{ "id": 781326, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. ANDREW KOKORALEIS, Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Kokoraleis", "decision_date": "1994-03-31", "docket_number": "No. 72862", "first_page": "325", "last_page": "335", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "159 Ill. 2d 325" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "12 F.3d 700", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 10528361 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/12/0700-01" ] }, { "cite": "994 F.2d 305", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10511681 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/994/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "905 F.2d 986", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1807290 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/905/0986-01" ] }, { "cite": "945 F.2d 926", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10525236 ], "year": 1990, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/945/0926-01" ] }, { "cite": "806 F. Supp. 705", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 7408669 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/806/0705-01" ] }, { "cite": "454 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6182146 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "3" }, { "page": "3-4" }, { "page": "19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/454/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "116 Ill. 2d 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5543128 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/116/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 Ill. 2d 265", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5567220 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "284" }, { "page": "284" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/129/0265-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 2d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5557518 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/126/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "143 Ill. 2d 210", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5591273 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "218" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/143/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "728 F.2d 1322", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 57613 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1348-49" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/728/1322-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Cal. Rptr. 212", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr.", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "215" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "671 P.2d 363", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Cal. 3d 926", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4552695 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "932" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-3d/34/0926-01" ] }, { "cite": "624 F.2d 196", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 3786724, 1273150 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "209-10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us-app-dc/199/0359-01", "/f2d/624/0196-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4738560 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "274" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/153/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 Ill. 2d 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5554681 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "105", "parenthetical": "precluding consideration of a \"somewhat different\" ineffective assistance claim from one earlier ruled upon" }, { "page": "104" }, { "page": "104-05" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/125/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "691" }, { "page": "695" }, { "page": "691" }, { "page": "695-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 S. Ct. 3296", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 L. Ed. 2d 804", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "497 U.S. 1032", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "132 Ill. 2d 235", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5589302 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "275" }, { "page": "251-52" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "251" }, { "page": "260-61" }, { "page": "262-64" }, { "page": "286-88" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/132/0235-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 853, "char_count": 15525, "ocr_confidence": 0.831, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.454294282077907e-07, "percentile": 0.8043567404895035 }, "sha256": "289763c450fa477440d388ab92ed30bce546e8474c10db743623a69536361cbc", "simhash": "1:9b4fce674e841bd1", "word_count": 2429 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:09:53.023112+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. ANDREW KOKORALEIS, Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE FREEMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis court, on direct appeal, affirmed defendant\u2019s conviction and death sentence for the aggravated kidnapping and murder of Lorraine Borowski. (People v. Kokoraleis (1989), 132 Ill. 2d 235.) Rehearing was denied, and the United States Supreme Court declined review (Kokoraleis v. Illinois (1990), 497 U.S. 1032, 111 L. Ed. 2d 804,110 S. Ct. 3296). On January 31,1991, defendant filed a post-conviction petition (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 122 \u2014 1) in the circuit court of Du Page County challenging the conviction and sentence. The petition was dismissed without an evidentiary hearing. (See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 122 \u2014 5.) This appeal followed. 134 Ill. 2d R. 651(a).\nWe affirm.\nDefendant\u2019s participation in a series of random abductions, rapes, and grisly murders of young women, including that of Lorraine Borowski, during 1981 and 1982, is amply recounted in this court\u2019s earlier opinion. We repeat, within the context of the issues now raised by defendant, only those few facts necessary to a disposition of the instant appeal.\nASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL AT SENTENCING\nDefendant contends the representation he received from his appointed counsel during the sentencing phase of the trial was ineffective. The claim is grounded, presumably, on the sixth and fourteenth amendments of the United States Constitution. (See U.S. Const., amends. VI, XIV; Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. a. 2052.) We note that defendant\u2019s appointed trial counsel did not represent him on direct appeal or in the post-conviction proceeding.\nDefendant\u2019s claim is addressed to what counsel did as well as what counsel did not do in presenting mitigating factors to avoid a death sentence. The arguments are somewhat interrelated.\nDefendant complains that what counsel did do was to \"nitpick[ ]\u201d at inconsistencies in the State\u2019s case and hopelessly implore the jury to consider defendant\u2019s rehabilitative potential. But, given the nature and particularities of the crimes, including the specter of bizarre cult activity, defendant asserts that arguing the existence of residual doubt and rehabilitative potential were \"[n]on-[p]lausable\u201d options. Instead, what counsel ought to have done was investigate whether defendant\u2019s culpability was rooted in a condition of \"extreme emotional and/or mental disturbance.\u201d\nWe decline to consider whether what counsel did argue amounted to ineffective assistance.\nA post-conviction petition offers but a collateral attack remedy. The attendant proceeding is not a substitute for, or an addendum to, direct appeal. Accordingly, principles of res judicata and procedural default have long been recognized to preclude consideration of claims that were or could have been earlier raised. (People v. Albanese (1988), 125 Ill. 2d 100, 104-OS.) An ineffective assistance of counsel claim permits no wholesale departure from those considerations. See Albanese, 125 Ill. 2d at 105 (precluding consideration of a \"somewhat different\u201d ineffective assistance claim from one earlier ruled upon).\nThe opportunity to take issue with what counsel did argue during the sentencing phase of the trial was on direct appeal. Defendant did not do so, although, it should be noted, he did assert an ineffective assistance claim with regard to other matters equally apparent from the record\u2019s face. (See Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 275.) We find no recognized exception (see People v. Flores (1992), 153 Ill. 2d 264, 274) applicable here to excuse the procedural default.\nHowever, the issue of whether what counsel did not do amounts to ineffective assistance is given to different considerations. That aspect of the claim involves the duty to independently investigate possible defenses, a \"subset\u201d of defense counsel\u2019s overall obligation (see United States v. Decoster (D.C. Cir. 1979), 624 F.2d 196, 209-10).\nThe alleged substance of what counsel did not independently investigate is made clear in affidavits attached to the petition. Chief among them is that of Dr. Robert Miller, a psychiatrist, for that affidavit effectively incorporates the content of the others.\nDr. Miller\u2019s affidavit offers that the death of defendant\u2019s mother, coupled with the rigid and detached personality of his father, rendered defendant \"psychologically adrift.\u201d Defendant was thus made vulnerable to the influence of Robin Gecht, defendant\u2019s acquaintance and codefendant. Gecht, who fancied he possessed a Charles Manson-like persona, subjugated defendant to his will to commit the crimes.\nEffective representation, the argument goes in light of the affidavits, required counsel to investigate defendant\u2019s psyche as the root cause of his criminal responsibility. Defendant, however, never wavered from his insistence that he did not commit any of the crimes for which he now stands convicted. Defendant took the stand at trial in his own defense, championing his complete innocence. He insisted that inculpatory statements he had given to police \u2014 part and parcel of the prosecution\u2019s case against him \u2014 were coerced. (Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 251-52.) In fact, defendant claimed his knowledge about the crimes came exclusively from talking to police officers. (Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 251.) To the very end, he steadfastly maintained he was \"framed\u201d (Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 251) for, at the sentencing hearing, defendant reiterated his belief in sworn testimony that he was unjustly convicted.\nDefendant\u2019s insistence of innocence colors the understanding of his claim. The argument is not that objective evidence, like a psychological profile, existed which should have led counsel to independently explore whether defendant\u2019s will was overborne by Gecht in spite of defendant\u2019s protestations of innocence. Such circumstances are likely to generate an issue as to counsel\u2019s effectiveness. (See People v. Mozingo (1983), 34 Cal. 3d 926, 932, 671 P.2d 363, 366, 196 Cal. Rptr. 212, 215 (recognizing an ineffective-assistance claim based, in part, on the existence of reports as to the defendant\u2019s low IQ score and progression toward schizophrenia); cf. Collins v. Francis (11th Cir. 1984), 728 F.2d 1322, 1348-49 (declining to recognize an ineffective-assistance claim where objective evidence, like a psychological profile, was not available to counsel to show that a co-participant in a murder coerced the defendant to commit the crime).) Instead, the argument is that counsel was ineffective for not having divined, on his own, an explanation for defendant\u2019s culpability in the face of defendant\u2019s assertions of innocence.\nLack of investigation is to be judged against a standard of reasonableness given all of the circumstances, \"applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel\u2019s judgments.\u201d (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 695, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.) What investigation is reasonable depends on the informed strategic choices of, as well as the information supplied by, the defendant. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 695-96, 104 S. Ct. at 2066.\nIn view of those concerns, defendant\u2019s argument must fail. Even assuming some basis existed for counsel to investigate whether defendant suffered from a disturbed psyche, the fact that counsel did not do so was not unreasonable given the circumstances of this case. The defense strategy had been to bar at the outset of trial the introduction of evidence that defendant\u2019s crimes were part of some cult ritual. (See Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 260-61.) It would have been inconsistent with the strategy of barring that evidence for counsel to later argue the very same evidence showed, in the sentencing phase, that defendant\u2019s culpability was due to a disturbed psyche. The fact that counsel did not investigate sources to glean such evidence is therefore rendered strategically inconsequential. Further, as already noted, arguing the lurid particularities of the crimes as evidence of a psyche ripe for Gecht\u2019s enslavement was inconsistent with defendant\u2019s sworn proclamations of innocence. We therefore cannot conclude counsel\u2019s representation fell below the level of constitutional effectiveness. See Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052, adopted by Albanese, 125 Ill. 2d 100; see also People v. Spreitzer (1991), 143 Ill. 2d 210, 218, citing People v. Caballero (1989), 126 Ill. 2d 248, 260.\nRIGHT OF CONFRONTATION\nEdward Spreitzer, a third codefendant, initially revealed defendant\u2019s culpability during conversations with police detectives. Defendant contends admission at trial of the officers\u2019 testimony as to Spreitzer\u2019s statements violated defendant\u2019s sixth amendment right to confront witnesses because Spreitzer did not testify at defendant\u2019s trial. See U.S. Const., amend. VI.\nDefendant candidly acknowledges he raised, and this court rejected, the same issue on direct appeal. (See Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 262-64.) Defendant states the issue is included in the post-conviction petition to give the court \"opportunity to reconsider\u201d its original disposition and to preserve the claim for Federal habeas corpus review.\nWhile Supreme Court Rule 367 (134 Ill. 2d R. 367 (permitting petitions to direct reviewing courts to points overlooked or misapprehended)) provides some opportunity for such reconsideration, the Post-Conviction Hearing Act does not. (People v. Del Vecchio (1989), 129 Ill. 2d 265, 284; Albanese, 125 Ill. 2d at 104.) Only constitutional issues which have not been previously determined are proper for inclusion in a post-conviction petition in view of the principles of res judicata. (See Del Vecchio, 129 Ill. 2d at 284; Albanese, 125 Ill. 2d at 104-05, citing People v. Silagy (1987), 116 Ill. 2d 357, 365.) We decline the invitation to reconsider the question.\nAs for preservation of the issue for haleas corpus proceedings, it is this court\u2019s rejection of the claim on its merits that suffices to exhaust State remedies and so ripen the issue for Federal review. (See Duckworth v. Serrano (1981), 454 U.S. 1, 3, 70 L. Ed. 2d 1, 3-4, 102 S. Ct. 18, 19.) Inclusion of the claim in a post-conviction petition is of no moment.\nSENTENCING INSTRUCTIONS\nDefendant raises two separate arguments related to the instructions given to the jury during the sentencing phase of the trial.\nThe first argument focuses on the trial judge\u2019s direction to the jury that defendant would be sentenced to \"a term of imprisonment\u201d if the panel declined to impose the death penalty. (See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 7A.09 (2d ed. 1981).) Defendant complains that the jury was not instructed that, if a death sentence was rejected, defendant would be sentenced to natural life in prison. The defendant claims, generally, that the death sentence imposed in light of that failure violated protections afforded under the eighth and fourteenth amendments. See U.S. Const., amends. VIII, XIV.\nAs for that argument, defendant\u2019s brief again informs that the same issue was raised and rejected on its merits by this court on direct appeal. (Kokoraleis, 132 Ill. 2d at 286-88.) As in the confrontation claim above, the issue may not be raised in post-conviction proceedings under the doctrine of res judicata.\nThe second argument raised by defendant is an assertion that the instructions were not sufficiently clear to provide proper guidance in imposing a death sentence. Defendant claims that imposition of the death penalty was therefore arbitrary in violation of eighth amendment guarantees. See U.S. Const., amend. VIII.\nDefendant cites three deficiencies: (1) the instructions failed to inform the jury that it might consider mitigating factors not provided by statute or the judge; (2) the instructions did not explain which party bore the burden of persuasion; and (3) the emphasized phrase in the following sentence was vague: \"If, after your deliberations, you are not unanimous in concluding that there is no mitigating factor or factors sufficient to preclude imposition of the death sentence, sign the form of verdict so indicating.\u201d (Emphasis added.) See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, No. 7A.15 (2d ed. 1981).\nDefendant\u2019s argument is grounded upon a Federal district court memorandum opinion in United States ex rel. Free v. Peters (N.D. Ill. 1992), 806 F. Supp. 705, a habeas corpus proceeding, in which identical arguments were successfully made. The district court\u2019s opinion turned on acceptance of the results of a study indicating a lack of juror comprehension with regard to the instructions. That study, the district court determined, provided reason to depart from Williams v. Chrans (7th Cir. 1991), 945 F.2d 926, and Silagy v. Peters (7th Cir. 1990), 905 F.2d 986, both upholding the constitutional validity of the Illinois death instructions.\nThe Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, however, after presaging the outcome of Free v. Peters on appeal in Gacy v. Welborn (7th Cir. 1993), 994 F.2d 305, reversed the district court\u2019s ruling with regard to the study. (Free v. Peters (1993), 12 F.3d 700.) Given the appellate disposition of Free v. Peters and our agreement with the court of appeal\u2019s analysis, no reason exists to further consider defendant\u2019s argument or even address the State\u2019s urgings to ignore it.\nNATURAL LIFE SENTENCE FOR RELATED MURDER\nDefendant also stands convicted by a Cook County jury of the murder of Rose Beck Davis. That jury, however, rejected the State\u2019s request to impose the death penalty after considering similar aggravating circumstances presented at trial here. Details of the murder of Davis were presented by the State at trial in this case.\nDefendant contends that the disparate sentences entitle him, at a minimum, to a new sentencing hearing in this case. Defendant cites the fifth amendment protection against double jeopardy (U.S. Const., amend. V) as well as principles of res judicata, collateral estoppel, proportionality, and fundamental fairness, directing attention, generally, to the eighth and fourteenth amendments (U.S. Const., amends. VIII, XIV).\nIn a related argument, defendant claims that the jury here should have been informed that the Cook County jury had rejected the death sentence in the Davis trial.\nThe above claims could have been, but were not, raised on direct appeal and, again, finding no recognized exception applicable, we decline to consider their merits.\nFor the reasons set forth above, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court. We direct the clerk of this court to enter an order setting Wednesday, September 14, 1994, as the date on which the sentence of death, entered by the circuit court of Du Page County, shall be carried out. Defendant shall be executed in the manner provided by law. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1991, ch. 38, par. 119\u2014 5.) The clerk of this court shall send a certified copy of this mandate to the Director of Corrections, to the warden of Stateville Correctional Center, and to the warden of the institution where defendant is now confined.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE FREEMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Alan M. Freedman and Bruce H. Bornstein, of Freedman & Bornstein, P.C., and Jane Raley, all of Chicago, for appellant.", "Roland W. Burris, Attorney General, of Springfield, and James Ryan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Rosalyn B. Kaplan, Solicitor General, and Terence M. Madsen and Steven J. Zick, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 72862.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. ANDREW KOKORALEIS, Appellant.\nOpinion filed March 31, 1994.\nRehearing denied May 27, 1994.\nAlan M. Freedman and Bruce H. Bornstein, of Freedman & Bornstein, P.C., and Jane Raley, all of Chicago, for appellant.\nRoland W. Burris, Attorney General, of Springfield, and James Ryan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Wheaton (Rosalyn B. Kaplan, Solicitor General, and Terence M. Madsen and Steven J. Zick, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0325-01", "first_page_order": 337, "last_page_order": 347 }