{ "id": 801353, "name": "In re A.P., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. Anthony P., Appellant)", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Anthony P.", "decision_date": "1997-11-20", "docket_number": "No. 81022", "first_page": "184", "last_page": "205", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "179 Ill. 2d 184" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 515", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5463503 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "520" }, { "page": "520" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0515-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 U.S. 805", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6219632 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "819-23" }, { "page": "655-57" }, { "page": "3148-51" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/497/0805-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 56", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787607 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3236934 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/142/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780274 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "397" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 Ill. 2d 449", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3238606 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "455" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/141/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 Ill. 2d 318", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3254794 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "329" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/136/0318-01" ] }, { "cite": "155 Ill. 2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4810501 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "195" }, { "page": "195" }, { "page": "195" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/155/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "172 Ill. 2d 386", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 55982 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "392" }, { "page": "392" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/172/0386-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 Ill. App. 3d 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5252116 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/224/0207-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 Ill. App. 3d 746", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5794565 ], "year": 1992, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/227/0746-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. App. 3d 456", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3587954 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/176/0456-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1154, "char_count": 35327, "ocr_confidence": 0.842, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.389647193486525e-07, "percentile": 0.9805034965358984 }, "sha256": "b5e4ef040b97c462f80cc68994b5841065ab62ac4653515c16a3e9a38187feee", "simhash": "1:89af3fae4b09e098", "word_count": 5892 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:18:16.218667+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re A.P., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. Anthony P., Appellant)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BILANDIC\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis appeal arises out of a petition for adjudication of wardship filed by the State in the circuit court of Cook County requesting the court to adjudicate A.P., a four-year-old female child, a ward of the court and to remove A.P. from the home of her parents, Anthony P. and Louise B. After an adjudicatory hearing, the circuit court found that A.P. had been sexually abused by her father, the respondent. The circuit court subsequently found both parents to be unfit and that it was in the best interest of A.P. to adjudicate her a ward of the court and remove her from the custody of her parents. The court placed A.P. in the guardianship of Gary T. Morgan, the Guardianship Administrator of the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), with the right to place A.P. The respondent appealed from the juvenile court\u2019s findings. The appellate court affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. No. 1 \u2014 94\u20141928 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). We allowed the respondent\u2019s petition for leave to appeal (166 Ill. 2d R. 315; 134 Ill. 2d R. 660(b)). For the reasons that follow, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.\nFACTS\nThe issues presented in this appeal require that we discuss the facts in some detail.\nOn March 24, 1993, a report was made to the DCFS child abuse hotline that A.P. had been sexually abused. On April 5, 1993, the State filed a petition for adjudication of wardship of A.P. pursuant to sections 2 \u2014 3(2)(ii) and 2 \u2014 3(2)(iii) of the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 3(2)(ii), (2)(iii) (West 1992)), alleging that there existed substantial risk of physical injury and sexual abuse to A.P. On that same date, the circuit court granted the State temporary custody of A.P. The court determined that there was probable cause that A.P. was abused and that it was necessary to remove A.P. from her parents\u2019 home. The Cook County public guardian was appointed as A.P.\u2019s attorney and her guardian ad litem. An adjudicatory hearing was subsequently held to consider the allegations in the State\u2019s petition for adjudication of wardship. Such a proceeding is civil in nature such that a finding of abuse need only be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. 705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 18(1) (West 1992).\nAt the adjudicatory hearing, Michelle Weber testified that she and her boyfriend, Michael Bell, A.P.\u2019s uncle, baby-sat A.P. on the evening of March 24, 1993, at the one-bedroom apartment of A.P.\u2019s parents. At some point during the evening, A.P. went into the bathroom. While in the bathroom, A.P. called Michelle and complained that \"it hurt down there,\u201d pointing to her vagina. Michelle assumed A.P. had a rash and looked for some Vaseline, but was unable to find it. When it was time to put on A.P.\u2019s pajamas, A.P. asked Michelle to first put on new underwear because \"it hurts down there.\u201d Michelle asked where A.P. was hurting and A.P. again pointed to her vagina. A.P. indicated that she was hurt \"when daddy was inside by my belly button.\u201d When Michelle asked her to show her where it hurt, A.P., who had her pants off, sat down on the floor, opened her legs, and pointed to her vagina. Michelle noticed that A.P.\u2019s vagina was red, and the vaginal opening was about the size of a quarter.\nA.P. then began to get excited and say things like \"toe-toe\u201d and \"doe-doe,\u201d which Michelle did not understand. Michelle attempted to calm A.P. A.P. again complained that her \"peepee\u201d hurt and that her father had hurt her down there \"when he was inside me.\u201d When Michelle asked who had hurt her, A.P. said \"daddy.\u201d Michelle then dressed A.P. for bed and laid her on her mattress, which was next to her parents\u2019 mattress. Later in the evening, Michelle heard A.P. in the bedroom screaming and calling out: \"owie, owie, no, no,\u201d \"daddy,\u201d and \"it hurts, it hurts.\u201d Michelle told Michael what had happened and Michael called his mother, A.P.\u2019s maternal grandmother. A.P. was later taken to the emergency room at the hospital. After being released from the hospital, A.P. stayed with an aunt and uncle for a couple of days. About two days after A.P.\u2019s release from the hospital, Michelle visited her. A.P. began saying \"toe-toe\u201d and \"doe-doe\u201d again. Michelle asked her what that meant and A.P. pointed to her vagina and said \"toe-toe.\u201d\nJennifer Daniels, the assistant director of the Children\u2019s Advocacy Center of Northwest Cook County, testified that A.P.\u2019s case was referred to her agency following a hotline report to DCFS. Daniels interviewed A.P. on March 30 and April 1, 1993. At the initial interview, Daniels asked A.P. if she knew why she was at the center. A.P. responded that this was the place to talk about \"daddy.\u201d Daniels then asked A.P. if she had ever stayed with anybody besides her parents, and A.P. stated that she had stayed with her aunt and uncle. When Daniels asked A.P. if she had been to the hospital, A.P. stated that her uncle took her to the hospital because \"daddy hurt my peepee.\u201d Daniels questioned A.P. about how her father had hurt her, and A.P. said: \"Daddy took a knife and hit me on my peepee.\u201d Daniels inquired about what A.P. was wearing when this happened. A.P. responded that she was wearing a nightgown and that her father pulled up the nightgown over her head but did not remove it.\nDuring this initial interview, A.P. was asked to identify body parts on an anatomically correct female doll, and she referred to the vagina as \"peepee.\u201d A.P. also identified body parts on an anatomically correct male doll, whose penis she referred to as \"peepee.\u201d When asked to demonstrate how her father had hurt her on her peepee, A.P. hit the vagina of the doll, and said that the knife cut her. There were play utensils in the interview room. A.P. took a play knife and used it to hit the doll\u2019s vagina using the flat side of the blade. A.P. said the knife went inside her. On cross-examination, Daniels admitted that A.P. stated that she had not seen her father undressing or showering, and that her father had not shown her his penis.\nAlso during the first interview, A.P. indicated to Daniels that she told her Aunt Michelle what had happened. A.P. initially denied that she had told her mother about the incident. Later, A.P. said that she had told her mother and that her mother had sent her to her room. A.P. never stated when the incident with her father happened. Daniels testified that A.P. never indicated that anyone other than her father had abused her.\nDaniels interviewed A.P. again on April 1,1993. A.P. indicated that she remembered talking previously with Daniels about her father. A.P. said she saw her father after the interview on March 30 and that her father was mad that she \"told.\u201d A.P. subsequently became upset and refused to talk to Daniels any further about her father.\nKaren Beckelman, a child protection investigator for DCFS, testified that she observed and listened to Jennifer Daniels interview A.P. on March 30 and April 1, 1993. Beckelman heard A.P. make statements that she had been sexually molested by her father. Throughout the interview on March 30, A.P. did not name any other perpetrators. After the March 30 interview, Beckelman permitted A.P.\u2019s mother, Louise, to take A.P. home; however, she instructed her that A.P. was to have no contact with the respondent. After observing the second interview of A.P., Beckelman learned that A.P. had contact with her father when he stayed overnight at her mother\u2019s apartment. As a result of A.P.\u2019s unauthorized contact with the respondent, Beckelman sought protective custody of A.P.\nDr. Constance Blade, a pediatrician and expert on child abuse, examined A.P. on April 1 and April 8, 1993. Using a special instrument, a colposcope, which provides light and magnification, Dr. Blade examined A.P.\u2019s anal and genital anatomy. Dr. Blade found that A.P. had an abnormal hymen in that its opening was enlarged and it had an irregular border. A.P.\u2019s hymen indicated to Dr. Blade that A.P. had suffered a previous trauma to the bottom part of her hymen, where it was thickened. Further, the opening in A.P.\u2019s hymen was about six or seven millimeters. A girl of A.P.\u2019s age usually has an opening of two millimeters in diameter. According to Dr. Blade, the upper limit of normal for a girl A.P.\u2019s age was four millimeters. Dr. Blade also found a notch in A.P.\u2019s hymen, which she believed indicated that something had previously stretched the hymen beyond its elasticity, causing it to tear.\nFollowing her examinations of A.P., Dr. Blade diagnosed A.P. as having been sexually abused. The examinations revealed a penetration, which she assessed was caused by either a finger or a foreign object inserted into A.P.\u2019s vagina. However, Dr. Blade did not believe there had been penile penetration, because the physical damage would have been far greater and there would be more abnormalities in her genital examination. When she examined A.P., there was no inflammation or evidence that there was current healing. Rather, A.P. had already healed. Dr. Blade opined that the injury had been inflicted two weeks or more before A.P.\u2019s examination because that area of the anatomy heals quickly.\nDr. Blade further described that the hymen is well protected by its location, which is recessed a full inch into the vagina. The hymen is also well protected by the thigh muscles and the bones of the pelvis. Given that the hymen is located in such a well-protected environment, Dr. Blade found that it was highly unlikely that A.P. had sustained her injuries during a fall. Although a fall was a possible cause, that fall would have had to entail her falling directly onto something that was small enough to penetrate in between the muscles and pelvic bones to injure the hymen. However, had A.P. fallen onto something small enough to cause injury to her hymen, there would have been significant damage requiring emergency care. Dr. Blade did not see any indication of such damage. Dr. Blade further explained that it was unlikely that A.P. had injured herself through masturbation because an injury like A.P.\u2019s would have hurt when inflicted. Dr. Blade noted that children who masturbate generally touch areas anterior to the hymen and do so in such a way that it feels pleasurable. After considering all the possible explanations, including the possibility of A.P.\u2019s falling or masturbating, Dr. Blade concluded that A.P. was sexually abused.\nDr. Blade examined the records of A.P.\u2019s emergency room visit on March 24,1993. Dr. Blade found that those records were not inconsistent with her diagnosis of sexual abuse. Dr. Blade explained that although an emergency room doctor therein noted that A.P.\u2019s hymen was \"intact,\u201d such terminology traditionally meant \"virginal,\u201d meaning no penile penetration. According to Dr. Blade, a minor can have an \"intact\u201d hymen and there can still be evidence of sexual abuse by digital penetration. Dr. Blade noted that the emergency room doctor had conducted only an external examination, and had not conducted an internal examination using a colposcope. The emergency room doctor had therefore missed evidence of sexual abuse. Dr. Blade explained that emergency room doctors are not trained to look closely for evidence of sexual abuse.\nThe final witness for the State was Ann Maria Caravello, A.P.\u2019s aunt. Caravello testified that A.P. and A.P.\u2019s mother lived with her and her husband, Brian, in Arlington Heights, Illinois, during the summer of 1991. Thereafter, A.P. and her mother moved into a battered women\u2019s shelter in Evanston. Caravello stated that she had a conversation with A.P. on March 25, 1993, after A.P. had been in the emergency room. A.P. told her that her father had a long \"peepee,\u201d that \"doe-doe\u201d was her father and that he had cut her \"peepee\u201d with a pair of scissors.\nThe State rested its case. Neither the respondent nor A.P.\u2019s mother presented any witnesses. After considering the evidence, the circuit court found that A.P. had been physically and sexually abused and that there was a substantial risk of physical injury to her in the home of her parents. The court ultimately entered an order finding that A.P. was sexually abused by the respondent. Following a dispositional hearing, at which the court heard testimony from a DCFS caseworker, the court found that A.P.\u2019s parents were unfit and that it was in the best interest of A.P. that she be adjudicated a ward of the court. The court ordered that guardianship of A.P. be placed in Gary T. Morgan with the right to place A.P. The court allowed scheduled visitation between A.P. and her parents to continue.\nThe respondent appealed the circuit court\u2019s orders and the appellate court affirmed. A.P.\u2019s mother apparently did not appeal. The appellate court held that the circuit court did not err in finding that the respondent sexually abused A.P. because A.P. consistently identified him as her abuser. The appellate court acknowledged that the only evidence that A.P.\u2019s father was the person who sexually abused her was A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements to adult witnesses. Nevertheless, the appellate court found that this hearsay evidence was corroborated by medical evidence.\nANALYSIS\nThe respondent argues that the evidence was insufficient to support the finding that he had abused A.P. because that evidence consisted solely of A.P.\u2019s uncorroborated hearsay statements. The respondent\u2019s contention in this regard is twofold. First, he contends that the use of A.P.\u2019s statements to support a finding of abuse violated section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) of the Juvenile Court Act (705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 18(4)(c) (West 1992)) because the statements were not sufficiently corroborated. Second, the respondent contends that A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements were unreliable and their use to support a finding of abuse therefore violated due process.\nI\nWe first address the respondent\u2019s argument that the use of A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements to support a finding of abuse violated section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) because they were not sufficiently corroborated.\nSection 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) of the Juvenile Court Act governs the use of a minor\u2019s hearsay statements in a civil adjudicatory hearing to determine whether the minor is abused or neglected. Section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) provides:\n\"Previous statements made by the minor relating to any allegations of abuse or neglect shall be admissible in evidence. However, no such statement, if uncorroborated and not subject to cross-examination, shall be sufficient in itself to support a finding of abuse or neglect.\u201d 705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 18(4)(c) (West 1992).\nThe respondent claims that, in order for hearsay statements to support a finding of abuse, section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) requires that both the occurrence of the abuse and the identity of the abuser be independently corroborated by other evidence. In this case, the circuit court\u2019s finding of abuse by the respondent was premised on the hearsay statements of A.P. The respondent argues that these statements were not sufficiently corroborated because there was no corroboration of A.P.\u2019s identification of him as the abuser. Consequently, the respondent contends the statements were insufficient to support a finding of abuse against him, pursuant to section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c).\nThere is a conflict among the districts of our appellate court regarding the type of corroboration required by section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c). The appellate court cases are divided on what aspects of a minor\u2019s hearsay statement must be corroborated. One district of the appellate court has held that the occurrence of the abuse and the identity of the abuser must each be specifically corroborated. In re D.P., 176 Ill. App. 3d 456 (3d Dist. 1988). Another district has held that section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) requires corroboration only of the occurrence of the abuse. In re Walter B., 227 Ill. App. 3d 746 (1st Dist. 1992); In re C.C., 224 Ill. App. 3d 207 (1st Dist. 1991).\nThis conflict presents an issue of statutory construction. It is well settled that in construing a statute, we must ascertain and give effect to the intent of the legislature. See Nottage v. Jeka, 172 Ill. 2d 386, 392 (1996); People v. Bole, 155 Ill. 2d 188, 195 (1993). The best evidence of legislative intent is the language of the statute itself. See Nottage, 172 Ill. 2d at 392. Legislative intent may also be discerned by a consideration of the reason and necessity for the statute, the evils to be remedied, and the object to be obtained by the statute. See Bole, 155 Ill. 2d at 195; People v. Garrett, 136 Ill. 2d 318, 329 (1990). We have a duty to avoid a construction of the statute that would defeat the statute\u2019s purpose or yield an absurd or unjust result. See Bole, 155 Ill. 2d at 195; Croissant v. Joliet Park District, 141 Ill. 2d 449, 455 (1990).\nWe therefore begin our inquiry into legislative intent by examining the language of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c). The first sentence allows a minor\u2019s out-of-court statements relating to allegations of abuse or neglect to be admitted into evidence at a civil adjudicatory hearing to determine whether the minor is abused or neglected. This sentence thus creates a statutory exception in the context of abuse and neglect cases involving minors to the general rule against hearsay. At issue in this case is the meaning of the second sentence, which explains when such hearsay statements are sufficient to support a finding of abuse or neglect.\nUnder the plain language of the second sentence, a minor\u2019s hearsay statement is sufficient to support a finding of abuse or neglect where the statement either is subject to cross-examination or is corroborated by other evidence. Parenthetically, we note that the respondent does not suggest that this sentence should be interpreted to require both cross-examination and corroboration. To interpret section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) as always requiring cross-examination of the minor as a prerequisite to allowing the minor\u2019s hearsay statements to support a finding of abuse or neglect would defeat the underlying purpose of that provision. The underlying purpose of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) is to provide a means of proving abuse or neglect in cases where the minor is reluctant or unable to testify. To require that the minor be subject to cross-examination, that is, to testify, in order for the minor\u2019s statements to be used to support an abuse or neglect finding would entirely defeat that purpose. We therefore construe the second sentence of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) as requiring either cross-examination of the minor who made the statement or corroboration of the minor\u2019s hearsay statement. This construction comports with the purpose of the statute and best effectuates the legislative intent.\nThe respondent\u2019s argument with regard to section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) is directed to the amount of corroboration required under that section. The respondent contends that section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) requires both corroboration of the sexual abuse and of the identity of the abuser. We reject the respondent\u2019s contention.\nSection 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) is a provision contained in the Juvenile Court Act of 1987 (705 ILCS 405/1 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1992)). It is well-recognized that a statute should be evaluated as a whole with each provision being construed in connection with every other section. See Bonaguro v. County Officers Electoral Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 397 (1994). In section 1 \u2014 2 of the Act, the legislature directed that the purpose and policy of the Act is to serve and protect the best interests of minors. 705 ILCS 405/1 \u2014 2(1), (3) (West 1992); see In re J.J., 142 Ill. 2d 1, 8 (1991). In addition, the legislature instructed that the Act is to be liberally construed to carry out its purpose and policy. 705 ILCS 405/1 \u2014 2(4) (West 1992). Consequently, we have a duty to construe section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) in a liberal manner so as not to defeat the purpose and policy of the Act.\nIn section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c), the legislature sought to balance the welfare interests of minors and the rights of those accused of abuse or neglect. Specifically, as noted earlier, section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) was intended to provide a means of proving abuse or neglect where a minor is unable or unwilling to testify, such as where the minor is very young. Corroboration is particularly important given the fact that the minor who made the statement will not be subject to cross-examination. However, to interpret section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) as the respondent urges, to require specific corroboration of the identity of the abuser, would tip the balance far too heavily against the interest of protecting minors. If corroboration of the identity of the accused is required, practically speaking, use of the hearsay statements to support an abuse finding will be allowed only in those rare cases where there is an eyewitness to the abuse or the abuser confesses. While a medical examination and other physical evidence can provide corroboration of the occurrence of the abuse, it is unlikely that there would be physical evidence to corroborate the identity of the abuser. Consequently, if the respondent\u2019s argument is adopted, the hearsay exception set forth in section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) would be rendered meaningless. We find that the purpose of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) is best effectuated by requiring corroboration only of the occurrence of the abuse, not of the identity of the abuser. Requiring this amount of corroboration provides sufficient protection to the interests of those accused of abuse, without severely diminishing the welfare interests of the minor. We therefore reject the respondent\u2019s argument that section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) requires specific corroboration of the identity of the abuser.\nAccordingly, we hold that hearsay statements of a minor admitted pursuant to section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) may be sufficient to support a finding of abuse or neglect as long as there is corroboration that the abuse or neglect occurred. It is not necessary to independently corroborate the identity of the perpetrator. There is sufficient corroboration of the identity of the perpetrator when there is corroboration of the occurrence of the abuse or neglect and the minor consistently identifies the perpetrator. Once abuse or neglect is corroborated by independent evidence, it lends credence to the minor\u2019s recitation of the incident, including the identification of the perpetrator. This interpretation of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) best effectuates the purpose and policy of the Juvenile Court Act, by protecting both the rights of those accused and the welfare of minors.\nOf course, whether there is sufficient corroboration under section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c) is a determination that must be made on a case-by-case basis. However, in all cases, sufficient corroboration of the abuse or neglect requires more than just witnesses testifying that a minor related claims of abuse or neglect to them. Because the term \"corroboration\u201d is not defined in section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c), we rely on its plain and ordinary meaning. \u201cTo corroborate\u201d means to add weight or credibility to a thing by additional and confirming facts or evidence, and \u201ccorroborating evidence\u201d means evidence supplementary to that already given and tending to strengthen or confirm it. See Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 344-45 (6th ed. 1990). Accordingly, in the context of section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c), corroborating evidence of the abuse or neglect requires there to be independent evidence which would support a logical and reasonable inference that the act of abuse or neglect described in the hearsay statement occurred. In essence, corroborating evidence is evidence that makes it more probable that a minor was abused or neglected. The form of corroboration will vary depending on the facts of each case and can include physical or circumstantial evidence.\nWe next address whether there was sufficient corroboration of A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements regarding the sexual abuse. As noted in the facts, A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements are the source of proof that A.P. was abused by the respondent. Here, the witnesses relating A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements were subject to cross-examination; however, A.P. was not subject to cross-examination because she did not testify at the proceedings. Nevertheless, the hearsay statements made by A.P. are admissible in evidence and, if corroborated, will support the circuit court\u2019s finding of sexual abuse.\nWe find that A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements that she was sexually abused were sufficiently corroborated by the medical evidence. In her medical examination of A.P., Dr. Blade observed that A.P. had an abnormal hymen. The hymen was stretched past its point of elasticity and torn and its opening was larger than normal for a girl her age. This finding indicated to Dr. Blade that A.P. had suffered a prior trauma. Dr. Blade determined that AJP.\u2019s vagina had been.penetrated. Dr. Blade ruled out the possibility of penile penetration. Instead, she opined that A.P.\u2019s vagina had been penetrated by the insertion of either a finger or a foreign object. After considering her findings, Dr. Blade diagnosed A.P. as having been sexually abused at least two weeks prior to her examination of A.P. on April 1,1993. This finding by Dr. Blade establishes the time of the abuse to be in March of 1993 or earlier. At this time, A.P. was living with her mother and the respondent. We find that Dr. Blade\u2019s testimony corroborated A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements. The medical evidence introduced by Dr. Blade corroborated A.P.\u2019s description of the abuse. In addition, Dr. Blade rendered a medical opinion that A.P. was sexually abused. We reject the respondent\u2019s claim that the medical evidence was weak and insufficient to support the abuse. The respondent claims that Dr. Blade acknowledged on cross-examination that it was just as likely that A.P. caused her own injuries or that they were caused by a fall. Although Dr. Blade did testify that anything was possible, she further stated that it was highly unlikely that A.P. caused the injuries herself or that the injuries were sustained during a fall. After specifically considering these possibilities, Dr. Blade continued to maintain that A.P. was sexually abused.\nAfter considering the medical evidence, we find that it constitutes sufficient corroboration of A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements because it makes it more probable that A.P. was sexually abused. Thus, pursuant to section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c), A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements are sufficient to support a finding of abuse by the respondent.\nII\nThe respondent also argues that he was denied due process of law because the finding of abuse against him was based on hearsay statements by A.P. that were not sufficiently reliable. The respondent contends that A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements were unreliable because the identification of him as the abuser was not corroborated by independent evidence. As we held in section one of this analysis, corroboration of the abuser\u2019s identification is not required under section 2 \u2014 18(4)(c). We are not persuaded that the lack of corroboration of the abuser\u2019s identity renders the statements so unreliable that their use violates due process. The respondent also claims that A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements are unreliable because they are inconsistent and contradictory. We disagree.\nThe totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of A.P.\u2019s statements indicates that the statements were sufficiently reliable to be used to support a finding of abuse. A.P.\u2019s statements to adults that she was sexually abused by her father were spontaneous, repeated and consistent. The statements were not made in response to any questioning of A.P. Rather, A.P. spontaneously offered the statements to Michelle Weber. A.P. repeated the statements several times to Michelle and then again to Jennifer Daniels. Further, A.P.\u2019s accounts of the abuse were consistent as to both the act and as to the identity of the abuser.\nThe respondent claims that A.P.\u2019s statements were unreliable because they contained inconsistencies. The respondent refers to Jennifer Daniels\u2019 testimony that A.P. claimed to have never seen the respondent\u2019s penis; however, Ann Caravello testified that A.P. told her that the respondent had a long \"peepee.\u201d Moreover, Michelle Weber stated that A.P. told her that the respondent was \"inside her belly button.\u201d In addition, the respondent points out that Jennifer Daniels testified that A.P. told her that the respondent had hit her \"peepee\u201d with a knife whereas Ann Caravello stated that A.P. indicated that the respondent had cut her \"peepee\u201d with scissors. The respondent claims that these statements show a lack of consistency and contradiction in the manner of abuse. We reject the respondent\u2019s interpretation of A.P.\u2019s statements. A.P. never stated that the respondent abused her with his penis. A.P. stated to Jennifer Daniels that the respondent pulled her nightgown over her head when he hurt her. This fact could provide the reason for the minor discrepancy in A.P.\u2019s statements regarding the object that was inserted into her vagina. Nevertheless, these minor inconsistencies do not require us to find that A.P.\u2019s statements as a whole were inconsistent, as advocated by the respondent, given that the statements were clear and consistent in the fact of the abuse and A.P.\u2019s identification of the respondent as the abuser.\nThe respondent further claims that A.P. may have been manipulated into lying by her mother\u2019s family, who disliked him because he is an African-American while they are Caucasians. In support of this claim, the respondent notes that an allegation of sexual abuse made by A.P. against the respondent, two years earlier, was determined to be unfounded. We disagree that the evidence demonstrated that A.P. had a motive to lie. The respondent\u2019s contention in this regard is purely speculative. Moreover, with regard to the prior allegation of abuse, this circumstance was brought to the attention of the circuit court, which nonetheless found A.P.\u2019s statements to be reliable. There is no indication in the record that A.P. fabricated her current statements or was coached to do so by her mother\u2019s family. To the contrary, A.P.\u2019s statements were spontaneously given.\nIn light of the foregoing factors, we reject the respondent\u2019s contention that A.P.\u2019s statements were too unreliable to be used to support a finding of abuse. A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements identifying the respondent as her abuser have been shown to be reliable. The circuit court therefore did not infringe on the respondent\u2019s constitutional right to due process by relying on A.P.\u2019s statements to support a finding of sexual abuse against the respondent. Parenthetically, we note that the respondent attempts to bring this case within the purview of United States Supreme Court decisions which address the requirements that the confrontation clause imposes on the admissibility of hearsay statements in criminal cases. See Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 65 L. Ed. 2d 597, 100 S. Ct. 2531 (1980); Idaho v. Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 111 L. Ed. 2d 638, 110 S. Ct. 3139 (1990). The respondent acknowledges that this is not a criminal case, but argues that these cases should be applied because he has been found to have committed conduct that could lead to criminal charges. We need not decide whether the confrontation clause requirements must be satisfied in this noncriminal setting because, even if those requirements applied, we would find them to be satisfied. Based on the analysis above, we would find that the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of A.P.\u2019s statements provides sufficient \"particularized guarantees of trustworthiness\u201d such that A.P.\u2019s hearsay statements possess adequate \"indicia of reliability.\u201d See Wright, 497 U.S. at 819-23, 111 L. Ed. 2d at 655-57, 110 S. Ct. at 3148-51.\nAside from the respondent\u2019s claims regarding the reliability of A.P.\u2019s statements, he further contends that he was deprived of his right to due process because the petition for adjudication did not identify him as the abuser. The respondent insists that he was therefore prevented from defending himself and it was unfair for the trial court to subsequently identify him as the abuser. This contention is without merit. Although the State did not initially name the respondent as the abuser in its petition, it joined the public guardian\u2019s request following the adjudicatory hearing that the respondent be identified as the abuser. The respondent was not deprived of the opportunity to defend himself, given that he was on notice throughout the adjudicatory hearing that A.P. accused him of sexually abusing her. It was clear throughout the proceedings that A.P. did not name anyone as her abuser other than the respondent. Although fully aware that A.P.\u2019s allegations of sexual abuse were directed at him, the respondent chose not to present evidence to rebut those allegations. Therefore, the respondent was not denied due process on this basis.\nIll\nAs a final matter, we consider whether the evidence was sufficient for the circuit court to find that the respondent abused A.P. and was therefore unfit as a parent. The proceedings in this case are civil in nature such that a finding of abuse need only be supported by a preponderance of the evidence. 705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 18(1) (West 1992). The circuit court\u2019s finding on whether abuse or neglect occurred will not be disturbed on appeal unless contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. See In re Stilley, 66 Ill. 2d 515, 520 (1977).\nIn this case, the circuit court\u2019s finding of sexual abuse against the respondent was based on A.P.\u2019s statements. We have already determined that those statements were both independently corroborated and reliable. The circuit court was in the best position to determine the credibility and weight of the witnesses\u2019 testimony and to resolve conflicts in their testimony because the circuit court had the opportunity to observe their demeanor and conduct. See In re Stilley, 66 Ill. 2d at 520. Based on the testimony of A.P.\u2019s relatives, caseworkers, and doctor, as discussed above, we find that the circuit court\u2019s decision was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. A.P.\u2019s actions toward a doll, reliability of her statements identifying the respondent as her abuser, and the findings of her doctor support the circuit court\u2019s finding that the respondent sexually abused A.P. Given that A.P. was sexually abused by her father, the circuit court properly determined that A.P. was an abused minor and that the respondent was an unfit parent. 705 ILCS 405/2 \u2014 3(2)(iii), 2 \u2014 27 (West 1992).\nCONCLUSION\nFor the reasons stated, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court affirming the juvenile court\u2019s finding that the respondent was an unfit parent because he sexually abused A.P.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BILANDIC" } ], "attorneys": [ "Rita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Protase M. Tinka, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "James E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Arleen C. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee Goldfarb, Kenneth T. McCurry, Janet Powers Doyle and Tyra Taylor-Bell, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.", "Patrick T. Murphy and Amina Saeed, of the Office of the Cook County Public Guardian, of Chicago, for appellee minor." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 81022.\nIn re A.P., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. Anthony P., Appellant).\nOpinion filed November 20, 1997.\nRita A. Fry, Public Defender, of Chicago (Protase M. Tinka, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nJames E. Ryan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Richard A. Devine, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Arleen C. Anderson, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, and Renee Goldfarb, Kenneth T. McCurry, Janet Powers Doyle and Tyra Taylor-Bell, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.\nPatrick T. Murphy and Amina Saeed, of the Office of the Cook County Public Guardian, of Chicago, for appellee minor." }, "file_name": "0184-01", "first_page_order": 196, "last_page_order": 217 }