{ "id": 8448524, "name": "In re DETENTION OF WILLIAM G. SWOPE (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. William G. Swope, Appellant)", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Swope", "decision_date": "2004-12-02", "docket_number": "No. 97204", "first_page": "210", "last_page": "218", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 210" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "198 Ill. 2d 209", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 29942 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "227" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/198/0209-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780274 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "396" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 Ill. 2d 471", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 295791 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "479" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/175/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3167015 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "349" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0341-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ill. 328", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3307296 ], "year": 1904, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "331" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/211/0328-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 Ill. 2d 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1224804 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "240-41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/189/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 251", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229700 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "255", "parenthetical": "and cases cited therein" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0251-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 Ill. 2d 368", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8451541 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "385" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/211/0368-01" ] }, { "cite": "315 Ill. App. 3d 602", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 980631 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "605" }, { "page": "605" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/315/0602-01" ] }, { "cite": "343 Ill. App. 3d 152", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3719002 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "155" }, { "page": "156" }, { "page": "156" }, { "page": "155" }, { "page": "155-56" }, { "page": "156" }, { "page": "155" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/343/0152-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 670, "char_count": 13706, "ocr_confidence": 0.756, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.090741883515745e-07, "percentile": 0.8586230316902645 }, "sha256": "6e39c8a066e7e5f61c55ba838ae62dd36198a5e9981078b4fa02b31c2506d6aa", "simhash": "1:c83dfa556bdee41c", "word_count": 2296 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:23:20.061705+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "In re DETENTION OF WILLIAM G. SWOPE (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. William G. Swope, Appellant)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE FREEMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFetitioner, William Swope, was adjudicated a sexually violent person pursuant to the Sexually Violent Fersons Commitment Act (Act) (725 ILCS 207/1 et seq. (West 2000)). The circuit court of Ogle County committed Swope to the custody of the Department of Human Services (DHS). Swope subsequently petitioned the circuit court for conditional release. The circuit court denied Swope\u2019s petition and the appellate court affirmed. 343 Ill. App. 3d 152. We allowed Swope\u2019s petition for leave to appeal (177 Ill. 2d R. 315(a)). We now affirm the judgment of the appellate court in part and vacate the judgment in part.\nBACKGROUND\nOn November 9, 1999, Swope was adjudicated a sexually violent person and committed to the custody of DHS. See 725 ILCS 207/35, 40 (West 2000). The appellate court upheld the adjudication and commitment. No. 2 \u2014 99\u2014 1272 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).\nFollowing his commitment, Swope, in July 2000, requested the circuit court to appoint Ralph Underwager and Hollinda Wakefield of the Institute of Psychological Therapies (Institute) to perform a periodic reexamination of him. The request was made pursuant to section 55 of the Act, which provides that \u201c[a]t the time of a reexamination under this Section, the person who has been committed may retain or, if he or she is indigent and so requests, the court may appoint a qualified expert or a professional person to examine him or her.\u201d 725 ILCS 207/55 (West 2000). The circuit court granted the motion and authorized Swope to employ the Institute to examine him, prepare a report, and testify in court.\nThe circuit court held status hearings to monitor the progress of the examination. At two of these hearings, on October 31 and December 28, 2000, Swope\u2019s counsel informed the court that Swope\u2019s DHS treatment providers refused to discuss Swope\u2019s treatment progress with Underwager and Wakefield. At each hearing, both counsel discussed the possible use of depositions to obtain the sought-after DHS information. At the December 28 status hearing, Swope\u2019s counsel, the State, and the court agreed that Swope\u2019s counsel would depose the DHS treatment providers.\nIn February 2001, the circuit court authorized the issuance of a subpoena for the deposition of Thomas Speaker, a member of Swope\u2019s DHS treatment team. See 740 ILCS 110/10(d) (West 2000). In March 2001, Speaker was deposed. Underwager and Wakefield evaluated Swope using the information from the deposition \u201cin lieu of an interview.\u201d However, in their April 12, 2001, report, they noted:\n\u201cThis procedure is not adequate. An attorney cannot be expected to know what questions to ask and what issues need to be explored more fully. Therefore, it is our professional opinion that Mr. Swope has been seriously disadvantaged by the state\u2019s refusal to allow professional psychological contact with the treatment staff. Once a person has been committed, it is crucial to be able to assess as fully and accurately as possible what changes have been brought about and observed in the course of treatment provided as the civil commitment law requires. *** Not having full access to comprehend the process and the outcomes limits Mr. Swope\u2019s ability to get a fair and complete assessment of his progress.\u201d\nUnderwager and Wakefield opined that Swope had made sufficient progress to be conditionally released. See 725 ILCS 207/55(a) (West 2000).\nIn May 2001, Swope filed a petition for conditional release, pursuant to section 60 of the Act (see 725 ILCS 207/60 (West 2000)). Pursuant to the statute, the circuit court appointed Wakefield as an examiner, who would examine Swope and furnish a written report of the examination to the court. The court also appointed Barry Leavitt to evaluate Swope on behalf of the State. See 725 ILCS 207/60(c) (West 2000). Underwager and Wakefield reevaluated Swope and reported their opinion in a July 20 addendum to their April 12, 2001, report. Underwager and Wakefield reiterated their opinion that Swope should be conditionally released.\nAt the hearing held on Swope\u2019s petition for conditional release, Leavitt was the State\u2019s witness. In preparing his evaluation, Leavitt had discussed Swope\u2019s treatment progress with Swope\u2019s DHS treatment providers. Swope\u2019s witnesses included Speaker, Wakefield, and himself. Speaker was the member of Swope\u2019s DHS treatment team who had been deposed by Swope\u2019s counsel. Wakefield testified that the lack of cooperation on the part of Swope\u2019s DHS treatment providers made her evaluation of Swope more difficult because she was not able to obtain information on Swope\u2019s progress in specific treatment areas. At the close of the hearing, the trial court denied Swope\u2019s petition for conditional release.\nSwope appealed. The appellate court affirmed the order of the circuit court. 343 Ill. App. 3d 152. The appellate court concluded that it was a violation of Swope\u2019s right to procedural due process to allow Swope\u2019s DHS treatment providers to refuse to discuss his treatment progress with Wakefield while they engaged in such discussions with Leavitt. 343 Ill. App. 3d at 155. However, the appellate court further observed that Swope\u2019s counsel \u201ctook a deposition and never gave the trial court an opportunity to correct the situation. This was a procedural default by Swope, wherein he volunteered to act and acquiesced in a procedure that ultimately may have short-circuited his own right to due process. See In re B.L., 315 Ill. App. 3d 602, 605 (2000).\u201d 343 Ill. App. 3d at 156. Thus, according to the appellate court, Swope \u201ccannot now appeal from an alleged defect that he, himself, helped to create. For this reason, while we find that Swope\u2019s right to due process was violated, we will not reverse the trial court\u2019s judgment on this basis.\u201d 343 Ill. App. 3d at 156.\nThis court allowed Swope\u2019s petition for leave to appeal. 177 Ill. 2d R. 315(a). Additional pertinent background will be discussed in the context of our analysis of the issues.\nANALYSIS\nSwope\u2019s sole claim before this court is that the proceedings held on his petition for conditional release violated his right to due process of law. He contends that he was denied procedural due process when his DHS treatment providers refused to discuss his treatment progress with his court-appointed expert while they engaged in such discussions with the State\u2019s expert witness. In response, the State first points out that Swope acquiesced in the procedure employed in the circuit court and cannot be heard to complain about it now on appeal. The State further argues that Swope was provided with procedural due process in that he was allowed every opportunity to put forward relevant and competent evidence before the circuit court.\nThe appellate court concluded that the proceeding held on Swope\u2019s petition for conditional release violated his right to procedural due process. 343 Ill. App. 3d at 155. However, the appellate court did not reverse the trial court\u2019s order on this basis because of Swope\u2019s acquiescence in the procedure. 343 Ill. App. 3d at 155-56. In his brief filed in this court, Swope contends: \u201cThe State\u2019s disregard of Swope\u2019s right to a fair hearing and its refusal to cooperate with Swope\u2019s expert witness is so egregious that its actions should not be excused under any circumstances.\u201d Swope argues that the appellate court based its finding of acquiescence on a single case (343 Ill. App. 3d at 156, citing In re B.L., 315 Ill. App. 3d at 605) that is distinguishable from the facts of this case.\nWe earlier noted that at the October 31 and December 28, 2000, status hearings, both counsel discussed the possible use of depositions to obtain the sought-after DHS information. At the October 31 hearing, the following colloquy occurred:\n\u201cMR. MILLER [Swope\u2019s attorney]: Yes, sir. Judge, this was set by, this used to be Judge Roe\u2019s case, it\u2019s now set today for a status hearing. Judge Roe approved an order allowing me to engage some experts to examine Mr. Swope. *** I got a call from Doctor Underwager, who is one of the two, last week, stating that he hasn\u2019t quite finished the report. He wanted to talk to or take a deposition of two of the people who are employed by the Department of Human Services, that\u2019s where Mr. Swope is in custody, a [Thomas] Speaker and a Sean Jumper, J-u-m-p-e-r. I said since we had a status hearing coming up, I would bring this up with the Assistant Attorney General, Mr. Curran, and with the court. Mr. Curran has no objection to an order being entered.\nMR. CURRAN [assistant Attorney General]: Although, you know, Judge, just subsequent to our thinking about it, I don\u2019t think we can really order a witness to speak unless there is a deposition.\nMR. MILLER: Yeah.\nMR. CURRAN: But I, I don\u2019t know why they\u2019re not talking to this doctor, and they should, so maybe, maybe a phone call will be enough.\nMR. MILLER: We talked outside, Mr. Curran said, well, I will talk to the [DHS] attorney, and I\u2019m sure we can set something up, I\u2019ll get back to you, and that\u2019s fine with me, so I would suggest, Judge, we continue this for sixty days to see if we can get this wound up, I mean at least as to the report.\nMR. CURRAN: That\u2019s fine, your Honor.\u201d\nAt the December 28 status hearing, the following colloquy occurred:\nMR. MILLER: *** So what our problem is here is that I was trying to set up an interview between one of my expert witnesses, and two of the workers at DHS, and was working with, through Mr. Curran. He\u2019s not able to budge them, so what I\u2019m going to have to do is subpoena them in for a deposition. So if you would put this for a status about sixty days from now, I\u2019ll subpoena those people in and get that taken care of. That should be pretty well finalized, I think.\nTHE COURT: Sounds like a fair approach.\nMR. CURRAN: That\u2019s fine, Judge. You know, like I said, I wish I could be of more help to Mr. Miller in expediting the process, but they don\u2019t want to talk without being deposed, so I guess it\u2019s, civil rules allow for it as much.\u201d\nThe circuit court subsequently authorized the issuance of a subpoena for the deposition of Speaker.\nThe rule of invited error or acquiescence is a procedural default sometimes described as estoppel. People v. Harvey, 211 Ill. 2d 368, 385 (2004). Simply stated, a party cannot complain of error which that party induced the court to make or to which that party consented. The rationale behind this well-established rule is that it would be manifestly unfair to allow a party a second trial upon the basis of error which that party injected into the proceedings. McMath v. Katholi, 191 Ill. 2d 251, 255 (2000) (and cases cited therein); accord People v. Segoviano, 189 Ill. 2d 228, 240-41 (2000).\nIn this case, the above-quoted colloquies show that Swope\u2019s counsel and the State agreed on the possible use of depositions to obtain the sought-after DHS information. Swope\u2019s counsel subsequently asked to depose the DHS treatment providers, and the State and the circuit court agreed. Swope, \u201chaving insisted upon that view upon the trial and having procured a ruling from the court in accordance with [his] view, cannot now insist that the action of the court in that particular was wrong, but is bound by the action of the trial court in that regard.\u201d Drainage Commissioners of Drainage District No. 2 v. Drainage Commissioners of Union Drain No. 3, 211 Ill. 328, 331 (1904). Swope may not now attack a procedure to which he agreed, even though that acceptance may have been grudging. See Casey v. Baseden, 111 Ill. 2d 341, 349 (1986). We uphold the appellate court\u2019s finding of acquiescence.\nOur affirmance of the appellate court\u2019s finding of acquiescence does not mean, however, that we approve of the approach taken by that court in resolving Swope\u2019s appeal. As noted previously, the appellate court began its analysis in this case by holding, in the first instance, that \u201cit was a violation of Swope\u2019s right to due process to allow the DHS employees to decline to talk to Swope\u2019s expert while they talked to the State\u2019s expert.\u201d 343 Ill. App. 3d at 155. In our view, this case presents us with the opportunity to remind bench and bar that \u201c[a] court should avoid constitutional questions where the case may be decided on other grounds.\u201d In re S.G., 175 Ill. 2d 471, 479 (1997); Bonaguro v. County Officers Electoral Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 396 (1994). This court has viewed cases of acquiescence strictly, finding that a party\u2019s \u201cactive participation in the direction of proceedings *** goes beyond mere waiver\u201d such that the traditional exceptions to the waiver rule do not apply. People v. Villareal, 198 Ill. 2d 209, 227 (2001). In light of this precedent, we believe the appellate court ought not to have concluded that due process was violated in this case without first resolving the threshold acquiescence issue. We therefore vacate that part of the judgment of the appellate court which discusses and holds that the procedure utilized in the trial court violated Swope\u2019s right to due process.\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the appellate court is affirmed in part and vacated in part.\nAppellate court affirmed in part and vacated in part.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE FREEMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "G. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender, and Bruce Kirkham, Assistant Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Elgin, for appellant.", "Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Gary Feinerman, Solicitor General, and Linda D. Woloshin and Russell K. Benton, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the Feople." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 97204.\nIn re DETENTION OF WILLIAM G. SWOPE (The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, v. William G. Swope, Appellant).\nOpinion filed December 2, 2004.\nG. Joseph Weller, Deputy Defender, and Bruce Kirkham, Assistant Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Elgin, for appellant.\nLisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield (Gary Feinerman, Solicitor General, and Linda D. Woloshin and Russell K. Benton, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the Feople." }, "file_name": "0210-01", "first_page_order": 222, "last_page_order": 230 }