883, "char_count": 65929, "ocr_confidence": 0.778, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.6473886593286675e-07, "percentile": 0.823745515665199 }, "sha256": "e3b5cfb129e7b434a0ca9ab8501ff94efd6d11836d282eae8a1c1120cf25e881", "simhash": "1:ebaaf9087f680529", "word_count": 10857 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:35:32.347949+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. LEONARD KIDD, Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE CLARK\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Leonard Kidd, was convicted of 10 counts of murder and one count of arson following a jury trial in the circuit court of Cook County. Prior to trial, defendant attempted to waive a jury for sentencing, but the trial judge refused to accept such waiver. Subsequently, before the same jury which convicted him, defendant was found eligible for the death penalty because he was at least 18 years old at the time of the murders, and because he was convicted of murdering two or more individuals (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 1(b)(3)). At the second stage of the sentencing hearing, the jury found no mitigating factors sufficient to preclude imposition of the death penalty. The trial court thereafter sentenced defendant to death. The sentence was stayed (134 Ill. 2d R. 609(a)) pending direct appeal to this court (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, \u00a74(b); Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 l(i); 134 Ill. 2d Rules 603, 605).\nOn appeal, defendant raises 17 issues, including nine issues pertaining to his sentencing hearing. The State, however, concedes that defendant did not receive a fair death penalty hearing, and that the cause should be remanded for a new hearing. The remaining eight issues relating to defendant\u2019s trial are: (1) whether defendant\u2019s confession introduced at trial was taken in violation of his fifth amendment right to counsel; (2) whether the introduction of defendant\u2019s \u201cdream\u201d statement denied defendant a fair trial; (3) whether the prosecutor\u2019s repeated characterization of the defense as a \u201csmoke screen\u201d was prejudicial error; (4) whether a corpus delicti of arson was proven beyond a reasonable doubt; (5) whether the prosecutor\u2019s comments on the defendant\u2019s failure to call witnesses deprived him of a fair trial; (6) whether the State\u2019s repeated arguments of facts not in evidence deprived the defendant a fair trial; (7) whether the prosecutor used an inadmissible lay opinion of guilt to deny the defendant a fair trial; and (8) whether the trial court erred in refusing to accept defendant\u2019s pretrial waiver of sentencing jury.\nOn October 28, 1980, fire caused extensive damage to a two-story, frame, residential building, located at 1512 E. 65th Place in Chicago. While all three apartments on the first floor were vacant, two apartments on the second floor were occupied. Emma Burt resided with her four children in the apartment located on the west side of the building, and Brenda Boyd lived in the apartment located on the east side with her five children. At the time of the fire, Emma Burt\u2019s sister, Gertrude Burt, and her five children were present in Emma\u2019s apartment. As a result of the fire, 10 children died.\nOn September 14, 1984, nearly four years after the fire, defendant was interrogated regarding the fire by Chicago Police Sergeant Joseph Murphy, Detectives Richard Kobel and John Robertson, and Assistant State\u2019s Attorney James Linn in the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office adjacent to the county jail. At the time, defendant had been held in continuous custody in the jail since his arrest on January 12, 1984, on unrelated murder and arson charges. (See People v. Kidd (1989), 129 Ill. 2d 432.) At the time of the interrogation, defendant was represented by Assistant Public Defenders Paul Stralka and James Stopka on the unrelated matter. In response to questioning, defendant allegedly made incriminating statements regarding his involvement in the fire. Subsequently, defendant was charged by indictment with 32 counts of murder, two counts of aggravated arson, and one count of arson.\nAt trial, the following testimony was offered. Gertrude Burt testified that during the evening of October 28, 1980, defendant arrived at her sister Emma Burt\u2019s apartment to visit Renee Armstrong. Renee was Gertrude\u2019s 14-year-old daughter, and defendant\u2019s girlfriend. At the time, defendant and Gertrude were alone and defendant asked Gertrude if she smelled anything burning. Gertrude replied \u201cno,\u201d and defendant told her that he smelled something burning. According to Gertrude, when she told defendant that she planned to leave that evening to visit defendant\u2019s brother, defendant stated not to go because \u201che felt that something was going to happen.\u201d Gertrude testified that she then decided to remain at the apartment.\nGertrude stated that defendant then awakened Renee, who was sleeping in the front of the apartment, and he and Renee asked Gertrude if they could go to McDonald\u2019s. Gertrude said \u201cno\u201d because it was too late. At this point, defendant again said that he smelled something burning. Defendant, Renee and Gertrude proceeded down the front stairs to the first floor to the vacant apartment, the \u201cClay\u201d apartment, located in the rear of the east side of the building. The door to the \u201cClay\u201d apartment was closed, so defendant \u201ckicked open\u201d the door. Gertrude and Renee followed defendant to a rear bedroom where they found books, paper and an old dresser aflame. After extinguishing this small fire with a tub of water, defendant told Renee and Gertrude to wait there, as he was going to go to the next apartment located to the west of the \u201cClay\u201d apartment. Gertrude testified that defendant \u201cknocked a hole\u201d in the wall dividing the two apartments and proceeded into the adjoining apartment. After \u201csome time,\u201d defendant returned to the \u201cClay\u201d apartment, took a blanket from a rollaway bed, and placed it over the hole in the wall. The three returned upstairs to Emma\u2019s apartment, and Renee again asked Gertrude\u2019s permission to go to McDonald\u2019s. Gertrude acceded to Renee\u2019s request this time, and Renee and defendant departed.\nApproximately 10 to 15 minutes later, Renee returned to Emma\u2019s apartment from McDonald\u2019s, but defendant was not with her. Approximately two to three minutes later, defendant entered the apartment and began to eat his food. A short time later, defendant again stated that he smelled something burning. Gertrude replied that she still did not smell anything burning. Defendant then walked to the bathroom in the rear of Emma\u2019s apartment, and knocked a hole in a makeshift wall to check the back porch which was not accessible from Emma\u2019s apartment. Gertrude stated that she did not see any fire or smoke at this time. Both defendant and Gertrude then entered the kitchen, and defendant opened a cabinet located below the kitchen sink. Smoke came up through the floor. Defendant stated that he was going to go downstairs to investigate. Renee accompanied defendant downstairs, but Gertrude remained at the top of the stairs. Gertrude testified that defendant then yelled upstairs to call the fire department because the building was on fire.\nGertrude stated that she immediately ran to Brenda Boyd\u2019s apartment to alert her about the fire, and then back to Emma\u2019s apartment to alert the children. Gertrude stated that she managed to save one child by throwing her out the window, and that she was saved by a neighbor.\nOn cross-examination, Gertrude denied any knowledge of the electricity flickering on and off the night of the fire, or that two of Brenda Boyd\u2019s sons had to reset the circuit breakers at the apartment building. In addition, Gertrude agreed that on September 14, 1984, Sergeant Murphy and another police officer came to her home, and Murphy told her that defendant had started the fire. Gertrude further testified that on September 14 she told the police for the first time of defendant\u2019s alleged statement on the night of the fire that she should not leave the apartment because \u201csomething might happen\u201d and that defendant had kicked a hole in the wall of the \u201cClay\u201d apartment and covered it with a blanket the night of the fire. Gertrude also admitted that she is \u201cnot good with minutes, times\u201d because she could not read or write, but defendant had remained in the west, first-floor apartment for approximately two to three minutes while she and Renee waited in the \u201cClay\u201d apartment. Lastly, Gertrude admitted that following the fire, defendant lived with her and Renee after his release from the hospital.\nRenee Armstrong also testified, and her testimony essentially corroborated Gertrude\u2019s regarding the events leading up to the discovery of the fire. Like Gertrude, Renee stated that she did not smell any smoke initially. In addition, Renee stated that when the three of them\u2014 defendant, Gertrude and herself \u2014 first went downstairs to investigate, defendant went straight to the \u201cClay\u201d apartment, bypassing the other two vacant apartments on the first floor. Defendant twisted the door knob on the \u201cClay\u201d apartment, but it was locked, so defendant kicked open the door. Renee testified that all of the apartments on the first floor were locked. According to Renee, after defendant entered the western apartment adjacent to the \u201cClay\u201d apartment, he remained in there for three to five minutes, and at one point she heard defendant\u2019s voice from the front of the apartment saying that there was no fire in there. Renee stated that she was able to see through the hole in the wall of the \u201cClay\u201d apartment and that there was no one else in the west apartment besides defendant.\nRenee further testified that when she and defendant returned from their 10 to 15 minute trip to McDonald\u2019s, as they entered the apartment building, defendant said that he again smelled something burning. Renee stated that she did not smell any smoke, so she went up to Emma\u2019s apartment to eat her food. Two minutes later defendant entered Emma\u2019s apartment, and told Gertrude that he smelled something burning. Defendant and Gertrude then went to the bathroom in the rear of Emma\u2019s apartment, but found nothing burning there. Then, as they entered the kitchen, defendant told Gertrude that there was smoke coming from the kitchen\u2019s cabinets. As he opened the cabinets located on the west wall of the apartment building, a large amount of smoke came out. Renee testified that the apartment which was below Emma\u2019s apartment was the west apartment, not the \u201cClay\u201d apartment. In addition, Renee stated that before the smoke came out of the kitchen cabinets, neither she nor Gertrude had noticed any smoke in the \u201chouse.\u201d\nRenee stated that after discovering the smoke, defendant, herself and Gertrude went downstairs. Defendant proceeded \u201cstraight\u201d to the western apartment and \u201ckicked open\u201d the door, at which time he was met by a blast of fire. Defendant yelled to Gertrude to call the fire department, but Renee ran to her mother\u2019s apartment located two buildings away and called.. When she returned, the building was fully on fire and she could not reenter.\nRenee testified that a week after the fire, defendant came to live with Gertrude and herself at the Jackson Park Terrace apartments. Defendant had been burned on his face and hands in the fire. At this time, defendant slept downstairs on the couch and Renee slept upstairs. According to Renee, sometime in April or May of 1981, at about 2 a.m., Renee went downstairs to get a drink of water. Renee stated that she heard defendant \u201ctalking,\u201d saying \u201cLinda, Dianne, I\u2019m sorry, I didn\u2019t mean to do it, I didn\u2019t mean to do it, don\u2019t hurt me, don\u2019t hurt me.\u201d Linda and Dianne were Renee\u2019s two sisters who had died in the fire. Renee stated that she had previously heard defendant \u201cmumble things,\u201d but she could never understand him. This night, though, Renee stated she heard defendant \u201cas clear as day.\u201d After hearing these comments, Renee told Gertrude, who then \u201ckicked\u201d defendant out of the apartment.\nOn cross-examination, Renee acknowledged that in the six years following these alleged \u201cdream\u201d statements, she had never told anyone except her mother about them, until two weeks before trial, when she told the assistant State\u2019s Attorney. In addition, Renee stated that when she and defendant were returning from McDonald\u2019s the night of the fire, she and defendant saw a man in a beige cap and an army jacket on the 1512 E. 65th Place property (the location of the fire), headed east. Renee testified that, at the time, defendant had stated that he thought the man was \u201cSneeze,\u201d a person in the neighborhood they knew. Renee also testified that on the night of the fire she told the police that she did not get a full view of this individual in the beige cap, and that she really did not know who he was. When asked if she had returned to the scene of the fire from her mother\u2019s apartment carrying a rifle, Renee testified that she could not remember because it was \u201cso long ago.\u201d Neither could she remember whether she told the police that she was carrying the rifle because she was looking for the man in the beige cap. Contrary to her testimony on direct, Renee stated that upon discovering the more serious fire in the west apartment on the first floor, defendant opened the door with the knob, he did not \u201ckick\u201d it open.\nRenee further acknowledged on cross-examination that when the police came to her home in September 1984, they told her that defendant had started the fire that night. Renee then told the police that upon returning from McDonald's the night of the fire, defendant remained on the first floor for a brief time while she went upstairs to eat her food. Renee could not remember whether she had reported this information to the police in 1980 following the fire, or whether this was the first time in 1984.\nAssistant State\u2019s Attorney Linn testified regarding the defendant\u2019s interrogation on September 14, 1984. At the time of the interrogation, Linn worked in the felony review unit at the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office. Linn stated that, after he advised defendant of his Miranda rights, Sergeant Murphy showed defendant photos of the fire victims. At this point, defendant began to tremble and said \u201cI did it ... I did start the fire.\u201d Linn and the three police officers, Sergeant Murphy and Detectives Robertson and Kobel, were present for these statements. Linn also stated that before defendant continued his confession, he wanted to tell his mother and grandmother about his involvement in the fire. Consequently, Linn, Robertson and Kobel left the interview room to try to phone defendant\u2019s mother and grandmother. After 15 to 20 minutes of unsuccessful attempts, they returned to the interview room. According to Linn, at this time, defendant continued stating that \u201cyou guys don\u2019t have the picture where I started the fire.\u201d Then, defendant stated that he started the fire in a closet which was not depicted in the pictures, and that he started it with old clothing and discarded rags. Linn stated that defendant also said the fire concerned his deceased father, \u201cthat there were some things involving his father\u201d which he wanted to tell his mother about before going into further detail.\nEmma Burt testified that she has known defendant and his family since 1974. Defendant\u2019s father, Melvin Kidd, owned the apartment building located at 1512 East 65th Place. In 1979, Melvin Kidd died. According to Emma, defendant claimed that he owned the building and often collected the rents. However, after Melvin Kidd died, defendant\u2019s sister told Emma not to give defendant the rent anymore.\nOn the day of the fire, Emma had left for work at 12:30 p.m. Her sister Gertrude and niece Dianne had come over to baby-sit her children. Later that evening when she returned home, she was met by her brother-in-law and Gertrude at the \u201cEl\u201d station and was informed about the fire. The next day, Emma went to Billings Hospital to pick up her daughter and visit defendant. Emma testified that she visited defendant and was alone in his hospital room with him. At this time, defendant told Emma that he saved one of her children, Monique, by jumping out of the window with her in his arms. Emma accused defendant of lying because Monique had been found dead in the building. Then, Emma testified that she asked defendant if he had set the fire. Emma did not testify as to defendant\u2019s response to her question. When questioned why she had asked defendant whether he had set the fire, Emma responded that defendant had \u201cpreviously told her that he knew how to set fires without getting people hurt.\u201d Emma stated that defendant had told her this \u201clots of times\u201d since his father\u2019s death, but the first time was in the early part of 1980.\nEmma also testified to a conversation between defendant and herself approximately two weeks before the fire on the front porch of the apartment building. According to Emma, \u201csomeone from the city\u201d came to the building and put a notice on the door of the building. Defendant tore the notice down, and when Emma asked why defendant had done so before anyone could read it, defendant replied that \u201csoon this building is going to pay off.\u201d\nEmma also testified that approximately one week after the fire, she again spoke with defendant regarding the fire. Emma was at Gertrude\u2019s apartment and had a conversation with defendant in the kitchen. Emma stated that she asked defendant, while they were alone, \u201cif he did it.\u201d Defendant responded \u201cif [I] tell [you] what [I] know, could [you] protect [me],\u201d and then walked away. Two weeks later, at a benefit for the victims of the fire, Emma testified that while no one was present she again asked defendant if \u201che did it.\u201d According to Emma, defendant reacted as before, stating \u201cif I tell you what I know, can you protect me.\u201d\nUpon cross-examination, Emma testified that she told a male police officer \u201cright after the fire\u201d in 1980 that she believed defendant had started the fire. However, Emma could not remember the name of the police officer, or whether he was white, black or Oriental. In addition, Emma stated that while she was at the benefit for the fire victims in 1980, she told her sisters, her brother and \u201cthe bigger men\u201d at the benefit that defendant had started the fire. In response to the question of whether any of them had chased defendant out of the benefit, Emma responded that \u201cthey said because defendant was hurt himself, they\u2019ll see when it come [sic] all out.\u201d\nBrenda Boyd testified that she moved into 1512 E. 65th Place in the summer of 1979. Shortly thereafter, Brenda had a conversation with defendant in which defendant told her that he would be the owner of the building; that defendant\u2019s father Melvin had given him the building. In addition, Brenda testified that on the afternoon of the fire, at approximately 3:15 p.m., the lights went out in the building. Brenda sent her sons, Ronald and Jerome, down to the basement with a candle to \u201cclick the switch back on.\u201d Brenda also stated that during the fire, she told her children to escape through the back door of the apartment. Brenda testified that a week prior to the fire, the back door had been nailed shut, but she had told her son to remove the nails, which he did. While her family was escaping during the fire, the lights went out again.\nOn cross-examination, Brenda testified that the circuit breakers in the building tripped approximately three times on the day of the fire, and that her sons, Ronald and Jerome, were responsible for resetting the circuit breakers.\nDetective Ernest Rokosik of the Chicago police department bomb and arson section testified as an expert, over objection, concerning the cause and origin of the fire at 1512 East 65th Place. At the time of trial, September 18, 1987, Rokosik had been assigned to the bomb and arson unit for approximately eight years, and was certified by the State of Illinois as an arson investigator.\nRokosik testified that on October 29, 1980, he visited the building located at 1512 East 65th Place to assist in a determination of the cause and origin of the fire. Rokosik testified that when investigating a fire, he first goes to the area of heaviest fire damage and that, generally, is the \u201carea of origin.\u201d At this point, he looks for sources of ignition, which would indicate the cause of the fire. Rokosik explained that \u201cfire travels] from the lowest point [of heaviest damage] in an upward and outward motion,\u201d resulting in a characteristic \u201cV\u201d pattern. Regarding the fire in this case, Rokosik stated that he first encountered the small fire in the \u201cClay\u201d apartment. Regarding this fire, Rokosik testified that \u201c[it] had been set by itself, apparently, not in conjunction with the larger main fire toward the center of the building.\u201d In addition, Rokosik stated that he did not find any severe fire damage from this small fire in the \u201cClay\u201d apartment.\nRokosik testified that upon entering the dining room of the west, first-floor apartment, he observed that it was almost \u201ccompletely gutted.\u201d Further, Rokosik noticed two V-shaped low burn patterns in the dining room of this west apartment. The first V-shaped pattern began in the northwest corner of the west wall in the dining room starting at ground level and travelling upward into the kitchen. The second V-shaped pattern began on the east wall of the dining room in a \u201cmakeshift or homemade closet,\u201d specifically in the center of the closet. Rokosik stated that because \u201cthere was no communication between the two V-shaped patterns,\u201d the fire had two points of origin. Accordingly, Rokosik stated that based on a reasonable degree of scientific certainty, the fire had two points of origin: (1) the largest in the closet on the east wall of the west apartment on the first floor, and (2) along the northwest corner of the dining room starting at floor level, traveling upward and into the kitchen area.\nRokosik stated that results from the crime lab indicated that a flammable liquid or accelerant had not been used. Rokosik said his own findings were consistent in that he found no evidence of flammable liquids or accelerants. Moreover, Rokosik testified that he ruled out as a cause of the fire: an electrical outlet near the \u201cmakeshift\u201d closet; a radiator near the point of origin in the northwest corner of the dining room; spontaneous combustion, or auto ignition; the fuse box and gas and electric meters in the basement; and the stoves in the first- and second-floor apartments. With regards to the basement, Rokosik stated that \u201c[it] had nothing to do with the fire.\u201d\nOn cross-examination, Rokosik stated that he found no evidence of a \u201ctrailer,\u201d a device commonly used to spread a fire such as toilet paper or clothing. Also, Rokosik admitted that there might have been a third point of origin for the fire, specifically in the kitchen of the west, first-floor apartment. However, the fire in the kitchen might have \u201ccommunicated\u201d from the second point of origin in the northwest corner of the dining room. Rokosik agreed that the \u201ccause\u201d of a fire is defined as \u201cthat which made the fire result\u201d and that if you cannot determine the cause of the fire, it could be either natural, accidental, or arson. When examining the \u201cmakeshift\u201d closet in the dining, Rokosik found no \u201cremnants\u201d like books or a blanket in the closet. In fact, Rokosik admitted that he does not know what was in the closet area prior to the fire. As a result, Rokosik stated that he was unable \u201cto determine what actually lit the material that was in the closet,\u201d but it was his opinion that the fire originated, in part, in the closet. When asked if the failure to know what actually ignited the materials in the closet meant that the cause of the fire could not be determined, Rokosik replied that he \u201chad reached an opinion as to what caused the fire.\u201d Rokosik explained that he believed the fire was arson because there were two points of origin, and because he found \u201cno normally occurring sources of ignition in or around the closet,\u201d or \u201caccidental forms of ignition, such as spontaneous combustion.\u201d\nSubsequently, on redirect, Rokosik stated that it was his opinion that \u201csome source of heat, such as flame, ignited [the fires].\u201d Rokosik, however, was never asked either on direct or redirect whether he had an opinion within a reasonable degree of scientific certainty what was the \u201ccause\u201d of the fire.\nAfter Rokosik testified, the State rested. The defense, during its case in chief, admitted into evidence a certified copy of title to the property located at 1512 East 65th Place deeded from Melvin and Clara Ruth Kidd (defendant\u2019s parents) to Deborah Renee Kidd and Beverly Ann Kidd (defendant\u2019s sisters). The certificate of title was deeded on February 7, 1980. The defense then rested.\nFollowing closing arguments, the jury found defendant guilty of 10 counts of murder and one count of arson. After the verdicts were entered, defendant renewed his objection to the trial court\u2019s refusal to accept his pretrial waiver of jury for sentencing. A sentencing hearing followed, and the jury returned a sentence of death.\nDefense counsel filed a post-trial motion, which was denied. Defendant also filed a pro se post-trial motion, which was also heard and denied. Attached to defendant\u2019s pro se motion were copies of police reports which included statements from Renee Armstrong and Gertrude Burt taken on October 29, 1980. These statements indicated that both Renee and Gertrude smelled smoke prior to discovery of the fire. In addition, Gertrude\u2019s statement indicated that after defendant discovered the fire and was injured, he warned the other occupants to get out and then \u201cwent up to the second floor and tried to aid the other occupants in getting out of the building. He then exited the building through a rear window.\u201d\nThe first issue defendant raises on appeal is that his oral confession was obtained in violation of his fifth amendment right to counsel. U.S. Const., amend. V.\nAs we explained earlier, on September 14, 1984, defendant was interrogated regarding the fire by Chicago Police Sergeant Joseph Murphy, Detectives Richard Kobel and John Robertson, and Assistant State\u2019s Attorney James Linn in the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office adjacent to the county jail. In response to this questioning, defendant allegedly admitted to setting the fire.\nPrior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress his custodial statements. At a hearing on this motion, the following evidence and testimony was elicited. For approximately two or three months following defendant\u2019s arrest in January 1984 on the unrelated murder and arson charges (see People v. Kidd (1989), 129 Ill. 2d 432), private attorney Earl Washington represented defendant and his step-brother Leroy Orange. Subsequently, Earl Washington withdrew from representing defendant in the spring of 1984 due to a conflict of interest, and Assistant Public Defenders Stralka and Stopka were appointed to represent defendant. After Washington withdrew, Orange indicated to Washington that he believed defendant had been involved in the fire at issue in this case. Thereafter, Washington contacted the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office and related this information, prompting the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office to interrogate defendant.\nOn September 14, 1984, at approximately 10 a.m., defendant was brought from the Cook County jail to the adjacent State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office for questioning. Neither a stenographer nor a court reporter was present. Linn testified that before he arrived for the interrogation, Murphy gave defendant Miranda warnings in the presence of the two detectives, and defendant stated that he understood those rights. According to Linn, when he arrived, he also gave defendant Miranda warnings, and defendant acknowledged that he understood those rights. Linn also stated that he told defendant that he was an assistant State\u2019s Attorney, and as such he was a lawyer for the police and not for defendant. Kobel and Robertson testified similarly.\nAccording to the State, during the questioning, defendant recounted the events of the fire, but denied any responsibility for setting it. Sergeant Murphy then showed defendant photographs of the 10 deceased vietims of the fire, and photographs of the building after the fire. Defendant became somber, and stated that he wished to tell \u201chis true involvement in setting the fire.\u201d However, defendant stated that before giving them a detailed account, he wanted to speak with his mother and grandmother so that they would learn of his involvement in the fire from him and not someone else. Linn, Kobel, and Robertson then left the room and attempted to call defendant\u2019s mother and grandmother. Murphy testified that he remained with defendant, and that he neither made promises or threats to defendant, nor pointed his gun at defendant to induce him to speak. On cross-examination, Murphy testified that while Linn, Kobel and Robertson were out of the room, defendant initiated further conversation with him by asking him questions.\nLinn testified that after approximately 15 to 20 minutes, he, Kobel, and Robertson returned to the room, after being unable to initially contact defendant\u2019s mother and grandmother. The authorities\u2019 conversation with defendant continued for a short while and, eventually, defendant was able to contact his mother and grandmother by phone. According to the State\u2019s witnesses, defendant never requested counsel, nor did he ask his mother to obtain a lawyer for him. Subsequently, defendant was returned to the Cook County jail.\nDefendant\u2019s attorney, Paul Stralka, testified that at approximately 11 a.m., on September 14, 1984, he and and Assistant Public Defender Jim Stopka went to the Cook County jail to visit with defendant. However, upon arriving at the jail, he learned that defendant was at the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office. He and Stopka proceeded to the 14th floor of that office. Stralka testified that when he arrived at the 14th floor, he asked to see the prosecutors assigned to defendant\u2019s case in the unrelated matter, but was told by the receptionist they were in conference. In response to Stralka\u2019s question of whether defendant was also present, the receptionist stated that she did not have \u201cany information.\u201d After waiting a few minutes, Stralka and Stopka left the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office. Stralka testified that he was never informed on September 14, 1984, by anyone from the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office that defendant was present on the 14th floor. Assistant State\u2019s Attorney Linn also testified that he was never informed during defendant\u2019s questioning that Stralka and Stopka were present at the office and that they wished to see defendant.\nEarl Washington also testified as a defense witness. As noted earlier, Washington had represented defendant and his step-brother Leroy Orange on an unrelated matter in January 1984. Subsequently, Washington withdrew from representing defendant in the spring of 1984 due to a conflict of interest. Thereafter, Orange indicated to Washington that he believed defendant had been involved in the fire at issue in this case. Washington testified that during the two to three months he represented defendant in early 1984, he never discussed the fire at issue here with defendant. Moreover, Washington stated that Orange wanted Washington to inform the State\u2019s Attorney of defendant\u2019s involvement in this fire to bolster his own position in the unrelated matter.\nClara Kidd, defendant\u2019s mother, testified that on September 14, 1984, defendant called her and said, \u201cI want you to get me a lawyer.\u201d Clara responded stating that she was at work, that she did not have the time to talk, and to call her at home. Later that evening, the police brought Clara from her home to the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office to speak with defendant. However, after waiting for over two hours, Clara was told that defendant did not want to come over from the jail and speak with her. Clara also testified that prior to this motion to suppress, she had never told the police that defendant had requested a lawyer on September 14, 1984.\nLastly, defendant testified. Defendant stated that after initially being questioned for approximately 5 to 10 minutes on the 14th floor of the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office, Linn, Kobel, and Robertson left the room. At this time defendant was alone with Sergeant Murphy, who then pulled out the aforementioned photos of the victims, laid his gun on the table pointing it directly at defendant, and told defendant he knew something about the fire. Defendant told Murphy that he almost lost his life trying to save people in the fire, that he had nothing to say, and that he wanted a lawyer present. According to defendant, Murphy responded by stating that defendant had no right to have a lawyer present during questioning, and that Murphy then stuck his gun in defendant\u2019s stomach and told defendant he was going to make a statement. After Linn, Kobel and Robertson returned to the room, defendant was permitted to call his mother. Defendant stated that he told her to \u201cget me a lawyer. They got me down here trying to hook me up with another case.\u201d Defendant also maintained that he was never advised of his Miranda rights while he was being questioned, and that he never made any incriminating statements during the interview.\nAt the close of evidence and argument, the trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, stating that \u201cthe [Miranda] rights were given, and the rights were freely and knowingly and intelligently waived.\u201d The trial court resolved all credibility questions in favor of the State, and concluded that under a totality of the circumstances analysis, none of defendant\u2019s constitutional rights were violated.\nSubsequently, defendant filed a motion to reconsider the motion to suppress statements, limited to a fifth amendment violation claim. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s motion to reconsider, expressly relying on People v. Martin (1984), 102 Ill. 2d 412, while declining to follow United States ex rel. Espinoza v. Fairman (7th Cir. 1987), 813 F.2d 117, as urged by defendant. In discussing the application of these cases, the trial court' stated:\n\u201cWhatever number of the constitutional amendments you might choose to apply, the facts are still the same. The constitutional rights of the defendant-petitioner are still the same. They call it the Fifth Amendment or the Sixth Amendment.\u201d\nThe resolution of this issue is relatively straightforward in light of the Supreme Court\u2019s recent decision in McNeil v. Wisconsin (1991), 501 U.S. _, 115 L. Ed. 2d 158, 111 S. Ct. 2204, and our recent decision in People v. Perry (1992), 147 Ill. 2d 430. In McNeil, the Supreme Court held that a defendant\u2019s invocation of his sixth amendment right to counsel during a judicial proceeding as to one offense does not constitute the invocation of a defendant\u2019s fifth amendment right to counsel under Miranda as to uncharged offenses. (See McNeil, 501 U.S. at_, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 168-71, 111 S. Ct. at 2208-11.) Subsequently, in Perry, we adopted and applied the legal reasoning from McNeil to the facts of that case. In addition, we declined to read our State constitutional privilege against self-incrimination (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a710) more broadly than its Federal counterpart.\nPresently, defendant argues only that the police-initiated interrogation on September 14, 1984, violated his Federal constitutional rights under the fifth amendment. Defendant does not make a State constitutional claim under article I, section 10. Nonetheless, we find that the facts of this case are on all fours with McNeil and, consequently, McNeil is dispositive of defendant\u2019s motion to suppress his custodial statements. In McNeil, the defendant\u2019s sixth amendment right to counsel attached when a public defender appeared on the defendant\u2019s behalf at a bail hearing regarding a charge of armed robbery. Subsequently, while being held in jail, the police initiated further questioning of the defendant regarding an unrelated murder charge, and the defendant made incriminating statements. Prior to trial, the defendant filed a motion to suppress his incriminating statements, which motion was denied. Defendant appealed arguing that his courtroom appearance with an attorney on the armed robbery charge constituted an invocation of his Miranda-Edwards fifth amendment right to counsel, and that any subsequent waiver of that right during police-initiated questioning regarding any offense was invalid. (McNeil, 501 U.S. at_., 115 L. Ed. 2d at 166, 111 S. Ct. at 2207.) As noted above, the Court in McNeil held that the invocation of the sixth amendment right to counsel during a judicial proceeding does not constitute an invocation of the fifth amendment right under Miranda.\nIn this case, although defendant\u2019s sixth amendment right to counsel attached when private attorney Earl Washington represented defendant at his arraignment on February 7, 1984, on the unrelated murder and arson charges, defendant\u2019s fifth amendment right to counsel pursuant to Miranda clearly did not arise at that point. (See McNeil, 501 U.S__., 115 L. Ed. 2d 158, 111 S. Ct. 2204.) As stated in McNeil, \u201c[t]o invoke the Sixth Amendment interest is, as a matter of fact, not to invoke the Miranda-Edwards interest.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) (McNeil, 501 U.S. at_, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 168, 111 S. Ct. at 2209.) Thus, the police-initiated interrogation on September 14, 1984, regarding the murder and arson charges at issue here did not violate defendant\u2019s fifth amendment right to counsel.\nMoreover, defendant\u2019s attempt to distinguish McNeil on the facts is not persuasive. Essentially, defendant argues that he invoked his fifth amendment right to counsel for the purposes of custodial interrogation when he retained, prior to his arraignment in February 1984, private attorney Earl Washington in January 1984. According to defendant, because he was represented by Washington and Assistant Public Defenders Stopka and Stralka for eight months prior to the interrogation in September 1984, he clearly \u201chad expressed his desire to deal with the authorities only through counsel.\u201d We disagree. As McNeil clearly sets forth, to invoke the Miranda-Edwards interest, there must be \u201cat a minimum, some statement that can reasonably be construed to be [an] expression of a desire for the assistance of an attorney in dealing with custodial interrogation by the police.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) (McNeil, 501 U.S. at _, 115 L. Ed. 2d at 169, 111 S. Ct. at 2209.) There is no evidence of such a statement here, and consequently, defendant\u2019s attempt to distinguish McNeil fails. Next, defendant argues that the introduction of inherently unreliable dream statements denied him a fair trial. The facts pertaining to this issue are as follows.\nApproximately 10 days before trial, in the course of fulfilling its discovery obligations, the State told the trial court and defense counsel that Renee Armstrong, defendant\u2019s former girlfriend, had recently informed them that defendant made certain \u201cdream\u201d statements which the State wished to introduce at trial. The trial court ordered the State to provide defense counsel with a written summary of the statements which would establish a basic foundation. In addition, the trial court ordered the State to make Renee Armstrong available for an interview since she had never revealed this evidence to the State or defense counsel in the approximately 6V2 years since the statements.\nSubsequently, defense counsel filed a motion in limine to bar Renee from testifying as to any \u201cdreams, utterances, conversations, or ramblings allegedly made by [defendant] to Renee Armstrong, which are allegedly self-incriminating.\u201d Defendant argued that these statements were inherently unreliable because defendant was asleep when the statements were made, that they were incapable of being rebutted, and that no proper foundation had been laid for their introduction. The State, on the other hand, argued that there was no evidence of whether these statements were the product of a dream or nightmare, and that they were shown to be admissible \u201cutterances.\u201d At the hearing on the motion, the trial court did not make a determination as to whether the statements were made while defendant was awake or asleep. The trial court subsequently denied defendant\u2019s motion in limine, stating:\n\u201cI do not think that these kinds of statements are quote, inherently untrustworthy and not probative. I think that would be up to the jury to decide whether they are trustworthy or probative or not. There is no case that says they should not be admitted, and in light of the fact that there is nothing in the law to prevent this, and logic does not dictate that they are inherently untrustworthy, I believe they cross the threshold of admissibility and then become simply a matter of how the jury would consider them.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe trial court also determined that \u201cthere is at least a fairly general notion of the time period\u201d of the statements sufficient to cure any potential due process or right of confrontation problems. Moreover, the trial court compared defendant\u2019s \u201cdream\u201d statements with those in People v. Linscott (1986), 114 Ill. 2d 340, and People v. Columbo (1983), 118 Ill. App. 3d 882, and stated that \u201cthere is a distinction but I don\u2019t see it to be a distinction with a substantial difference.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Thus,- the trial court ruled that the jury should \u201cassess and evaluate the quality of this kind of evidence.\u201d\nAs a preliminary matter, we note that evidentiary rulings in criminal trials are within the sound discretion of the trial court, and such rulings will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. (See People v. Hayes (1990), 139 Ill. 2d 89, 130.) In this instance, however, we find that the trial court clearly erred in its analysis of whether this evidence should be admitted. The trial court stated that it is up \u201cto the jury to decide whether [these statements] are trustworthy or probative or not.\u201d (Emphasis added.) This is not the province of the jury. The trial judge must determine whether evidence is probative and reliable, whereas the jury determines weight and credibility. (See Hayes, 139 Ill. 2d at 130 (stating that it is within the discretion of the trial court to decide whether evidence is relevant and admissible).) Moreover, it is apparent from the trial judge\u2019s favorable comparison of the dream statements in this case with those in Linscott and Columbo, in which the defendants actually recounted their \u201cdreams\u201d to the police, that he misconstrued this evidence. Here, defendant not only did not recount his \u201cdream\u201d to the police, but he has consistently denied ever making these \u201cdream\u201d statements.\nOn appeal, defendant argues that the introduction of these \u201cdream\u201d statements violated due process and the right of confrontation (U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a72). Defendant maintains that although the issue of whether statements made by a defendant during a dream are admissible against him is one of first impression in Illinois, other States have concluded that such evidence is not admissible. (See State v. White (1967), 271 N.C. 391, 156 S.E.2d 721.) Moreover, defendant contends that even if such evidence is admissible under certain circumstances, in this case, the indicia of reliability and foundation laid for defendant\u2019s \u201cdream\u201d statements was so weak that this evidence should have been excluded.\nThe State, on the other hand, argues that the evidence is conflicting as to whether defendant was asleep or awake when Renee heard defendant utter these statements. Since defendant might have been awake at the time, the State argues that the trial judge properly determined that the statements were not inherently untrustworthy and that the jury should decide the weight to be given these statements.\nDefendant is correct in observing that Illinois courts have never addressed the issue of whether statements made by a defendant during a dream are admissible against him. However, courts from other jurisdictions have addressed this issue, and their decisions are split in terms of the admissibility of such dream statements. (See Annot., Admissibility of Evidence Concerning Words Spoken While Declarant Was Asleep or Unconscious, 14 A.L.R.4th 802 (1982 & Supp. 1991).) Courts which have found such dream statements inadmissible reason that they lack a sufficient indicia of reliability. (See People v. Robinson (1861), 19 Cal. 40, 41; Martinez v. People (1913), 55 Colo. 51, 52-53, 132 P. 64, 64-65; Godfrey v. State (1988), 258 Ga. 28, 365 S.E.2d 93; State v. Rocker (1908), 138 Iowa 653, 657, 116 N.W. 797, 800; People v. Knatz (1980), 76 A.D.2d 889, 889, 428 N.Y.S.2d 709, 711; People v. Smith (1984), 104 A.D.2d 160, 164, 481 N.Y.S.2d 879, 881; Plummer v. Ricker (1898), 71 Vt. 114, 41 A. 1045.) In Plummer v. Ricker (1898), 71 Vt. 114, 117, 41 A. 1045, 1046, the court stated:\n\u201cWords spoken while in sleep are not evidence of a fact or condition of mind. They proceed from an unconscious and irresponsible condition; they have little or no meaning; they are as likely to refer to unreal facts or conditions as to things real; they are wholly unreliable; and a jury ought not to be allowed to guess that such expressions are produced by a present mental or physical condition.\u201d\nOther courts have condemned the use of dream statements, without addressing the precise issue of admissibility. (See Gough v. General Box Co. (Mo. 1957), 302 S.W.2d 884, 890 (victim was unconscious, not sleeping, when making statements; statements held inadmissible); Johnson v. Southern Ry. Co. (Mo. 1943), 175 S.W.2d 802, 805-06 (victim was unconscious, not sleeping, when making statements; statements held admissible).) Still other courts have held that if it is unclear whether the declarant was asleep or awake, the statements are admissible and the jury should decide the issue. See Sutton v. State (1976), 237 Ga. 418, 228 S.E.2d 815 (evidence showed defendant was in drunken stupor or asleep and was conflicting as to whether defendant was conscious or unconscious); Martinez, 55 Colo, at 56, 132 P. at 66 (if the accused was asleep, statements are not admissible, but \u201c[wjhere there is a question of whether the accused was conscious or unconscious when he spoke, it should be left to the jury under proper instructions\u201d); Rocker, 138 Iowa at 657, 116 N.W. at 800 (if accused was asleep and unconscious, statements \u201cmight not properly be received in evidence\u201d); State v. Morgan (1891), 35 W. Va. 260, 265, 13 S.E. 385, 386.\nWe find that we are in agreement with those jurisdictions cited above which not only condemn the use of statements made during a dream, but also those that hold such evidence should not be admissible. As stated by the North Carolina Supreme Court, \u201c[wjhat a dream means, if anything, presents an occurrence filled with mystery. As to the meaning of a dream, we can only conjecture.\u201d (State v. White (1967), 271 N.C. 391, 394-95, 156 S.E.2d 721, 724.) While we do not doubt that dreams may in some respect relate to real experiences, their real meaning is open to a variety of interpretations. Dreams are imaginings and fantasy, and involve little logical thought. Furthermore, we are not aware of any scientific agreement, at present, that dreams can be explained in purely psychological, rather than physiological, terms. (See J. Hobson, The Dreaming Brain (1988); M. Steriade & R. McCarley, Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep (1990).) Consequently, we hold that statements made by a declarant while asleep, and offered as admissions, do not carry the necessary indicia of trustworthiness required of competent evidence and are inadmissible.\nWhile this type of evidence may be relevant {i.e., it definitely has a tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable than it would be without the evidence (see People v. Boclair (1989), 129 Ill. 2d 458, 477)), it is not reliable and trustworthy. Analogous to our holding here is this court\u2019s discussion in People v. Zayas (1989), 131 Ill. 2d 284, regarding the admissibility of hypnotically enhanced testimony. In Zayas, the court held that hypnotically induced testimony is not admissible because its reliability is suspect. There, the court stated:-\n\u201cThe fact that information elicited through hypnosis can be corroborated, moreover, does not permit a court to admit it as evidence. We are not concerned with whether evidence is plausible but, rather, whether evidence is reliable.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Zayas, 131 Ill. 2d at 295.)\nThese comments from Zayas are equally applicable to this case.\nGiven our determination that statements made during a dream our inadmissible, we turn to the facts of this case. The State argues that the evidence is conflicting as to whether defendant was asleep or awake when Renee heard defendant utter these statements. Since defendant may have been awake, the State contends that the jury should decide the issue and the weight to be given these statements. We disagree. It is clear that the evidence concerning defendant\u2019s state of mind at the time of the alleged statements is conflicting. On the one hand, all the surrounding circumstances point to the fact that defendant was sleeping. It was 2 a.m.; defendant was on the couch where he normally slept; Renee neither verbally nor physically confronted defendant after hearing the statements; and apparently, neither Renee nor defendant acknowledged the presence of the other person. On the other hand, Renee\u2019s testimony at trial offered no indication of whether defendant was in fact asleep. At the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion in limine, no factual determination was made as to whether defendant was awake or asleep.\nWe believe that the trial judge must make an initial factual determination regarding the admissibility of this evidence. That determination must, in part, consist of whether these statements were made while the declarant was asleep. For, given our holding today, if the declarant was asleep, the statements would not be trustworthy or reliable, and thus they would be inadmissible. We hold that in situations where the evidence is contradictory regarding whether the declarant is awake or asleep, the trial judge must make a preliminary finding of fact that the defendant was awake for the statements to be admissible. In making its determination, the trial court should apply the burden of persuasion of more probably true than not true. (See Lego v. Twomey (1972), 404 U.S. 477, 30 L. Ed. 2d 618, 92 S. Ct. 619; M. Graham, Cleary & Graham\u2019s Handbook of Illinois Evidence \u00a7104.1, at 35 (5th ed. 1990).) Otherwise, we would be asking the jury to first determine whether defendant was asleep at the time of these statements, and if the answer to that question is \u201cyes,\u201d asking the jury to disregard such statements as being unreliable. This, we find, would be inappropriate and quite confusing for the jury. \u201cIt is somewhat like telling a little boy to go to the corner and not think of elephants.\u201d (M. Graham, Cleary & Graham\u2019s Handbook of Illinois Evidence \u00a7104.1, at 35 (5th ed. 1990).) Statements which this court has deemed potentially unreliable and untrustworthy should not be put before a jury before a determination is made based on all the available facts.\nConsequently, we must remand this cause to the trial court for a factual determination as to whether defendant was sleeping at the time of these alleged statements. If, based on all the evidence available, the trial judge concludes that it is more probably true than not true that defendant was sleeping, then he must exclude these \u201cdream\u201d statements from defendant\u2019s trial. If the trial judge determines that it is more probably true than not true that defendant was awake at the time of these alleged statements, then they are admissible and the jury would decide the weight to be given them.\nNext, defendant argues that the prosecutor\u2019s rebuttal closing argument represented a flagrantly improper disparagement of the defense and defense counsel which deprived defendant of a fair trial and due process of law. Specifically, defendant points to the following comments as improper:\n\u201cThere is nothing [defense counsel] can do to change the facts. The facts that you heard from the witness stand during the course of this three or four day trial and as much as [defense counsel] stands here in his argument and attempts to twist the facts, add new statements.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAfter this comment implying that defense counsel was \u201ctwisting the facts,\u201d defense counsel objected, and the trial judge sustained the objection as to \u201ctwist the facts.\u201d Subsequently, the prosecutor commented:\n\u201cIn reality, ladies and gentlemen, the defense attorneys in this case, the real defense is to create as much side issues, to create as much confusion as possible so that when you go into the jury room, you are diverted from the real facts, the real issues *** and you chase after all these loose ends or side issues or side defenses that [defense counsel] just tried to raise in his closing argument.\nI submit to you, ladies and gentlemen, that the defenses raised in this case are similar to a smoke screen.\nJust as [defendant] filled this apartment building with smoke on October 28, 1980, the defense in this case is trying to fill this courtroom with smoke today.\nJust as though those ten children ran around lost in the smoke on October 28, 1980, in that building the defense is hoping you will go in the jury room and get lost in the smoke.\nLadies and gentlemen, just as the smoke in this building on October 28, 1980, strangled the life out of ten children, the defense is hoping that the smoke that he raises in this room today will strangle the truth.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAfter- each of these statements by the prosecutor analogizing the defense\u2019s case to a \u201csmoke screen,\u201d defense counsel objected, and the trial judge overruled the objections. Then, before finishing his rebuttal, the prosecutor managed to return twice more to his \u201csmoke screen\u201d theme:\n\u201cWho knows why criminals murder, who knows why Richard Speck did what he did.\nI can\u2019t tell you why, so while the defense is throwing out their puffs of smoke trying to divert you, your attention, that\u2019s exactly what they\u2019re doing, they\u2019re trying to divert your attention from the real issues that you must decide beyond a reasonable doubt.\n* * *\n*** [W]hen you use your common sense and you waive [sic] the evidence, ladies and gentlemen, and you cut through the smoke in this case, its been raised by the defense, get to the issues in this the case ***.\nAnd when you do that, there is only one conclusion that you folks can reach, it\u2019s going to be up to each of you twelve people to hold [defendant] responsible, finally hold him responsible for his actions. Ladies and gentlemen, find [defendant] guilty.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAgain, defense counsel objected for the record to the prosecutor\u2019s statements comparing the defense to \u201cpuffs of smoke\u201d and that the jury should \u201ccut through the smoke\u201d raised by the defense. Each objection was overruled by the trial judge.\n\u201c[Statements made in closing arguments by the prosecutor which suggest that defense counsel fabricated a defense theory, attempted to free his client through trickery or deception, or suborned perjury are improper.\u201d (People v. Emerson (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 487, 497.) Moreover, \u201c[w]here a prosecutor\u2019s statements in summation are not relevant to the defendant\u2019s guilt or innocence and can only serve to inflame the jury, the statements constitute error.\u201d (People v. Caballero (1989), 126 Ill. 2d 248, 271; People v. Tiller (1982), 94 Ill. 2d 303, 321; People v. Smothers (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 172, 176.) \u201cImproper remarks will not merit reversal unless they result in substantial prejudice to the defendant, considering the context of the language used, its relationship to the evidence, and its effect on the defendant\u2019s rights to a fair and impartial trial.\u201d People v. Smith (1990), 141 Ill. 2d 40, 60; see also Caballero, 126 Ill. 2d at 273.\nIt is abundantly clear that the prosecutor\u2019s comments comparing or analogizing the defense counsel\u2019s argument to a \u201csmoke screen\u201d were improper. This court and our appellate court have on numerous occasions condemned such comments. See People v. Emerson (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 487, 497 (during final argument, prosecutor stated to the jury that defense counsel had laid down \u201csmokescreen \u2018composed of lies and misrepresentations and innuendos\u2019 \u201d); People v. Palmer (1970), 47 Ill. 2d 289, 299-300 (prosecutor\u2019s statements that defense counsel was trying to raise a \u201csmokescreen\u201d were improper); People v. Burnett (1963), 27 Ill. 2d 510, 517-18 (prosecutor\u2019s comments, that defense counsel was \u201cthrow[ing] up a smoke screen to confuse the jury,\u201d were \u201cunprofessional and highly improper\u201d); People v. Thomas (1990), 199 Ill. App. 3d 79, 100-01 (prosecutor\u2019s reference to the defense as a \u201csmoke screen\u201d was improper and better left unsaid); People v. Suane (1987), 164 Ill. App. 3d 997, 1004 (prosecutor commented that defense counsel tried \u201cto \u2018throw a smoke screen\u2019 \u201d); People v. Williams (1984), 127 Ill. App. 3d 231, 234 (remarks such as \u201csmoke screen\u201d and \u201cveil of smoke\u201d are improper and better left unsaid); People v. Young (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 319, 325-26 (prosecutor\u2019s remarks that defense counsel produced a \u201csmoke screen defense\u201d and that the defense case was \u201ca one-act play based on a \u2018nicely written script\u2019 \u201d were improper); People v. Weatherspoon (1978), 63 Ill. App. 3d 315, 324 (prosecutor\u2019s characterization of defense counsel\u2019s argument as \u201csmokescreen\u201d and \u201csnowjob\u201d are not to be condoned).\nDespite the numerous cases from the courts of this State which have condemned the comparison of a defense counsel\u2019s argument to a \u201csmoke screen,\u201d the State does not even acknowledge at a minimum that such comments were inappropriate. Instead, the State argues in its brief that the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s comments should not be construed as accusing defense counsel of lying or misrepresenting facts, but rather \u201cthe gist\u201d of the comments was that \u201cdefense counsel was attempting to confuse the jury or obscure the evidence.\u201d This, argues the State, is proper.\nWe believe that the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s comments were highly inappropriate and extremely prejudicial for two reasons. First, the assistant State\u2019s Attorney did not make just one fleeting, inadvertent remark regarding this \u201csmoke screen\u201d metaphor. Rather, he commented eight times that defense counsel was \u201craising a smoke screen,\u201d or \u201cfilling this courtroom with smoke today,\u201d or \u201choping that the smoke he raises in this room today will strangle the truth like it strangled the life of the ten children,\u201d etc. Thus, this case is unlike other cases in which the prosecutor made only a passing reference to a \u201csmoke screen\u201d theme, and it was held not to be reversible error. (See Palmer, 47 Ill. 2d at 301; Burnett, 27 Ill. 2d at 518; Weatherspoon, 63 Ill. App. 3d at 324.) Second, given that this was an arson case \u2014 10 children perished in fire which defendant is accused of starting \u2014 we believe that by repeatedly returning to his \u201csmoke screen\u201d theme and making' statements that defense counsel is \u201choping that just as those ten children got lost in the smoke, [the jurors] get lost in the smoke,\u201d the assistant State\u2019s Attorney only inflamed the prejudices of the already emotionally charged jurors. To say that the assistant State\u2019s Attorney did not attempt to imply to the jurors that defense counsel \u201c \u2018attempted to free his client through trickery or deception\u2019 \u201d (see People v. Hope (1990), 137 Ill. 2d 430, 491, quoting Emerson, 97 Ill. 2d at 497) would be a gross misstatement.\nIn addition, we find that the trial judge only exacerbated the harm by repeatedly overruling defense counsel\u2019s objections to these comments. As in People v. Emerson, in which this court reversed the defendant\u2019s convictions for murder due to improper statements by the prosecutor during closing argument, the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s comments \u201cimproperly shifted] the focus of attention from the evidence in the case to the objectives of trial counsel.\u201d (Emerson, 97 Ill. 2d at 498.) While we do not determine whether standing alone these highly improper comments would justify reversal of defendant\u2019s convictions and a new trial, we are convinced that this error in conjunction with other errors made at defendant\u2019s trial require reversal.\nNext, defendant argues that the trial court erred in, one, refusing to accept his pretrial waiver of jury for sentencing, and, two, thereafter permitting the State to question prospective jurors regarding their views on the death penalty. (See Witherspoon v. Illinois (1968), 391 U.S. 510, 20 L. Ed. 2d 776, 88 S. Ct. 1770.) As a result of these two errors, defendant argues that the State violated the rule of People v. Erickson (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 271, and Daley v. Hett (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 75, and as well as defendant\u2019s right to due process of law. The State, on the other hand, acknowledges that the trial court erred in refusing to accept defendant\u2019s pretrial waiver of jury for sentencing. Nonetheless, the State maintains that this error does not mandate a finding that defendant was denied a fair trial when the prosecutor death-qualified the jury.\nThe development of the rule that the trial court has a statutory obligation to accept a knowing and voluntary pretrial waiver of a jury for sentencing, and also prohibit the State from death-qualifying prospective jurors if such a pretrial waiver occurs, has been quite confusing. Initially, in Daley v. Hett, this court held that a trial judge has the authority to accept a defendant\u2019s pretrial waiver of a jury for purposes of a later death penalty hearing. (Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82.) Moreover, this court concluded that the State\u2019s right to question prospective jurors as to their views regarding the imposition of the death penalty as provided under Witherspoon \u201cdoes not come into effect where, as here, the juries that consider the issue of guilt will not consider eligibility for the death penalty.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82.\nSubsequently, in People v. Erickson (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 271, this court reasoned that in Hett, the court only determined that the trial court is statutorily empowered to accept a capital defendant\u2019s pretrial waiver of a sentencing jury, not whether the trial court is required to accept a voluntary and knowing pretrial waiver. (Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 287.) As a result, Erickson held that \u201cwhere a pretrial waiver of the sentencing jury is tendered and the court ascertains that it is voluntary and knowing, it must be accepted.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 288.\nIn addition, this court stated that the propriety of death-qualifying a jury which has been waived for sentencing was not decided in Hett, despite the language quoted above that the State\u2019s right \u201cunder Witherspoon does not come into effect where, as here, the juries that consider the issue of guilt will not consider eligibility of the death penalty.\u201d (Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82.) The majority opinion in Erickson thereafter added a caveat, stating \u201ceven if Hett were read to prohibit death-penalty questioning of prospective jurors where the sentencing jury is waived prior to trial, it would not apply retroactively to defendant\u2019s case.\u201d Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 288.\nThis court\u2019s opinions after Hett and Erickson did not clarify the issue involved here, and more importantly are distinguishable from the case at bar. (See People v. Shum (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 317; People v. Boclair (1989), 129 Ill. 2d 458; People v. Harris (1989), 132 Ill. 2d 366; see also People v. Lucas (1989), 132 Ill. 2d 399 (applying the holding in Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82, that \u201cthe State\u2019s right to question prospective jurors as to their views regarding the imposition of the death penalty as provided under Witherspoon does not come into effect when a defendant waives jury sentencing prior to trial\u201d).) A brief review of these cases following Hett and Erickson, i.e., Shum, Boclair, and Harris, indicates that they hold that if the instant case was pending on direct review at the time of this court\u2019s decision in Hett, June 20, 1986, Hett can have no application. However, in this case, the retroactivity of Hett is not at issue, and thus the rules set out in Hett and Erickson applied to defendant\u2019s case. Defendant\u2019s trial began on September 15, 1987, 15 months after the decision in Hett and five months after Erickson. Thus, at the time of defendant\u2019s trial, defendant not only had the right to waive prior to trial a jury for sentencing (see Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 288; Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82), but also had the right to prohibit the death penalty questioning of prospective jurors. See Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 288; Hett, 113 Ill. 2d at 82.\nThe State does not deny that the trial court erred in refusing to accept defendant\u2019s pretrial waiver of a jury for sentencing, only that defendant was not prejudiced because the prospective jurors were death-qualified. Although in Erickson, Shum and Boclair this court stated in dicta that \u201ceven where a defendant waives a jury at the sentencing phase, *** a jury that is questioned about the death penalty is still presumed to be a fair jury on the issue of guilt or innocence\u201d (see Boclair, 129 Ill. 2d at 483; Shum, 117 Ill. 2d at 339; Erickson, 117 Ill. 2d at 292), we believe that based on this error and the other errors in this case, i.e., the admission of defendant\u2019s \u201cdream\u201d statement and the assistant State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s \u201csmoke screen\u201d comments during rebuttal, defendant deserves a new trial. There is no justification for death-qualifying a jury which has nothing to do with sentencing.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the defendant\u2019s convictions are reversed and the cause is remanded to the circuit court for a new trial.\nReversed and remanded.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE CLARK" } ], "attorneys": [ "Randolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Richard E. Cunningham, of counsel), for appellant.", "Cecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb and David R. Butzen, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 66609.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. LEONARD KIDD, Appellant.\nOpinion filed April 16, 1992.\nRandolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Richard E. Cunningham, of counsel), for appellant.\nCecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb and David R. Butzen, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0510-01", "first_page_order": 520, "last_page_order": 557 }