{ "id": 975008, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. ROBERT PINKONSLY, Appellee and Cross-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Pinkonsly", "decision_date": "2003-11-20", "docket_number": "No. 94644", "first_page": "555", "last_page": "578", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "207 Ill. 2d 555" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "311 Ill. App. 3d 301", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 415376 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/311/0301-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 Ill. App. 3d 486", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 486986 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "492" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/333/0486-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 Ill. App. 3d 405", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 45704 ], "year": 1998, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/295/0405-01" ] }, { "cite": "168 Ill. 2d 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 307263 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "113", "parenthetical": "\"A sentence which does not conform to a statutory requirement is void\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/168/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 Ill. 2d 475", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 198908 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "486", "parenthetical": "\"Whether a charged offense encompasses an included offense is a matter of law\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/166/0475-01" ] }, { "cite": "149 Ill. 2d 36", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5599324 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "64", "parenthetical": "postconviction petitioners are guaranteed a \"reasonable\" level of assistance" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/149/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "153 Ill. 2d 264", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4738560 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "276" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/153/0264-01" ] }, { "cite": "156 Ill. 2d 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 777558 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "159" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/156/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549473 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "73" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 Ill. 2d 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5574172 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364" }, { "page": "364-65" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/139/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. App. 3d 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3589052 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "136" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/176/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "31 Ill. 2d 262", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2831403 ], "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "264" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/31/0262-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57332 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "384", "parenthetical": "\"Where an amended pleading is complete in itself and does not refer to or adopt the prior pleading, the earlier pleading ceases to be part of the record for most purposes and is effectively abandoned and withdrawn\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Ill. 2d 35", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5390769 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "38", "parenthetical": "holding that where an amended postconviction petition filed by appointed counsel did not include allegations from the defendant's pro se postconviction petition, such issues were not before the court" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/51/0035-01" ] }, { "cite": "227 Ill. App. 3d 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5793048 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "139", "parenthetical": "\"Where the section 2 - 1401 petition is prepared pro se and alleges a deprivation of constitutional rights cognizable under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, the trial court is to treat it as such\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/227/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 479", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2924941 ], "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0479-01" ] }, { "cite": "288 Ill. App. 3d 1076", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1596909 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1078" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/288/1076-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 286", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994719 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "314" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0286-01" ] }, { "cite": "9 Ill. 2d 477", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5319890 ], "year": 1956, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "480", "parenthetical": "noting that a section 72 motion \"is not available for the purpose of correcting errors at law\" such as ineffective assistance of counsel" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/9/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "124 Ill. 2d 370", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3217995 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "378" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/124/0370-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 Ill. 2d 209", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5542740 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220-21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/114/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "29 Ill. 2d 572", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2824511 ], "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "576-77", "parenthetical": "\"It is the established rule of this court that a constitutional question will not be considered if the case can be decided without doing so\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/29/0572-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780274 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "396" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5463653 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "566" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "272 Ill. App. 3d 913", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 252528 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "920" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/272/0913-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 U.S. 161", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177649 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/432/0161-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188696 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "130-31" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 711", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1772134 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "717" }, { "page": "664-65" }, { "page": "2076" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0711-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1224794 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "11" }, { "page": "12" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/189/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "145 Ill. 2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5596168 ], "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "201" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/145/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 298", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188469 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "300" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0298-01" ] }, { "cite": "179 Ill. 2d 205", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 801351 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "210-11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/179/0205-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 444", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351276 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "447", "parenthetical": "stating that section 2 - 1401 provides a civil remedy, which also applies to criminal cases" }, { "page": "447" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0444-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 437", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453266 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "461" }, { "page": "461" }, { "page": "461" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0437-01" ] }, { "cite": "471 U.S. 773", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6209354 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/471/0773-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "331 Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2645561 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/185/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "39 Ill. 2d 278", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2857541 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "284" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/39/0278-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 Ill. 2d 351", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5574172 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" }, { "page": "364-65" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/139/0351-01" ] }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 479", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2924941 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "484" }, { "page": "484" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0479-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5463653 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "and cases cited therein" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "331 Ill. App. 3d 984", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1209158 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "986" }, { "page": "986" }, { "page": "986-87" }, { "page": "987" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/331/0984-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1288, "char_count": 41916, "ocr_confidence": 0.762, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.7614266075543156e-07, "percentile": 0.9302783675805038 }, "sha256": "7818426dbf1a9832b1e84d2d7725e75a6516abd6cba73a89ae12097d7d7bb216", "simhash": "1:a2b6f79b07f48cf4", "word_count": 6649 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:03:43.298683+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. ROBERT PINKONSLY, Appellee and Cross-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE FITZGERALD\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe State and the defendant, Robert Pinkonsly, both appeal a decision of the appellate court affirming in part and vacating in part a McHenry County circuit court order dismissing the defendant\u2019s amended petition under section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401 (West 2002)). Because the appellate court erred in vacating the defendant\u2019s unlawful delivery of a controlled substance convictions and sentences and in not vacating the extended-term sentence on his narcotics racketeering conviction, we reverse.\nBACKGROUND\nOn December 4, 1989, the defendant sold 27.2 grams of cocaine to an undercover police officer. Again, on December 6, 1989, the defendant sold 53.3 grams of cocaine to the officer. Finally, on December 12, 1989, the defendant sold 124.1 grams of cocaine to the officer. The defendant was arrested during this last sale. He was later indicted on one count of delivery of between 15 and 100 grams of a controlled substance (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 561/2, par. 1401(a)(2)(A), currently codified at 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(A) (West 2002)), one count of delivery of between 100 and 400 grams of a controlled substance (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 56V2, par. 1401(a)(2)(B), currently codified as 720 ILCS 570/401(a)(2)(B) (West 2002)), and one count of narcotics racketeering (see Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 56V2, par. 1654(a), currently codified at 725 ILCS 175/4(a) (West 2002)). The unlawful delivery offenses were Class X felonies; the narcotics racketeering offense was a Class 1 felony.\nOn August 23, 1991, the defendant was convicted on all three counts. At sentencing, the State asked the trial court to sentence the defendant to two concurrent 60-year, extended-term sentences on the delivery convictions and a consecutive 15-year sentence on the narcotics racketeering conviction. Defense counsel objected that \u201c[tjhere have been no necessary findings or evidence to indicate extended terms.\u201d The court sentenced the defendant to two concurrent 30-year sentences on the delivery convictions and another concurrent 30-year, extended-term sentence on the narcotics racketeering conviction. The defendant appealed, raising the sole issue of a purported speedy-trial violation. The appellate court affirmed. See People v. Pinkonsly, No. 2 \u2014 91\u20141093 (1993) (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).\nMore than six years after his conviction, on December 17, 1997, the defendant filed a pro se \u201cPetition for Relief from Judgment\u201d under section 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure. The defendant asserted that his trial attorney was ineffective for failing to file a motion to reduce the defendant\u2019s sentence for narcotics racketeering and a motion to vacate the defendant\u2019s unlawful delivery convictions as lesser-included offenses of narcotics racketeering. The trial court appointed an attorney for the defendant, and this new attorney filed an \u201cAMENDED PETITION TO REDUCE SENTENCE,\u201d arguing only that the length of the defendant\u2019s sentence was excessive in light of his age. The State did not respond to this petition, and the trial court dismissed it.\nThe defendant appealed, and the appellate court appointed another attorney for the defendant. On appeal, the defendant contended that all of his prior attorneys, including his court-appointed attorney on his section 2 \u2014 1401 petition, were constitutionally ineffective because they failed to challenge his extended-term sentence for narcotics racketeering, and they failed to attack his unlawful delivery convictions as lesser-included offenses of narcotics racketeering. The appellate court ordered supplemental briefing on two issues: (1) whether narcotics racketeering and unlawful delivery are based on the same physical act; and (2) whether People v. Callaway, 185 Ill. App. 3d 136 (1989), which held that Class 1, 2, and 3 felony unlawful delivery convictions were lesser-included offenses of narcotics racketeering, a Class 1 felony, applied here.\nThe appellate court, with one justice dissenting, affirmed in part and vacated in part. 331 Ill. App. 3d 984. The court rejected the State\u2019s argument that the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition was untimely, because the State did not present that argument to the trial court. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 986. The court then declined to consider the defendant\u2019s ineffective-assistance claims regarding his trial and appellate attorneys, reasoning that such claims are not cognizable in a section 2 \u2014 1401 petition. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 986-87. The court, however, addressed the defendant\u2019s argument that his attorney on his section 2 \u2014 1401 petition was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of whether unlawful delivery was a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 987. The court recited the familiar, two-prong Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052 (1984), standard for analyzing sixth amendment ineffective-assistance claims and reviewed Illinois law on lesser-included offenses. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 987-88. The court examined the charges against the defendant:\n\u201cThe narcotics racketeering count contained an allegation that defendant participated in a pattern of narcotics activity. That allegation necessarily implied that defendant committed two Class 2, 1, or X felonies under the Cannabis Control Act [citation] or the Illinois Controlled Substances Act. Counts I and II alleged that defendant committed two Class X felonies under the Illinois Controlled Substances Act. Accordingly, the statutory elements of narcotics racketeering were implicitly contained in the unlawful-delivery-of-cocaine counts, a fact that renders the unlawful-delivery-of-cocaine counts lesser-included offenses. See People v. Callaway, 185 Ill. App. 3d 136 (1989).\u2019\u2019 331 Ill. App. 3d at 988.\nThe court held that the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was ineffective for failing to raise this issue and vacated the defendant\u2019s convictions and sentences on both delivery counts. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 989. The court further held that the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was not ineffective for failing to challenge the defendant\u2019s extended-term sentence on his narcotics racketeering conviction. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 991. Though the trial court did not offer a basis for the extended-term sentence, the State mentioned at sentencing that the defendant had a prior Class 1 felony conviction for \u201cpossession with intent to deliver.\u201d 331 Ill. App. 3d at 991.\nThe dissent initially noted that the majority opinion did not address the central issue in this case: whether predicate offenses are lesser-included offenses. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 991 (O\u2019Malley, J., dissenting). After reviewing Garrett v. United States, 471 U.S. 773, 85 L. Ed. 2d 764, 105 S. Ct. 2407 (1985), where the United States Supreme Court expressed \u201cserious doubts\u201d that importing marijuana was a lesser-included offense of engaging in a continuing criminal enterprise, the dissent characterized the defendant\u2019s conduct as \u201cmultilayered and not susceptible to the \u2018classic relationship\u2019 of lesser-included and greater offenses.\u201d 331 Ill. App. 3d at 992. According to the dissent, the Class X delivery counts could not be lesser-included offenses of the Class 1 racketeering count:\n\u201cThe General Assembly has chosen to make the delivery of between 15 and 100 grams of cocaine a Class X felony, while it has made the later-enacted narcotics racketeering a Class 1 felony. This scheme is indicative of the legislature\u2019s intent to make large-scale drug delivery a more serious offense than the receipt of income from multiple, smaller drug offenses, rather than a lesser-included offense.\u201d 331 Ill. App. 3d at 994.\nWe allowed the State\u2019s petition for leave to appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315(a).\nANALYSIS\nIn its appeal, the State raises three issues: (1) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition because it was untimely; (2) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant\u2019s petition because ineffective assistance of counsel claims are not cognizable in section 2 \u2014 1401 proceedings; and (3) whether the appellate court erred in granting relief on the defendant\u2019s petition because unlawful delivery of a controlled substance is not a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering. We review the trial court\u2019s dismissal of the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition for an abuse of discretion. See People v. Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d 437, 461 (2000).\nSection 2 \u2014 1401 of the Code of Civil Procedure, formerly section 72 of the Civil Practice Act, provides a comprehensive statutory procedure by which final orders and judgments may be challenged more than 30 days after their entry. People v. Harvey, 196 Ill. 2d 444, 447 (2001) (stating that section 2 \u2014 1401 provides a civil remedy, which also applies to criminal cases). A section 2 \u2014 1401 petition filed more than two years after the challenged judgment cannot be considered absent a clear showing that the person seeking relief was under a legal disability or duress or the grounds for relief were fraudulently concealed. People v. Caballero, 179 Ill. 2d 205, 210-11 (1997); see 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401(c) (West 2002). If the party opposing the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition does not raise the limitations period as a defense, it may be waived. See Harvey, 196 Ill. 2d at 447.\nThe defendant was convicted on August 23, 1991, but he did not file his pro se section 2 \u2014 1401 petition until October 17, 1997, well beyond the two-year limitations period. The State did not raise the timeliness issue before the trial court, though it did raise that issue in answering the defendant\u2019s appeal. The State refers us to the \u201cwell-established rule\u201d that a prevailing party may raise issues on appeal that were not raised at trial.\nWe agree with the State that, generally, an appellee may raise any arguments in support of the trial court\u2019s judgment, even though they were not raised before the trial court, provided they have a sufficient factual basis before the trial court. See People v. Monroe, 118 Ill. 2d 298, 300 (1987); see also People v. Schott, 145 Ill. 2d 188, 201 (1991). However, in People v. Wright, 189 Ill. 2d 1 (1999), we addressed a similar argument from the State in the context of a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 1994)) and declined to apply this exception to the waiver rule. In Wright, the State argued on appeal that the defendant\u2019s postconviction petition was untimely because he filed it more than six months after the denial of his motion to reconsider the denial of his certiorari petition to the United States Supreme Court. The defendant responded that the State had waived its limitations period argument by failing to raise it before the trial court. The State relied upon this exception. We stated:\n\u201cHere, although the facts support the conclusion that defendant did not file his petition within the time limits found in section 122 \u2014 1, that section allows a defendant to file a petition outside the limitations period if the late filing is not due to the defendant\u2019s culpable negligence. [Citation.] By not raising this issue until the cause was on appeal, the State has effectively precluded defendant from seeking to amend his petition to allege facts demonstrating that the late filing was not caused by his culpable negligence. While we recognize that section 122 \u2014 1 requires the defendant to allege the facts demonstrating a lack of culpable negligence, we do not believe that this requirement allows the State to wait until an appeal to raise an affirmative defense that the defendant may be able to avoid by amending his petition. By failing to raise this issue below, the State has waived its right to argue that the defendant\u2019s petition is untimely.\u201d Wright, 189 Ill. 2d at 11. Just as the Post-Conviction Hearing Act has an excep-\ntion to its limitations period for delays not attributable to the defendant\u2019s culpable negligence (see 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(c) (West 2002)), section 2 \u2014 1401 has an exception to its limitations period for delays attributable to disability, duress, or fraudulent concealment (see 735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 1401(c) (\u201cTime during which the person seeking relief is under legal disability or duress or the ground for relief is fraudulently concealed shall be excluded in computing the period of 2 years\u201d)). We conclude that our statement in Wright applies with equal force here. If the State wished to argue that the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition was untimely, it should have done so before the trial court, where any amendments could have been made and any factual disputes could have been resolved. Wright, 189 Ill. 2d at 12. The State waived its timeliness argument. We turn to the propriety of the defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition.\nIn a legal memorandum supporting his pro se section 2 \u2014 1401 petition, the defendant claimed, inter alia, that he was deprived of \u201chis Fifth Amendment Right to be protected from conviction and multiple punishments for the same conduct\u201d because he was convicted and sentenced for both unlawful delivery and narcotics racketeering. Before the appellate court, the defendant dropped this constitutional characterization of the issue and simply argued that the delivery convictions were lesser-included offenses of the narcotics racketeering conviction under the so-called charging instrument approach and, accordingly, they should be vacated. Here, the State argues that the charging instrument approach subverts the legislature\u2019s intent that narcotics racketeering supplement existing drug trafficking sanctions.\nThis issue is still essentially a constitutional issue. The prohibition against double jeopardy (see U.S. Const., amends. Y, XTV; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a7 10; see also 720 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 4 (West 2002)) safeguards against multiple punishments for the same offense (see North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 717, 23 L. Ed. 2d 656, 664-65, 89 S. Ct. 2072, 2076 (1969); People v. Totten, 118 Ill. 2d 124, 130-31 (1987)) and consequently bars prosecution for both an offense and a lesser-included offense (see Brown v. Ohio, 432 U.S. 161, 53 L. Ed. 2d 187, 97 S. Ct. 2221 (1977); People v. Washington, 272 Ill. App. 3d 913, 920 (1995); see generally People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551, 566 (1977)). However, we decline to reach this issue. Though the parties dispute the application of the charging instrument approach, neither party has squarely addressed double jeopardy in this appeal. Additionally, we will not consider a constitutional issue if we can decide the case on other grounds. See Bonaguro v. County Officers Election Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 396 (1994); In re Estate of Ersch, 29 Ill. 2d 572, 576-77 (1963) (\u201cIt is the established rule of this court that a constitutional question will not be considered if the case can be decided without doing so\u201d).\nTo obtain relief under section 2 \u2014 1401, the defendant \u201cmust affirmatively set forth specific factual allegations supporting each of the following elements: (1) the existence of a meritorious defense or claim; (2) due diligence in presenting this defense or claim to the circuit court in the original action; and (3) due diligence in filing the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition for relief.\u201d Smith v. Airoom, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 209, 220-21 (1986); accord Kaput v. Hoey, 124 Ill. 2d 370, 378 (1988). That is, in order to obtain relief under section 2 \u2014 1401, the defendant must show both a meritorious defense to the charges against him and due diligence in presenting it.\nA meritorious defense under section 2 \u2014 1401 involves errors of fact, not law. See Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d at 461; see also Burns v. People, 9 Ill. 2d 477, 480 (1956) (noting that a section 72 motion \u201cis not available for the purpose of correcting errors at law\u201d such as ineffective assistance of counsel). As we have stated:\n\u201cA section 2 \u2014 1401 petition for relief from a final judgment is the forum in a criminal case in which to correct all errors of fact occurring in the prosecution of a cause, unknown to the petitioner and court at the time judgment was entered, which, if then known, would have prevented its rendition. [Citations.] A section 2 \u2014 1401 petition, however, is \u2018not designed to provide a general review of all trial errors nor to substitute for direct appeal.\u2019 \u201d Haynes, 192 Ill. 2d at 461, quoting People v. Berland, 74 Ill. 2d 286, 314 (1978).\nFor this reason, a section 2 \u2014 1401 petition differs from a postconviction petition. A postconviction petition requires the court to decide whether the defendant\u2019s constitutional rights were violated at trial (see 725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1(a) (West 2002)); a section 2 \u2014 1401 petition, on the other hand, requires the court to determine whether facts exist that were unknown to the court at the time of trial and would have prevented entry of the judgment. See People v. Hayden, 288 Ill. App. 3d 1076, 1078 (1997). The defendant does not argue that the trial court should have considered his section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as a post-conviction petition. See People ex rel. Palmer v. Twomey, 53 Ill. 2d 479, 484 (1973); People v. Gandy, 227 Ill. App. 3d 112, 139 (1992) (\u201cWhere the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition is prepared pro se and alleges a deprivation of constitutional rights cognizable under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, the trial court is to treat it as such\u201d). Such an argument would fail because, although his initial petition was pro se, his amended petition, which is the subject of this appeal, was prepared by an attorney and clearly brought under section 2 \u2014 1401. See People v. Phelps, 51 Ill. 2d 35, 38 (1972) (holding that where an amended postconviction petition filed by appointed counsel did not include allegations from the defendant\u2019s pro se postconviction petition, such issues were not before the court); cf. Barnett v. Zion Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 378, 384 (1996) (\u201cWhere an amended pleading is complete in itself and does not refer to or adopt the prior pleading, the earlier pleading ceases to be part of the record for most purposes and is effectively abandoned and withdrawn\u201d).\nWe have long held that section 2 \u2014 1401 proceedings are not an appropriate forum for ineffective-assistance claims because such claims do not challenge the factual basis for the judgment. See People v. Anderson, 31 Ill. 2d 262, 264 (1964); accord People v. Smith, 176 Ill. App. 3d 132, 136 (1988). The appellate court here correctly refused to disturb the ruling of the trial court denying relief to the defendant on his claims that his trial and appeal attorneys were ineffective. Before the appellate court, the defendant also asserted that his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was ineffective for failing to raise the lesser-included offense issue. That court agreed with the defendant. The State now contends that the defendant was not entitled to effective assistance of counsel in the section 2 \u2014 1401 proceeding.\nThe right to assistance of counsel at trial is derived from the sixth amendment, but the right to assistance of counsel in collateral postconviction proceedings is a matter of legislative grace. People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 364 (1990); People v. Porter, 122 Ill. 2d 64, 73 (1988). A defendant may not properly assert a constitutional claim of ineffective assistance of postconviction counsel (see People v. Davis, 156 Ill. 2d 149, 159 (1993)) because a postconviction petitioner is guaranteed only the level of assistance provided by the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. See People v. Flores, 153 Ill. 2d 264, 276 (1992); see also People v. Wright, 149 Ill. 2d 36, 64 (1992) (postconviction petitioners are guaranteed a \u201creasonable\u201d level of assistance); 134 Ill. 2d R. 651(c).\n\u201cThis distinction is rational, because trial counsel plays a different role than counsel in post-conviction proceedings. [Citation.] At trial, counsel acts as a shield to protect defendants from being \u2018haled into court\u2019 by the State and stripped of their presumption of innocence. [Citation.] Post-conviction petitioners, however, have already been stripped of the presumption of innocence, and have generally failed to obtain relief on appellate review of their convictions. *** Counsel are appointed to represent post-conviction petitioners, not to protect them from the prosecutorial forces of the State, but to shape their complaints into the proper legal form and to present those complaints to the court.\u201d Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 364-65.\nThe defendant here is not a postconviction petitioner, but instead a section 2 \u2014 1401 petitioner. Section 2 \u2014 1401 does not specify any level of assistance, and the appellate court erroneously applied the Strickland standard to the defendant\u2019s claim that his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was ineffective. Assuming that the defendant was entitled to the same level of assistance on his section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as on a postconviction petition, the defendant did not receive unreasonable assistance. The defendant\u2019s attorney was not unreasonable for failing to raise a putative legal error in a proceeding where only fact errors are cognizable. See People v. Landwer, 166 Ill. 2d 475, 486 (1995) (\u201cWhether a charged offense encompasses an included offense is a matter of law\u201d). The appellate court erred in vacating the defendant\u2019s unlawful delivery convictions and sentences.\nIn his cross-appeal, the defendant raises one issue: whether the appellate court erred in refusing to grant relief on his claim that an extended-term sentence for narcotics racketeering was improper.\nThe Unified Code of Corrections allows an extended term sentence only \u201cfor the class of the most serious offense of which the offender was convicted.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 8\u20142(a), currently codified as 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20142(a) (West 2002). At sentencing, the defendant stood convicted of two counts of unlawful delivery, both Class X felonies, and one count of narcotics racketeering, a Class 1 felony. Thus, the defendant could have received an extended-term sentence only on the delivery convictions. The State concedes that \u201cif this Court reverses the appellate court decision on the Class X offenses, narcotics racketeering is not the highest statutory class of offenses for which Defendant was convicted.\u201d\nBecause the appellate court erred in vacating the defendant\u2019s unlawful delivery convictions, it also erred in refusing to vacate the sentence on his narcotics racketeering conviction. See People v. Arna, 168 Ill. 2d 107, 113 (1995) (\u201cA sentence which does not conform to a statutory requirement is void\u201d). In the exercise of our supervisory authority, we impose a 15-year sentence on the defendant\u2019s narcotics racketeering conviction (see 730 ILCS 5/5 \u2014 8\u20141(a)(4) (West 2002)), to run concurrently with his 30-year sentences on the delivery convictions. See 134 Ill. 2d R. 615(b)(4) (\u201cOn appeal the reviewing court may *** reduce the punishment imposed by the trial court\u201d).\nCONCLUSION\nFor the reasons that we have discussed, we reverse the judgment of the appellate court and affirm the judgment of the circuit court as modified.\nAppellate court judgment reversed; circuit court judgment affirmed as modified.\nThe appellate court here also cited People v. Smith, 295 Ill. App. 3d 405 (1998), parenthetically noting that \u201cthe Appellate Court, Fifth District, vacated a Class X possession of a controlled substance (cocaine) with intent to deliver, stating that it was a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering.\u201d 331 Ill. App. 3d at 989. Our review of Smith reveals such a holding, but only in material designated as unpublishable under Supreme Court Rule 23. That holding, accordingly, had no precedential value and should not have been relied upon by the appellate court. See 166 Ill. 2d R. 23(e) (\u201cAn unpublished order of the court is not precedential and may not be cited by any party except to support contentions of double jeopardy, res judicata, collateral estoppel or law of the case\u201d); Baker v. Hutson, 333 Ill. App. 3d 486, 492 (2002); People v. Petty, 311 Ill. App. 3d 301, 303 (2000).", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE FITZGERALD" }, { "text": "JUSTICE FREEMAN,\nconcurring in part and dissenting in part:\nThe court today holds that the appellate court erred in applying the familiar Strickland standard to defendant\u2019s claim that his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney rendered him ineffective assistance of counsel. While I agree that the Strickland analysis is inapplicable under these circumstances, I disagree with the court\u2019s treatment of defendant\u2019s contention and, as a result, cannot join in that portion of its opinion.\nI\nDefendant began these collateral proceedings by filing a pro se section 2 \u2014 1401 petition for relief. In the petition, defendant alleged two distinct reasons for claiming ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant asserted that he met with his trial attorney after sentencing and expressed \u201cshock\u201d over receiving a 30-year sentence and that he inquired as to why he had received a 30-year sentence on a Class 1 felony. Defendant alleged that he asked his attorney to file a motion to reduce sentence and that no action was ever taken on defendant\u2019s request. Defendant further alleged that he then spoke with his appointed appellate attorney and asked her to address the sentencing issue. Defendant alleged that his appellate attorney erroneously replied that his previous attorney\u2019s failure to move to reduce sentence rendered the issue waived. Defendant further claimed that neither his trial attorney nor his appellate attorney \u201cever mentioned] that the two unlawful deliveries were lesser included offenses of narcotic racketeering, as such were barred by double jeopardy.\u201d Defendant attached an affidavit to his petition and sought leave of court to proceed as a pauper in the proceedings. In a memorandum of law filed with the petition, defendant argued that his appellate attorney should have recognized that defendant\u2019s sentencing scheme was erroneous on its face: \u201cThe unlawful delivery charges are included offenses of narcotic racketeering *** and a reviewing court may review an issue not properly preserved if it involves an error affecting a substantial right of the defendant.\u201d\nThe transcripts reveal that the circuit court was concerned about defendant\u2019s pro se allegations and, to that end, appointed counsel for defendant. Counsel thereafter filed an \u201cAmended Petition to Reduce Sentence.\u201d The record reveals, however, that defendant was dissatisfied with his appointed counsel and that he moved to have her dismissed and be allowed to proceed pro se. The court denied that motion and eventually denied relief on defendant\u2019s petition.\nOn appeal, defendant argued that the circuit court erred in denying his petition. He claimed that his convictions violated the double jeopardy clause and that all of his attorneys, including the one appointed in the collateral proceeding, had rendered constitutionally infirm assistance by failing to raise the issue. The State raised three arguments in support of the circuit court\u2019s judgment. The State first argued that defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition was untimely. The State further argued that, under Strickland, counsel was not ineffective for either failing to argue the vacatur of the convictions on the lesser-included offenses or failing to move to reduce sentence.\nThe appellate court began its opinion by noting that the State\u2019s contention, raised for the first time in its appellate brief, that defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition was untimely, was waived. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 986. The appellate court then noted that defendant\u2019s contentions concerned ineffective assistance of counsel claims at the sentencing, appeal, and petition stages of this case because none of the attorneys raised certain sentencing issues. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 986. The court did not consider any of these arguments, however, because \u201cthe ineffectiveness of counsel is not appropriate for review in a proceeding under section 2 \u2014 1401.\u201d 331 Ill. App. 3d at 986-87. The appellate court, however, agreed with defendant that his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was ineffective for failing to raise the lesser-included offense issue. 331 Ill. App. 3d at 987.\nIn today\u2019s opinion, this court explains that the appellate court correctly refused to consider the claims raised in the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition regarding the ineffective assistance of trial and appellate counsel. The court points out that such claims are more properly raised in proceedings under our Post-Conviction Hearing Act. 207 Ill. 2d at 564-66. I agree. The Act is the proper vehicle in which to raise collateral constitutional challenges to a conviction. The court goes on to note, however, that the appellate court erred in holding that defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel from his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney.\nAs an initial matter, it must be remembered that our Post-Conviction Hearing Act (725 ILCS 5/122 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 2002)) was developed in response to criticisms regarding the collateral procedures available under Illinois law to prisoners who wished to attack their convictions. See People v. Slaughter, 39 Ill. 2d 278 (1968). As we explained in Slaughter, \u201c[t]he available methods by which a judgment of conviction could be attacked in Illinois were writ of error, habeas corpus, and coram nobis. The Supreme Court of the United States was troubled, because no matter which method a prisoner pursued, he appeared always to be met by a claim that he should have pursued a different remedy.\u201d Slaughter, 39 Ill. 2d at 284. As the court correctly points out, under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act counsel are appointed to represent postconviction petitioners \u201c \u2018not to protect them from the prosecutorial forces of the State, but to shape their complaints into the proper legal form and to present those complaints to the court.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis added.) 207 Ill. 2d at 568, quoting People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d 351, 365 (1990). However, this court has also recognized that \u201cthe same lack of legal knowledge which causes a prisoner to draft an inadequate post-conviction petition might result in his selecting the wrong method of collaterally attacking his conviction. A salutary result, consistent with the intent of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act *** would be achieved if the circuit court, upon finding that a pro se petition, however labeled, and however inartfully drawn, alleged violations of the petitioner\u2019s rights cognizable in a post-conviction proceeding, would thereafter, for all purposes, treat it as such.\u201d People ex rel. Palmer v. Twomey, 53 Ill. 2d 479, 484 (1973).\nMy review of the transcripts in this case reveals that the circuit court attempted to treat defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as a postconviction pleading in conformity with this court\u2019s directive in Twomey. My conclusion is supported by several facts which are established by the record. First, defendant\u2019s pro se claims were couched in terms of a constitutional violation \u2014 ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel, which would serve as the constitutional predicate necessary for pleading an action under the Act. Second, the trial judge appointed counsel to defendant because she believed that defendant\u2019s claims of error were substantial enough to warrant professional legal assistance. I note that section 2 \u2014 1401 does not provide for the appointment of counsel, but the Act does. Third, the trial judge referred to the Act on several occasions as evinced by her comments in the transcripts, in one instance going so far as to cite the standard necessary to survive dismissal under the Act. Taken together, these facts demonstrate to me that the circuit court attempted to help defendant by having an appointed attorney take over the case and shape defendant\u2019s complaints into the proper legal form.\nIn this appeal, however, the court dismisses the relevance of Twomey by stating that any argument based on Twomey would fail because\n\u201calthough [defendant\u2019s] initial petition was pro se, his amended petition, which is the subject of this appeal, was prepared by an attorney and clearly brought under section 2 \u2014 1401.\u201d 207 Ill. 2d at 566.\nThus, according to the court, because defendant received the benefit of counsel, we need not treat the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as a postconviction petition.\nHaving concluded that the presence of counsel in this case renders unnecessary our viewing defendant\u2019s section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as a postconviction petition, the court goes on to discuss whether the appellate court erred in holding that defendant received ineffective assistance of counsel at the section 2 \u2014 1401 proceedings. The court notes correctly that a petitioner seeking relief pursuant to the Post-Conviction Hearing Act is guaranteed only the level of assistance provided under the Act, which this court has ruled is a \u201creasonable\u201d level of assistance. 207 Ill. 2d at 567. The court points out that defendant here is not proceeding under the Act, but rather is proceeding pursuant to section 2 \u2014 1401. The court states:\n\u201cSection 2 \u2014 1401 does not specify any level of assistance, and the appellate court erroneously applied the Strickland standard to the defendant\u2019s claim that his section 2 \u2014 1401 attorney was ineffective. Assuming that the defendant was entitled to the same level of assistance on his section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as on a postconviction petition, the defendant did not receive unreasonable assistance. The defendant\u2019s attorney was not unreasonable for failing to raise a putative legal error in a proceeding where only fact errors are cognizable.\u201d 207 Ill. 2d at 568.\nI agree that the appellate court was incorrect in applying a Strickland analysis to defendant\u2019s claim. However, I cannot agree that defendant received \u201creasonable\u201d assistance of counsel under these facts.\nThe claims asserted by defendant in his pro se petition clearly form the basis of relief under a postconviction proceeding. The trial court clearly recognized as much and sought to appoint counsel to aid defendant in the presentation of his claims. Under the court\u2019s ruling today, however, defendant would have been better off without the appointment of counsel because then each court at every level would have been obligated to treat his allegations as a postconviction petition filed under the Act. Defendant\u2019s pro se petition contained claims of ineffective assistance of both trial and appellate counsel, based on (i) the failure to raise the lesser-included offenses issue and (ii) the failure to seek reduction of the 30-year sentence. Today\u2019s opinion does not address whether appointed counsel was reasonable in her representation where she neglected to redraft these obvious constitutional contentions into the proper legal form, i.e., a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. In my view, any assessment of reasonableness must turn on whether there is any merit to either argument. Instead, the court states that it was not unreasonable for counsel to not include the lesser-included offense issue in her amended section 2 \u2014 1401 petition because such an assertion of error is one of law, and section 2 \u2014 1401 constitutes a proceeding where only fact errors are cognizable. 207 Ill. 2d at 568. Such a response misses the mark in my view. I believe counsel rendered no assistance to defendant when she failed to recognize that defendant\u2019s initial pro se petition contained two bases for relief. Counsel failed in \u201cshaping] [defendant\u2019s] complaints into the proper legal form and *** presenting] those complaints to the court\u201d (People v. Owens, 139 Ill. 2d at 364-65) by neglecting to raise defendant\u2019s lesser-included offense issue as a separate claim under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act and by neglecting to redraft the ineffective assistance of counsel claims under the Act as well. Ironically, had the circuit court not appointed counsel to defendant, this court, as well as the appellate court, would have been obligated to treat defendant\u2019s pro se section 2 \u2014 1401 petition as a postconviction petition (see Twomey, 53 Ill. 2d at 484) and, as such, would be required to examine, in the course of determining whether defendant\u2019s trial and appellate counsel were ineffective, the merits of defendant\u2019s lesser-included offenses argument. Under these circumstances, I cannot join in the court\u2019s conclusion that counsel appointed during these collateral proceedings provided \u201creasonable\u201d representation when her so-called \u201creasonable\u201d actions are what prevents this court from addressing the sum and substance of defendant\u2019s pro se allegations.\nI am disturbed that my colleagues are content to say that counsel\u2019s representation was not unreasonable under these facts and that, because of this, we need not concern ourselves with the substance of defendant\u2019s claims. I would posit that an attorney who makes such a fundamental mistake has not provided any level of assistance to his or her client, let alone a \u201creasonable\u201d level of assistance. In my view, appointed counsel should have recognized that defendant\u2019s claims of ineffective assistance of counsel had to be redrafted in the form of a petition under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. Moreover, any determination regarding the reasonableness of counsel\u2019s actions would require this court to review the merits of defendant\u2019s claim, i.e., whether his contention regarding the lesser-included offenses was meritorious. If that claim is not meritorious, then counsel could not be faulted for failing to raise or redraft a nonmeritorious claim in postconviction form. Therefore, I disagree with the court\u2019s decision, \u201cdeclin[ing] to reach\u201d the issue regarding whether illegal delivery is a lesser-included offense of narcotics racketeering. 207 Ill. 2d at 565.\nToday\u2019s decision is notable in that defendant is told that he chose the wrong legal forum to raise his challenge, but that the lawyer was reasonable for ignoring the claim because it was not cognizable under section 2 \u2014 1401. Ironically, this is the same lawyer to whom defendant, in the circuit court, presciently characterized as having had no understanding of this case. By its actions today, the court confirms defendant\u2019s suspicions.\nII\nThe resolution of defendant\u2019s cross-appeal is necessarily impacted by the conclusion reached on the lesser-included offenses issue. The State concedes that if the convictions for illegal delivery are reinstated, then defendant\u2019s extended-term sentence for narcotics racketeering cannot stand. As I stated above, I do not join in the court\u2019s decision as to that issue because I believe that this court must first assess the merits of defendant\u2019s lesser-included offenses issue in order to resolve whether appointed counsel provided \u201cunreasonable\u201d representation in this collateral proceeding. The court does not do that and, as a result of its treatment of that issue, the court reinstates defendant\u2019s illegal delivery charges. Given that fact, I accept the State\u2019s concession, and join only in that portion of the opinion which reduces the sentence.\nIll\nIn this case, defendant attempted to raise several constitutional challenges to his sentences for illegal delivery and narcotics racketeering. Unfortunately for defendant, he erroneously utilized the wrong legal vehicle to raise these challenges. Notwithstanding the circuit court\u2019s appointment of counsel, defendant\u2019s claims are still out of our reach because his attorney failed to shape his contentions into the proper legal form and that failure is deemed \u201creasonable\u201d by my colleagues. This conclusion is reached without first assessing whether defendant\u2019s constitutional challenges have merit. This is troubling since two appellate justices believe that defendant\u2019s convictions violated the single act rule, which has its basis in the double jeopardy clause of the United States Constitution. See People v. King, 66 Ill. 2d 551 (1977) (and cases cited therein). Under these circumstances, our inquiry into whether appointed counsel rendered \u201creasonable\u201d representation to defendant in these proceedings should consist of more than the court\u2019s single sentence, which concludes that counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise the legal argument in the section 2 \u2014 1401 petition. See 207 Ill. 2d at 568. The proper inquiry, in my view, is whether counsel acted reasonably in declining to redraft defendant\u2019s pro se contention regarding the lesser-included offenses issue into the proper legal form. Such an inquiry is particularly apt in this case where the record affirmatively demonstrates that defendant was so dissatisfied with his attorney that he sought leave to proceed pro se.\nCHIEF JUSTICE McMORROW joins in this partial concurrence and partial dissent.\nIn his written motion for dismissal of appointed counsel, defendant stated that it was clear to him that his appointed counsel \u201cdid not have the time, desire, or understanding of this cause to adequately represent\u201d him. (Emphasis added.) Defendant specifically took issue with the amended petition that counsel filed in his behalf.\nDefendant was represented by a different attorney on appeal.\nI would point out that counsel, in response to the court, agreed with the court on this point.", "type": "concurring-in-part-and-dissenting-in-part", "author": "JUSTICE FREEMAN," } ], "attorneys": [ "James E. Ryan and Lisa Madigan, Attorneys General, of Springfield, and Gary W. Pack, State\u2019s Attorney, of Woodstock (Lisa Anne Hoffman and Mark L. Josephson, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, and Norbert J. Goetten, Martin E Moltz and Lawrence M. Bauer, of the Office of the State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of Elgin, of counsel), for the People.", "Carol L. Anfinson, of Aurora, for appellee and cross-appellant." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 94644.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant and Cross-Appellee, v. ROBERT PINKONSLY, Appellee and Cross-Appellant.\nOpinion filed November 20, 2003.\nFREEMAN, J., joined by McMORROW, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.\nJames E. Ryan and Lisa Madigan, Attorneys General, of Springfield, and Gary W. Pack, State\u2019s Attorney, of Woodstock (Lisa Anne Hoffman and Mark L. Josephson, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, and Norbert J. Goetten, Martin E Moltz and Lawrence M. Bauer, of the Office of the State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor, of Elgin, of counsel), for the People.\nCarol L. Anfinson, of Aurora, for appellee and cross-appellant." }, "file_name": "0555-01", "first_page_order": 567, "last_page_order": 590 }