{ "id": 3598053, "name": "MARY L. DeSMET, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Doris F. Hays, Deceased, Appellant, v. THE COUNTY OF ROCK ISLAND, Illinois, et al., Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "DeSmet v. County of Rock Island", "decision_date": "2006-04-20", "docket_number": "No. 100261", "first_page": "497", "last_page": "526", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "219 Ill. 2d 497" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "219 Ill. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3597890 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487-91" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/219/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 Ill. 2d 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5538322 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/112/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "161 Ill. 2d 374", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 783173 ], "weight": 12, "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "381-83" }, { "page": "383-84" }, { "page": "380" }, { "page": "387" }, { "page": "385-86" }, { "page": "388-90" }, { "page": "390-91" }, { "page": "391" }, { "page": "390-91" }, { "page": "386" }, { "page": "387" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/161/0374-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243891 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "395" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448055 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "28" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 Ill. App. 3d 1002", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3473877 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1008", "parenthetical": "equating \"human error\" with \"negligence\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/167/1002-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 Ill. App. 3d 213", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3582086 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "221" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/164/0213-01" ] }, { "cite": "359 Ill. App. 3d 824", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5595675 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "827-29" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/359/0824-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 274", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453271 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "280-81", "parenthetical": "interpreting section 5-101 of the Act, which fails to address inadequate governmental protection" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0274-01" ] }, { "cite": "191 Ill. 2d 493", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 229719 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "522" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/191/0493-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 178", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5576867 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/138/0178-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 Ill. 2d 336", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 725359 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "350" }, { "page": "350" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/195/0336-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 332", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609698 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "358" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0332-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 Ill. 2d 257", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 725386 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288", "parenthetical": "Freeman, J., specially concurring, joined by McMorrow, J." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/195/0257-01" ] }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 2d 411", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5556950 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "417-18" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/126/0411-01" ] }, { "cite": "168 Ill. 2d 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 307252 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "326-27", "parenthetical": "acknowledging \"the public duty doctrine, a common law immunity based on public policy,\" but declining to reach the issue of the rule's applicability" }, { "page": "323" }, { "page": "323-24", "parenthetical": "discussing the statutorily mandated duties owed to the class of individuals protected by the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986 (750 ILCS 60/101 et seq. (West 2002))" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/168/0312-01" ] }, { "cite": "306 Ill. App. 3d 912", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1336077 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "915", "parenthetical": "section 4-102 codifies the common law public duty rule" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/306/0912-01" ] }, { "cite": "145 Ill. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5596413 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "282", "parenthetical": "\"Section 4-102 immunity may apply in the context where police officers are simply 'providing [or failing to provide] police services' \"" }, { "page": "282" }, { "page": "282-83" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/145/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 Ill. App. 3d 774", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5731995 ], "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/358/0774-01" ] }, { "cite": "359 Ill. App. 3d 439", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5595929 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443-46" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/359/0439-01" ] }, { "cite": "160 Ill. App. 3d 999", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3649304 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1003" }, { "page": "1003" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/160/0999-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Ill. 2d 361", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2853150 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363" }, { "page": "363" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/41/0361-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821401 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "344" }, { "page": "344-45" }, { "page": "347" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 Ill. 2d 372", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 222754 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "378" }, { "page": "378" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/167/0372-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 484", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351284 ], "weight": 9, "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" }, { "page": "490" }, { "page": "490" }, { "page": "493" }, { "page": "494" }, { "page": "494" }, { "page": "491" }, { "page": "491" }, { "page": "490", "parenthetical": "\" 'By providing immunity, the legislature sought to prevent the diversion of public funds from their intended purpose to the payment of damage claims.' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0484-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57332 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" }, { "page": "388" }, { "page": "388" }, { "page": "391" }, { "page": "391-92" }, { "page": "391-92" }, { "page": "393" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "183 Ill. 2d 30", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 209987 ], "weight": 7, "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" }, { "page": "44-45" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "45" }, { "page": "45" }, { "page": "46" }, { "page": "46-50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/183/0030-01" ] }, { "cite": "18 Ill. 2d 11", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5328152 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/18/0011-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 544917 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189" }, { "page": "192" }, { "page": "196" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/176/0179-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 Ill. 2d 359", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 975002 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "370" }, { "page": "367-68" }, { "page": "368" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/207/0359-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 Ill. 2d 475", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 29959 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "488-90", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/198/0475-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 Ill. 2d 470", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3597890 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "491-96", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., specially concurring" }, { "page": "521" }, { "page": "522" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/219/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243891 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401-02", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. 2d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 821401 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/181/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 484", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351284 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "501-10", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0484-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 57332 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "391-92" }, { "page": "403", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "403-04", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., dissenting" }, { "page": "404", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., dissenting" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/171/0378-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. 2d 179", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 544917 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "213-14", "parenthetical": "McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/176/0179-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1717, "char_count": 52977, "ocr_confidence": 0.814, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.8064545760434355e-07, "percentile": 0.8372300856150301 }, "sha256": "f2bb9e533c819d59a9ec2fe5edefb0c87cff4658e517840ae4935c360c025c0f", "simhash": "1:92cc157a14ed1488", "word_count": 8611 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:47:08.841300+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "MARY L. DeSMET, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Doris F. Hays, Deceased, Appellant, v. THE COUNTY OF ROCK ISLAND, Illinois, et al., Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE KARMEIER\ndelivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.\nChief Justice Thomas and Justices Freeman, Fitzgerald, Kilbride and Garman concurred in the judgment and opinion.\nJustice McMorrow dissented, with opinion.\nOPINION\nThe plaintiff, Mary L. DeSmet, as personal representative of the estate of the decedent, Doris F. Hays (Hays), filed a multicount complaint in the circuit court of Rock Island County naming several local governmental entities, and their various employees, parties defendant. Plaintiffs complaint alleged that each violated a duty to the plaintiffs decedent and was hable to plaintiff pursuant to the provisions of the Survival Act (755 ILCS 5/27\u20146 (West 2002)) and the Wrongful Death Act (740 ILCS 180/0.01 et seq. (West 2002)). All defendants moved to dismiss, arguing that they owed no duty to Hays and they were, in any event, immune under the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Act) (745 ILCS 10/1\u2014101 et seq. (West 2002)). Although the defendants raised the applicability of several sections of the Act, all specifically argued they were immune from liability under the provisions of section 4\u2014102 of the Act (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)). After a hearing, the circuit court dismissed plaintiff\u2019s complaint with prejudice, ruling that section 4\u2014102 immunity applied. Plaintiff timely filed notice of appeal, and the appellate court affirmed. No. 3\u201403\u20140964 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23). We granted the plaintiffs petition for leave to appeal (177 Ill. 2d R. 315), and now affirm the judgment of the appellate court.\nBACKGROUND\nThe record, for purposes of the motions to dismiss, reflects that on April 5, 2002, Doris Hays was driving her vehicle on U.S. Route 150 in rural Rock Island County when it left the road and ran into a ditch. A passing motorist witnessed the vehicle\u2019s departure from the roadway and used her cell phone to report her observation to Lori Sampson, clerk of the Village of Orion. After Sampson received that telephone call, she phoned Christine Wrigley, the dispatcher for Henry County.\nSampson told Wrigley that she had received a call from a motorist who said she had witnessed a vehicle traveling at a high rate of speed go off Route 150 in Rock Island County, just over the Henry County/Rock Island County line. Wrigley asked Sampson: \u201cOkay, did they wreck?\u201d Sampson replied that the caller \u201csaid she believed they had to of because they were traveling at such a high rate of speed.\u201d Sampson noted that the caller had not stopped to verify that the vehicle had wrecked, stating, \u201cShe continued on her way.\u201d Sampson told Wrigley that she did not have a vehicle description; however, she described the area that the caller had referred to as just over the Rock Island County line, \u201cwhere the couple of houses are at in the ditch where it\u2019s such a mess and they\u2019ve got all that junky equipment and so on.\u201d Wrigley then told Sampson she would contact Rock Island County.\nInstead of contacting Rock Island County, however, Wrigley notified the City of Moline and the City of East Moline via the Moline-East Moline Dispatch Center (Dispatch Center). Wrigley informed dispatcher Debra Roman that she had received a report of a vehicle \u201cdown in the ditch\u201d on Route 150 \u201cat the Rock Island, Henry County line *** on the Rock Island County side by two houses with a lot of junk in the yard.\u201d Wrigley indicated she did not have a vehicle description.\nRoman then telephoned Rock Island County at its sheriff\u2019s department and reported the incident to Myrtle DeWitte, a dispatcher for Rock Island County. The following conversation ensued between the Dispatch Center and Rock Island County:\n\u201cRock Island County dispatcher Myrtle DeWitte: Radio, Sergeant DeWitte.\nMoline-East Moline dispatcher Debra Roman: Hello, Myrtle, this is Deb at Moline.\nDeWitte: Hi.\nRoman: Henry County called.\nDeWitte: Um hum.\nRoman: To tell me about a vehicle in the ditch.\nDeWitte: Okay.\nRoman: On Route 150.\nDeWitte: Uh huh.\nRoman: And it\u2019s right at the Rock Island County, Henry County line.\nDeWitte: Oh, heaven forbid they would handle it.\nRoman: Well, I know.\nDeWitte: Okay.\nRoman: They call us instead of calling you.\nDeWitte: (Laughter) Okay, what kind of vehicle, did they say?\nRoman: Uh, no they didn\u2019t know, this is a third party call.\nDeWitte: Okay.\nRoman: By some houses or something that, couple houses that have a bunch of junk in the yard.\nDeWitte: Oh, okay, we\u2019ll check on it.\nRoman: Ya, that\u2019ll, that\u2019ll narrow it.\nDeWitte: Ya, that\u2019ll get it for us.\nRoman: Ya.\nDeWitte: Okay, thanks.\u201d\nNone of the parties contacted responded to the scene on the day the calls were made. On that day, Doris Hays\u2019 family also notified Rock Island County that she was missing. Three days later, Hays\u2019 body was found lying outside her vehicle at the scene of the accident.\nOn March 3, 2003, plaintiff, Mary DeSmet, as personal representative of the estate of the decedent, Doris F. Hays, filed a 24-count complaint in the circuit court of Rock Island County naming as parties defendant: Rock Island County; Michael Grehan, the sheriff of Rock Island County; Myrtle DeWitte, a dispatcher for Rock Island County; Henry County; Gilbert Cady, the sheriff of Henry County; the Village of Orion; Lori Sampson, clerk of the Village of Orion; the City of Moline; the City of East Moline; the Moline-East Moline Dispatch Center; Debra Roman, dispatcher for the Dispatch Center; and Steven Etheridge, the police chief of the City of Moline. Plaintiff was subsequently granted leave to file an amended complaint. Defendants thereafter filed motions to dismiss plaintiffs amended complaint pursuant to section 2\u2014619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2\u2014619 (West 2002)), relying principally on section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)). Various defendants also relied on the public duty rule, as well as sections 2\u2014106, 2\u2014109, 2\u2014201, 2\u2014204, 2\u2014210, 2\u2014212, 3\u2014108, and 5\u2014101 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/2\u2014106, 2\u2014109, 2\u2014201, 2\u2014204, 2\u2014210, 2\u2014212, 3\u2014108, 5\u2014101 (West 2002)), and section 3.150 of the Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems Act. 210 ILCS 50/3.150 (West 2002).\nAt the hearing on the motions to dismiss, in response to certain arguments raised by defendants, the plaintiff suggested that the complaint \u201calleged facts sufficient to show willful and wanton conduct.\u201d When the circuit court observed that the complaint \u201cspecifically used the word \u2018negligence\u2019 \u201d and that it \u201clooks to be pled in negligence,\u201d counsel for plaintiff responded, \u201c[T]hat being noted, if this court was inclined to make a ruling today or in the future based on the words of negligence in there, we would ask to amend it to just change those words, even though the facts we think are sufficient.\u201d The circuit court agreed that point was \u201ceasily cured by amendment.\u201d However, the court was never presented with a written motion to amend, and it did not make a ruling on the plaintiffs offer to do so. The circuit court ultimately dismissed plaintiffs complaint with prejudice, ruling that section 4\u2014102 immunized all defendants.\nOn appeal, plaintiff contended that the circuit court erred in granting defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss, arguing that (1) the immunity provided by section 4\u2014102 of the Act was not available to the defendants; (2) the \u201cpublic duty rule\u201d does not apply to this case; and (3) the defendants voluntarily undertook a duty to help Hays when they each received telephone calls informing them of the accident and then forwarded this information to another party. The appellate court held that section 4\u2014102 immunity applied to all defendants. Consequently, the court determined there was no need to address plaintiff\u2019s other issues. No. 3\u201403\u20140964 (unpublished order under Supreme Court Rule 23).\nANALYSIS\nAt the outset, we note that immunity under the Tort Immunity Act is an affirmative matter properly raised in a section 2\u2014619 motion to dismiss. Governmental entities bear the burden of proving their immunity under the Act. Van Meter v. Darien Park District, 207 Ill. 2d 359, 370 (2003). When a court rules on a section 2\u2014619 motion to dismiss, it must interpret all pleadings and supporting documents in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Van Meter, 207 Ill. 2d at 367-68, quoting In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill. 2d 179, 189 (1997). Our review of a section 2\u2014619 dismissal is de novo. Van Meter, 207 Ill. 2d at 368.\nBefore this court, plaintiff presents three issues for our consideration, all of which concern the applicability of section 4\u2014102 of the Act. We set forth those issues precisely as plaintiff has phrased them: (1) whether a municipality that sends no assistance whatsoever in response to a request for help at an accident scene can claim the immunity provided by section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act for failure to provide adequate police or service; (2) whether a call placed for help at an accident scene automatically triggers a police search rather than a paramedic response, thus triggering the immunity of section 4\u2014102 for failure to provide adequate police services, or whether such a call instead simply triggers a duty to send rescue personnel, whose misconduct is not shielded by section 4\u2014102; and (3) whether Doe v. Calumet City\u2019s recognition of a willful and wanton exception to the immunity otherwise provided by section 4\u2014102 for injuries resulting from failure to provide adequate police service remains good law and applies in this instance. Additionally, in response to defendants\u2019 argument that they owed no duty to plaintiffs decedent because of the \u201cpublic duty rule,\u201d plaintiff argues, alternatively, that the rule is \u201can anachronism and should be abolished,\u201d or the \u201crule is actually an immunity provision.\u201d\nUnder the facts of this case, we hold that section 4\u2014102 of the Act provides immunity for defendants. Given that determination, we deem it unnecessary to clarify the nature and continued viability of the public duty rule in this context.\nIn Illinois, governmental entities were originally immune from tort liability under the doctrine of sovereign immunity. This court abolished sovereign immunity in 1959. See Molitor v. Kaneland Community Unit District No. 302, 18 Ill. 2d 11 (1959). In response to this court\u2019s decision in Molitor, the legislature enacted the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act in 1965. Zimmerman v. Village of Skokie, 183 Ill. 2d 30, 43 (1998); Barnett v. Zion Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 378, 386 (1996). As we noted in Village of Bloomingdale v. CDG Enterprises, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 484, 490 (2001), the purpose of the Act is to protect local public entities and public employees from liability arising from the operation of government. \u201c \u2018By providing immunity, the legislature sought to prevent the diversion of public funds from their intended purpose to the payment of damage claims.\u2019 \u201d Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490, quoting Bubb v. Springfield School District 186, 167 Ill. 2d 372, 378 (1995).\nThe ratification of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 validated both Molitor and the Tort Immunity Act. Harinek v. 161 North Clark Street Ltd. Partnership, 181 Ill. 2d 335, 344 (1998). As we observed in Harinek, article XIII, section 4, of the Illinois Constitution now makes the General Assembly the ultimate authority in determining whether local units of government are immune from liability. Harinek, 181 Ill. 2d at 344-45.\nSome decisions of this court have indicated that the \u201ccommon law public duty rule\u201d survived the abolition of sovereign immunity and the enactment of the Tort Immunity Act. See Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 44-45, citing approvingly Huey v. Town of Cicero, 41 Ill. 2d 361, 363 (1968) (\u201cIndependent of statutory or common-law concepts of sovereign immunity, the general rule is that a municipality or its employees is not hable for failure to supply general police or fire protection. [Citations.] This rule has been maintained in the face of decisions holding municipalities liable for affirmative negligent or wilful acts by their employees\u201d). In Zimmerman, this court explained the rule and its purpose:\n\u201cThe public duty rule establishes that \u2018a municipality or its employees is not liable for failure to supply general police or fire protection.\u2019 Huey v. Town of Cicero, 41 Ill. 2d 361, 363 (1968). The rationale behind the nonliability principle of the public duty rule is that a municipality\u2019s duty is to preserve the \u2018well-being of the community\u2019 and that such a duty is \u2018owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community.\u2019 Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987).\u201d Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 44.\nSchaffrath, cited approvingly in Zimmerman, provides additional insight into the rationale for the public duty rule as it pertains to police protection: \u201cThe duty of the police to preserve the well-being of the community is owed to the public at large rather than to specific members of the community. [Citation.] This rule rests upon public policy considerations that a police depart-merit\u2019s negligence, oversights, blunders or omissions are not the proximate or legal cause of harms committed by others. A general duty would put the police in the position of guaranteeing the personal safety of every member of the community.\u201d Schaffrath v. Village of Buffalo Grove, 160 Ill. App. 3d 999, 1003 (1987).\nAs noted, in addition to explaining the rule and its purpose, this court, in Zimmerman, also affirmed the continuing viability of the public duty rule:\n\u201cIn Huey, this court determined that the public duty rule remained viable, even after the passage of the Tort Immunity Act, on the basis that the rule existed \u2018[i]ndependent[ly] of statutory or common-law concepts of sovereign immunity.\u2019 Huey, 41 Ill. 2d at 363.\nThis court\u2019s holding in Huey that the public duty rule exists \u2018 [i] ndependent [ly] of statutory or common-law concepts of sovereign immunity\u2019 (emphasis added) (Huey, 41 Ill. 2d at 363) establishes that neither this court\u2019s decision in Molitor abolishing sovereign immunity, the General Assembly\u2019s passage of the Tort Immunity Act, nor the ratification of the 1970 Illinois Constitution altered the common law public duty rule that a governmental entity generally owes no duty to provide an individual citizen with specific municipal services.\u201d Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 45.\nFinally, this court, in Zimmerman, observed that \u201c \u2018the existence of a duty and the existence of an immunity are separate issues.\u2019 \u201d Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 45, quoting Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 388. In Zimmerman, this court stated, \u201c \u2018[u]nlike immunity, which protects a municipality from liability for breach of an otherwise enforceable duty to the plaintiff, the public duty rule asks whether there was any enforceable duty to the plaintiff in the first place.\u2019 \u201d Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 46, quoting 18 McQuillin on Municipal Corporations \u00a7 53.04.25, at 165 (3d rev. ed. 1993). Assuming the continued viability of the public duty rule, defendants in this case assert, inter alia, that they owed no duty to Hays, so the issue of immunity is never reached.\nWhile Zimmerman and subsequent cases continue to reference and apply the public duty rule in various contexts (see Sims-Hearn v. Office of the Medical Examiner, 359 Ill. App. 3d 439, 443-46 (2005); Alexander v. Consumers Illinois Water Co., 358 Ill. App. 3d 774 (2005)), in the context of police protection services, this court\u2019s comments lend support to plaintiff\u2019s contention that the public duty rule has been codified in section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act\u2014as an immunity. Indeed, this court apparently acknowledged as much in Aikens v. Morris, 145 Ill. 2d 273 (1991), when it referred to \u201cthe common law blanket immunity, codified in section 4\u2014102, which immunizes a municipality and its employees for the failure to provide police protection.\u201d Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 282 (\u201cSection 4\u2014102 immunity may apply in the context where police officers are simply \u2018providing [or failing to provide] police services\u2019 \u201d); see also Hernandez v. Kirksey, 306 Ill. App. 3d 912, 915 (1999) (section 4\u2014102 codifies the common law public duty rule). In Aikens, this court explained:\n\u201cWe note, *** in an effort to preserve the clarity of our jurisprudence, that section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act codifies the separate common law rule that municipalities or their employees are not liable for failure to supply police or fire protection. This long-standing rule survived Molitor. (See Huey v. Town of Cicero (1968), 41 Ill. 2d 361, 363.) Under the rule, a police department\u2019s duty to preserve the well-being of the community is owed to the public at large, rather than specific individuals. [Citations.] The duty is so limited because of strong public policy considerations which seek to avoid placing police departments in the untenable position of guaranteeing the personal safety of each individual in the community.\u201d Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 278 n.1.\nThis court\u2019s comments in Aikens suggest, as plaintiff argues, that the public duty rule, at least in this context, has been incorporated into the Tort Immunity Act as an \u201cimmunity.\u201d\nHowever, the current status of the public duty rule is not a point this court must resolve in this case because, even if these \u201c \u2018governmental units are liable in tort on the same basis as private tortfeasors\u2019 \u201d (Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490, quoting In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill. 2d at 192), we find that section 4\u2014102 immunity applies in any event. It is our prerogative to forgo the determination of issues unnecessary to the outcome of a case. See Calloway v. Kinkelaar, 168 Ill. 2d 312, 326-27 (1995) (acknowledging \u201cthe public duty doctrine, a common law immunity based on public policy,\u201d but declining to reach the issue of the rule\u2019s applicability); Lovgren v. Citizens First National Bank of Princeton, 126 Ill. 2d 411, 417-18 (1989); see also Sundance Homes, Inc. v. County of Du Page, 195 Ill. 2d 257, 288 (2001) (Freeman, J., specially concurring, joined by McMorrow, J.). As we may reject an ineffective assistance of counsel claim in a criminal case on the basis of lack of prejudice, assuming counsel\u2019s deficient performance, arguendo, for purposes of analytical expedience (see People v. Ceja, 204 Ill. 2d 332, 358 (2003)), so may we assume a defendant owes a duty, for the sake of analysis, in order to expedite the resolution of an immunity issue.\nWe now address the central issue presented by plaintiffs appeal, i.e., whether the circuit court erred in dismissing plaintiffs complaint with prejudice on the basis of section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act. Section 4\u2014102 provides in pertinent part:\n\u201cNeither a local public entity nor a public employee is liable for failure to establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service or, if police protection service is provided, for failure to provide adequate police protection or service *** .\u201d 745 ILCS 10/ 4\u2014102 (West 2002).\nWhen construing a statute, this court must, if possible, give effect to each paragraph, sentence, clause, and word. People v. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d 336, 350 (2001). A court should construe a statute, if possible, so that no term is rendered superfluous or meaningless. Maggette, 195 Ill. 2d at 350. In interpreting an immunity provision, our primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of the legislature. We seek that intent primarily from the language used in the Tort Immunity Act. Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 388. Where an enactment is clear and unambiguous, we are not at liberty to depart from the plain language and meaning of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations or conditions that the legislature did not express. Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 493, quoting Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill. 2d 178, 189 (1990). This court may not legislate, rewrite or extend legislation. If a statute, as enacted, seems to operate in certain cases unjustly or inappropriately, the appeal must be to the General Assembly, and not to this court. Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 494, quoting Michigan Avenue National Bank v. County of Cook, 191 Ill. 2d 493, 522 (2000).\nSection 4\u2014102, the immunity statute at issue, is couched in the disjunctive. The pertinent portion of the statute contains three clauses separated in two locations by the term \u201cor.\u201d The statute, by its terms, immunizes local public entities and public employees from liability for failure to (1) establish a police department or (2) otherwise provide police protection or (3) if police protection service is provided, for failure to provide adequate police protection service. While the wording and context of other less comprehensive provisions of the Tort Immunity Act might warrant a different interpretation (see American National Bank & Trust Co. v. City of Chicago, 192 Ill. 2d 274, 280-81 (2000) (interpreting section 5\u2014101 of the Act, which fails to address inadequate governmental protection)), if we were to interpret section 4\u2014102 in any other way than the tripartite manner indicated, we would be excising one of the three aforementioned clauses from the statute as written by the legislature. We do not possess that authority. Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 494.\nWe first address plaintiffs claim that section 4\u2014102 does not apply because \u201cthere was no particular need for police assistance.\u201d Plaintiff notes that the call for assistance did \u201cnot target any particular type of governmental agency\u201d and maintains that \u201cthe nature of the call suggests that at least one non-police agency would be an appropriate responder.\u201d Plaintiffs attempt to circumvent the application of section 4\u2014102 is unavailing.\nWe again examine the essential facts provided in plaintiffs complaint and response. One has to assume that Lori Sampson accurately conveyed the information given her by the anonymous caller, because there is nothing in the record to the contrary. Sampson told Christine Wrigley, the Henry County dispatcher, that someone had witnessed a vehicle go off Route 150 at a high rate of speed and, because of its speed upon departure from the road, the witness speculated that the vehicle must have wrecked. Sampson described the location with specificity and indicated that it was in Rock Island County. Wrigley, in turn, contacted Debra Roman at the Dispatch Center, informing her of the vehicle\u2019s location, but telling her only that there was a vehicle \u201cdown in the ditch.\u201d Wrigley did not mention the speed at which the vehicle was traveling when it left the roadway, and she did not convey any assumptions regarding an accident or injuries. It was that information which Roman passed on to Rock Island County\u2019s dispatcher, Myrtle DeWitte. Consequently, authorities in Rock Island County, the county in which accident actually occurred, knew only that there was \u201ca vehicle in the ditch.\u201d Thus, plaintiffs factual allegations, stripped of unsupported speculation, conclusions and characterizations, indicate that the defendants, collectively, failed to respond to an anonymous report of a possible accident or \u201cvehicle in the ditch.\u201d Nothing in the motorist\u2019s report confirmed that an accident had in fact occurred or that anyone was injured. Plaintiff bases her case upon this failure to respond to an anonymous, unconfirmed report of a possible accident.\nAppellate panels have held that \u201cpolice protection service\u201d under section 4\u2014102 is implicated where police are called upon to assist or locate motorists who have driven off the roadway. See McElmeel v. Village of Hoffman Estates, 359 Ill. App. 3d 824, 827-29 (2005); Kavanaugh v. Midwest Club, Inc., 164 Ill. App. 3d 213, 221 (1987). We agree with those decisions insofar as they hold that the assistance required in such situations falls within the statutory umbrella of \u201cpolice protection services.\u201d We therefore reject plaintiff\u2019s argument that the caller\u2019s report required an immediate emergency medical response. Until the police had determined that an accident had in fact occurred, and that there were injuries associated with the accident, an emergency medical response was not indicated. Consequently, section 4\u2014102 applies in the first instance, rather than some other statutory provision of the Tort Immunity Act.\nPlaintiff next contends \u201c[wjhere a municipality receives a call for emergency assistance but fails to respond, and that failure is the consequence of human error rather than any exercise of discretion, Section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act is not implicated.\u201d Plaintiff suggests that the \u201clegislature did not intend to shield municipalities from liability caused by a complete and inexcusable failure to act.\u201d She argues: \u201c[Tjhere was no failure to provide adequate police service, the conduct that 4\u2014102 addresses. Instead, there was a complete absence of any police service, and 4\u2014102 does not address that situation.\u201d (Emphases in original.)\nIn passing, we note that plaintiff\u2019s reference to \u201chuman error\u201d suggests an assertion of negligence (see Jolley v. Consolidated R. Corp., 167 Ill. App. 3d 1002, 1008 (1988) (equating \u201chuman error\u201d with \u201cnegligence\u201d)), as opposed to the \u201cutter indifference to or conscious disregard for the welfare\u201d of another that are the hallmarks of willful and wanton conduct. See Doe v. Chicago Board of Education, 213 Ill. 2d 19, 28 (2004). Plaintiffs attribution of defendants\u2019 failure to respond to \u201chuman error\u201d is consistent with the allegations of \u201cnegligence\u201d in her complaint. Notwithstanding this characterization, for purposes of analysis, we will treat the complaint as if it alleged either negligence or willful and wanton conduct. As we will explain hereafter, it was properly dismissed in either event.\nFirst, we reject plaintiff\u2019s attempt to equate the failure to \u201crespond\u201d to the report in this case with a failure to provide \u201cany police service\u201d for purposes of section 4\u2014102. Although section 4\u2014102 of the Act does immunize a local public entity for its \u201cfailure to establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service\u201d (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)), that portion of the statute is not at issue here because the record in this case clearly shows that these governmental defendants rendered police protection service to the general public via their dispatch centers. The dispatch services simply proved inadequate in this instance insofar as they failed to deliver personalized police services to the scene in a timely manner. The allegations of plaintiffs complaint bear this out.\nPlaintiff alleges that the defendants \u201c[flailed to train and supervise *** employees\u201d and \u201cfailed to have in force procedures which would ensure that all emergency calls for assistance are responded to in a timely fashion.\u201d Those allegations implicate the structural adequacy of police protection services that defendants provided to the general public. In essence, plaintiff alleges that those inadequacies resulted in a failure \u201cto obtain sufficient information concerning decedent\u2019s motor vehicle accident,\u201d a failure \u201cto timely dispatch appropriate law enforcement personnel,\u201d and a failure \u201cto timely dispatch emergency medical personnel.\u201d Thus, plaintiffs allegations implicate the adequacy of services provided to the general public\u2014services that are intended to determine whether and when police officers will be dispatched into the community in response to specific calls for assistance. As we will explain hereafter, when officers do respond to the scene of a call for assistance, different rules of immunity may apply; however, section 4\u2014102 governs in the circumstances before us.\nMoreover, since section 4\u2014102 contains no exception for willful and wanton misconduct, that section would immunize defendants even if we were to accept plaintiffs argument that the facts alleged in her complaint support that characterization. As we noted in Village of Bloomingdale, and our prior decisions discussed therein, when the legislature intends to limit an immunity provision to cover only negligence and not willful and wanton misconduct, it has \u201c \u2018unambiguously done so.\u2019 \u201d Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 491, quoting Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 391. When the plain language of an immunity provision in the Tort Immunity Act contains no exception for willful and wanton misconduct, we have reasoned that the legislature \u201c \u2018intended to immunize liability for both negligence and willful and wanton misconduct.\u2019 \u201d Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 491, quoting Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 391-92. This court applied that reasoning in Harinek and Chicago Flood Litigation to hold that section 2\u2014201 of the Tort Immunity Act immunized defendants against allegations of willful and wanton misconduct. Harinek, 181 Ill. 2d at 347; In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill.2d at 196. Identical reasoning was utilized in Henrich v. Libertyville High School, 186 Ill. 2d 381, 395 (1998), and Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 391-92, en route to holdings that the version of section 3\u2014108 then in effect afforded \u201cfull immunity.\u201d Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 393. The analysis employed in those decisions compels the same conclusion in this case.\nSection 4\u2014102 of the Act is comprehensive in the breadth of its reach, addressing situations where no police protection is provided to the general public and those in which inadequate protection is provided. Moreover, section 4\u2014102 contains no exception for willful and wanton misconduct. We hold, given the facts of this case, that section 4\u2014102 immunizes defendants against both negligence and willful and wanton misconduct.\nPlaintiff, however, submits that this court, in Doe v. Calumet City, 161 Ill. 2d 374 (1994), recognized a willful and wanton exception to the immunity otherwise provided by section 4\u2014102, and she suggests that the exception applies to the facts of this case. To the extent that Doe still represents good law, we hold it is inapplicable under these circumstances, where the police failed to respond to the scene of a possible accident. Since this court\u2019s decision in Doe cannot be properly understood without reference to the outrageous conduct alleged of the supervising police officer in that case, we set forth the facts at some length.\nJane Doe and her two children, Betty and John, were the victims of a home invasion accompanied by violent assaults. The intruder, Valentine, first sexually assaulted Jane and threatened to kill her. Jane subsequently escaped from her apartment and struggled with Valentine on the stairwell of her building. During the course of that struggle, Valentine beat Jane and again threatened to kill her. Valentine eventually left Jane on the stairwell, reentered her apartment\u2014where Jane\u2019s children were still located\u2014and locked the door behind him. Jane, clothed only in undergarments, then left the building screaming. Several neighbors heard the screams and dialed 911. Officer Horka was one of several officers to arrive at the scene, and he assumed a supervisory role.\nOfficer Horka asked Jane what had happened. Jane told him that there was a man in her apartment, and that the man had tried to rape her and had threatened to kill her and her children. Jane also told Horka that her children were still in the apartment and she feared for their safety. Jane pleaded with Horka to break down the door and rescue her children. Several neighbors also pleaded with the officers to break down the door. However, Officer Horka declined to break down the door, stating that he did not want to be responsible for the property damage. Jane repeatedly stated that she would pay for any damage and screamed that she herself would save her children. When Jane attempted to rescue her children, several defendant police officers ordered her to stay put and then physically restrained her. The complaint subsequently filed by Jane and her children alleged that the defendant police officers also prevented neighbors from breaking down the door.\nThe complaint further alleged that Horka delayed outside the apartment, questioning Jane in an accusatory and rude manner, attempting to obtain a key from the landlord, and attempting to gain entry to the front door of the apartment by ringing the doorbell. The complaint alleged that Horka and another officer walked around the apartment building, checking Jane\u2019s windows and rear door, but they did not gain entry at those locations. Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint claimed the rear balcony sliding glass doors, 12 feet above ground level, were unlocked and ajar, and that the rear door of the building and the back door to Jane\u2019s apartment were also unlocked.\nAccording to the complaint, Officer Horka spoke by radio to his supervisor, Sergeant Targonski, who directed Horka to break down the door. Several paramedics arrived and told the officers that a \u201clock pick,\u201d a locksmith, and a ladder were available for gaining entry into the apartment. However, Officer Horka, and other officers at the scene, still did not attempt to gain entry into Jane\u2019s apartment. Finally, Investigator Miller of the Calumet City police department arrived at the scene, interviewed Jane, and, accompanied by several officers, entered the apartment through the rear door of the building and the back door of the apartment, which were unlocked. When the officers entered the apartment, they found Valentine raping Betty. From the time the officers arrived until Investigator Miller interceded, Valentine had repeatedly raped Betty and forced her to perform deviate sexual acts. Also during this time, Valentine had choked and threatened John. See Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 381-83.\nAs this court noted in Doe, from those facts, \u201cplaintiffs\u2019 complaint framed three theories for transferring the cost of their injuries to the defendant police officers and their respective municipalities. Betty and John brought a negligence count alleging the special duty exception to defendants\u2019 statutory immunity. In addition, the negligence count also alleged willful and wanton misconduct. Jane brought a count alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress.\u201d Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 383-84. Pertinent to our present inquiry, the circuit court granted defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss the negligence and willful and wanton misconduct counts for failure to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 380.\nThis court agreed that the negligence count was properly dismissed because plaintiffs had not established all of the necessary elements for application of the special duty doctrine. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 387. In the course of that portion of the court\u2019s analysis, this court engaged in a cursory discussion of sections 4\u2014102 and 4\u2014107 of the Tort Immunity Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 85, pars. 4\u2014102, 4\u2014107), and thereafter concluded that \u201c[a]n exception to both the common law public duty rule and the statutory immunities has evolved where the actions of the municipality\u2019s agent showed a special relationship with the plaintiff that created a duty different from the duty owed to the general public.\u201d Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 385-86. This court, in Doe, thus held that the \u201cspecial duty doctrine,\u201d a judicially created exception to the judicially created public duty rule, could be used to override both the public duty rule and any applicable statutory immunities.\nTo the extent that Doe held the special duty doctrine could override statutory immunities, that portion of the decision was overruled by this court, sub silentio, in Zimmerman. Zimmerman, 183 Ill. 2d at 46-50 (\u201cBecause the special duty doctrine is a judicially created exception to the public duty rule, the special duty doctrine cannot, and was not intended to, contravene the immunities provided to governmental entities under the Tort Immunity Act. Such operation constitutes a violation of the Illinois Constitution\u2019s provisions governing sovereign immunity (Ill. Const. 1970, art. XIII, \u00a7 4) as well as the separation of powers (Ill. Const. 1970, art. II, \u00a7 1)\u201d).\nThis court in Doe also held that the allegations of willful and wanton misconduct in plaintiffs\u2019 complaint stated a cognizable claim against one of the police officers involved, Officer Horka, pursuant to section 2\u2014202 of the Tort Immunity Act. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 388-90. Section 2\u2014202 of the Act provides that \u201c[a] public employee is not liable for his act or omission in the execution or enforcement of any law unless such act or omission constitutes willful and wanton conduct.\u201d 745 ILCS 10/ 2\u2014202 (West 2002). This court\u2019s decision in Doe suggests\u2014without ever stating\u2014that Officer Horka, the supervising officer in control of the crime scene, was engaged in the \u201cexecution or enforcement\u201d of the law for purposes of section 2\u2014202. In concluding that \u201cplaintiffs\u2019 complaint presented a jury question as to whether Officer Horka\u2019s conduct was willful and wanton,\u201d this court emphasized the following:\n\u201cThe complaint repeatedly states that Officer Horka was the officer in control at the scene. Plaintiffs\u2019 complaint alleges that Officer Horka was aware of the facts surrounding the intrusion into plaintiffs\u2019 home, including the assault of Jane and the presence of the intruder in the plaintiffs\u2019 home with Betty and John. *** A rational trier of fact could find that Officer Horka\u2019s conduct showed an \u2018utter indifference or conscious disregard for the safety of Betty and John.\u201d Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 390-91.\nHowever, this court held that \u201c[t]he allegations in the complaint [were] insufficient to create a jury question regarding the willful and wanton nature of the conduct of\u201d other officers named in the complaint, who had also responded to scene and were also aware of the facts surrounding the ongoing criminal action. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 391. This court found the distinguishing factor to be the control that Horka exercised over the crime scene and over other officers who responded to the scene. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 390-91. See also Calloway v. Kinkelaar, 168 Ill. 2d 312, 323 (1995) (acknowledging the significance of the element of control in Doe: \u201cThis officer [Horka] physically restrained the mother and neighbors from trying to break in to save the minor girl, who was being repeatedly raped by the assailant, and the young boy, who was being choked and threatened\u201d).\nWhat emerges from this court\u2019s decision in Doe is a fact-specific application of section 2\u2014202 that bears some striking similarities to an application of the special duty exception to the public duty rule. The special duty exception to the public duty rule requires that (1) the municipality must be uniquely aware of the particular danger or risk to which plaintiff is exposed; (2) there must be specific acts or omissions on the part of the municipality; (3) the specific acts must be affirmative or willful in nature; and (4) the injury must occur while the plaintiff is under the direct and immediate control of municipal employees or agents. Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 386. Although this court found that \u201cthe police did not owe plaintiffs a special duty different from the duty owed the general public\u201d because plaintiffs\u2019 complaint did \u201cnot allege sufficient facts to show that Betty and John were under the direct and immediate control of defendants\u201d (Doe, 161 Ill. 2d at 387), the court held that Officer Horka\u2019s control of the crime scene was sufficient, considering all the attendant circumstances, to allege a cause of action based upon willful and wanton misconduct under section 2\u2014202. We note that Horka not only exercised control over the crime scene, but also, according to the complaint, stopped others from entering the apartment to rescue the children.\nOur review of Doe\u2019s application of section 2\u2014202 reveals three elements of importance which distinguish Doe from the case now before us. First, and most obvious, in Doe, Officer Horka actually responded to the scene and, second, he was, at least ostensibly, engaged in \u201cthe execution or enforcement\u201d of the law when he assumed a supervisory role over the investigation and law enforcement activities at the scene. As plaintiff acknowledges, the police in this case did not respond at all. Even if they had, they would have been providing service in the nature of a community caretaking function, not \u201cenforcing or executing\u201d the law, as this court has heretofore interpreted that phrase. As we stated in Aikens, \u201cSection 4\u2014102 immunity may apply in the context where police officers are simply \u2018providing [or failing to provide] police services,\u2019 but section 2\u2014202 immunity requires more particular circumstances for its application, i.e., an act or a course of conduct \u2018in the execution or enforcement\u2019 of law.\u201d Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 282. The policy considerations that support the \u201ccommon law blanket immunity, codified in section 4\u2014102,\u201d are \u201cdifferent policy considerations\u201d from those underlying section 2\u2014202 of the Act. Aikens, 145 Ill. 2d at 282-83. The third element of importance in Doe\u2014the assertion of control at the scene\u2014may help to explain why there are different policy considerations underlying the two immunity provisions. When an officer does respond to a call, be it a report of a crime in progress, as in Doe, or a multivehicle traffic accident requiring \u201cenforcement of the traffic laws,\u201d as in Fitzpatrick v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 211 (1986), he or she exercises a degree of control over the situation and may well alter the circumstances at the scene for better\u2014or worse. The legislature obviously intended to immunize an officer from his negligence in that circumstance, but section 2\u2014202 expresses a policy determination that the officer should not be afforded immunity for acts of willful and wanton misconduct. Where no officers respond to the scene\u2014whether it is because no police protection services are provided or because the services provided prove to be inadequate\u2014the status quo ante is at least not altered to the detriment of those present. We believe that to be the reasoning behind the legislature\u2019s enactment of section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act.\nIn sum, we hold that the plain language of section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act immunizes defendants under the facts of this case. Section 2\u2014202 does not apply in this instance as an exception to section 4\u2014102 immunity because defendants were not executing or enforcing the law and they did not exercise control over Hays. Although we recognize that there may be additional exceptions to the application of section 4\u2014102 where a legislative enactment identifies a specially protected class of individuals to whom statutorily mandated duties are owed (see Moore v. Green, 219 Ill. 2d 470, 487-91 (2006); Calloway, 168 Ill. 2d at 323-24 (discussing the statutorily mandated duties owed to the class of individuals protected by the Illinois Domestic Violence Act of 1986 (750 ILCS 60/101 et seq. (West 2002))), we do not encounter such a scenario here. Although we firmly believe that citizens have a right to expect the police to respond in a situation like this, the issue here is whether section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act immunizes the defendants from liability and the consequent payment of public funds in satisfaction of an individual\u2019s damage claims. See Village of Bloomingdale, 196 Ill. 2d at 490 (\u201c \u2018By providing immunity, the legislature sought to prevent the diversion of public funds from their intended purpose to the payment of damage claims.\u2019 \u201d), quoting Bubb, 167 Ill. 2d at 378. Section 4\u2014102 immunity applies in this case.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the appellate court.\nAffirmed.\nFor purposes of clarification, we note that the facts set forth herein are taken from plaintiff\u2019s first amended complaint and a transcript of interagency calls published in a newspaper article that plaintiff attached as an exhibit to her response to defendants\u2019 motions to dismiss. The article itself acknowledges that the \u201ctranscript does not precisely reflect the audio-taped version of the calls.\u201d One of the defendants, in reply to plaintiffs response, refused to concede the accuracy of the transcript, and another argued that the exhibit should be stricken; however, both stated they were willing to assume its accuracy for purposes of the motions to dismiss. We will do so as well.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE KARMEIER" }, { "text": "JUSTICE McMORROW,\ndissenting:\nAt issue in this appeal is whether defendants in this action\u2014various counties and municipalities, as well as their agents and employees\u2014under the facts presented, are absolutely immune from liability based upon section 4\u2014102 of the Local Governmental and Governmental Employees Tort Immunity Act (Tort Immunity Act) (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)). The majority answers this question in the affirmative, holding that a complaint alleging either negligence or willful and wanton misconduct on the part of defendants is properly dismissed pursuant to this statutory provision.\nPertinent to the instant cause, section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act provides:\n\u201cNeither a local public entity nor a public employee is liable for failure to establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service or, if police protection service is provided, for failure to provide adequate police protection or service ***.\u201d 745 ILCS 10/ 4\u2014102 (West 2002).\nThe majority affirms the circuit court\u2019s dismissal of plaintiff\u2019s complaint on the basis that defendants are completely immunized from plaintiff\u2019s claims pursuant to section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)). The majority arrives at this conclusion based on a rationale first employed by this court in Barnett v. Zion Park District, 171 Ill. 2d 378 (1996). In Barnett, this court held that section 3\u2014108(a) of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/3\u2014108(a) (West 1992)) cloaked the defendant park district with absolute immunity against allegations that lifeguards at the defendant\u2019s swimming pool knowingly and willfully ignored pleas to save a drowning minor, thereby causing the minor\u2019s death. The Barnett majority reasoned that the absence of an explicit exception for willful and wanton misconduct in section 3\u2014108(a) of the Act meant that \u201cthe legislature must have intended to immunize liability for both negligence and willful and wanton misconduct.\u201d Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 391-92. In the course of my dissent from the majority\u2019s holding in Barnett, I observed that there \u201care strong reasons why the policies underlying grants of immunity for simple negligence should not be impliedly expanded to reach willful and wanton or intentional misconduct.\u201d Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 403 (McMorrow, J., dissenting).\nMore specifically, I explained in Barnett that \u201cthe general rationale for granting public entities the protection of immunities not enjoyed by private entities is the significant expense and burdens placed upon the government\u201d when negligence on the part of local public entities or officials carrying out their government duties results in injuries to the public and such negligence lawsuits \u201care permitted to flourish unchecked.\u201d Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 403-04 (McMorrow, J., dissenting). It was my view, however, that the \u201crationale underlying a grant of immunity for simple negligence is different in kind from any justification for immunizing tortious conduct that is intentionally harmful or willful and wanton,\u201d and if the legislature actually intended to bestow absolute immunity for willful and wanton misconduct, the immunity statute should positively and unequivocally state such an intention. Barnett, 171 Ill. 2d at 404 (McMorrow, J., dissenting).\nSince Barnett, I have adhered to my belief that the policies underlying grants of immunity for simple negligence are distinguishable from any justification for blanketing deliberate governmental misconduct with immunity. See In re Chicago Flood Litigation, 176 Ill. 2d 179, 213-14 (1997) (McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Harinek v. 161 North Clark Street Ltd. Partnership, 181 Ill. 2d 335, 354 (1998) (McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Henrich v. Libertyville High School, 186 Ill. 2d 381, 401-02 (1998) (McMorrow, J., dissenting); Village of Bloomingdale v. CDG Enterprises, Inc., 196 Ill. 2d 484, 501-10 (2001) (McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Arteman v. Clinton Community Unit School District No. 15, 198 Ill. 2d 475, 488-90 (2002) (McMorrow, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part); Moore v. Green, 219 Ill. 2d 470, 491-96 (2006) (McMorrow, J., specially concurring). I note that my conclusion in Barnett that the legislature did not intend to immunize willful and wanton misconduct in the immunity provisions of section 3\u2014108 was validated when the General Assembly passed Public Act 90\u2014805 (Pub. Act 90\u2014805, eff. December 2, 1998), which amended section 3\u2014108 to exclude willful and wanton conduct from the immunity granted by the statute. My conviction remains unwaivering that deliberate acts of governmental misconduct are not protected under the Tort Immunity Act by provisions which remain silent with respect to an express exemption for such intentional harmful acts.\nIn the matter at bar, the majority, based upon the Barnett rationale, interprets section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/4\u2014102 (West 2002)) as affording a local governmental entity and its employees absolute immunity against liability for any injury caused to a citizen as a result of the entity\u2019s \u201cfailure to establish a police department or otherwise provide police protection service or if police protection service is provided, for failure to provide adequate police protection or service,\u201d even if such injury results from intentional and knowing misconduct on the part of defendants. The majority arrives at this result on the basis that section 4\u2014102 does not contain an express exemption for willful and wanton misconduct. The majority, however, does recognize that there may be limited exceptions to the application of the blanket immunity it finds exists in section 4\u2014102 in those instances \u201cwhere a legislative enactment identifies a specially protected class of individuals to whom statutorily mandated duties are owed.\u201d 219 Ill. 2d at 521. This limited exception, however, does not ameliorate the harshness of the majority\u2019s holding which will, in most instances, insulate government entities and employees from liability for intentional misconduct.\nThe majority states that although it \u201cfirmly believe[s] that citizens have a right to expect the police to respond in a situation like this, the issue here is whether section 4\u2014102 of the Tort Immunity Act immunizes the defendants from liability and the consequent payment of public funds in satisfaction of an individual\u2019s damage claims.\u201d 219 Ill. 2d at 522. It is my view that blanket immunity should not be afforded to acts performed by local governmental entities or government officials in bad faith, especially where the provision of life-and-death police protection services are at issue. It is evident to me that the blanket, unlimited immunity bestowed upon defendants in this case is unnecessary to protect public entities from liability arising from \u201cthe operation of government,\u201d which is the stated purpose of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/1 \u2014 101.1 (West 2002)). Construing section 4 \u2014 102 of the Act to immunize only negligent conduct would completely fulfill this legislative objective.\nAccordingly, I respectfully dissent from the majority\u2019s conclusion that intentional misconduct by a local public entity or employee is shielded by the provisions contained within section 4 \u2014 102 of the Tort Immunity Act (745 ILCS 10/4 \u2014 102 (West 2002)). I continue to adhere to the view that where the Tort Immunity Act is silent on the question of whether intentional government misconduct is exempt from immunity, it should not be concluded that such silence translates into a positive intent on the part of the General Assembly to cloak local governmental entities and their employees with unconditional immunity.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE McMORROW," } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael W. Rathsack, of Chicago (Steven K. Jambois, of counsel), for appellant.", "Robert J. Noe, of Bozeman, Neighbour, Patton & Noe, L.L.E, of Moline (Heather G. Rouleau, of counsel), for appellees County of Rock Island et al.", "Clifford G. Kosoff and Jane M. May, of O\u2019Halloran, Kosoff, Geitner & Cook, EC., of Northbrook, for appellees County of Henry, Illinois, et al.", "Peter R. Jennetten, of Quinn, Johnston, Henderson & Pretorius, of Peoria, for appellees City of Moline, Illinois, et al.", "John E Fleming and Shelley McCormick, of Fleming & Umland, of Peoria, for appellees Village of Orion and Lori Sampson.", "Greg G. Chickris, of East Moline, for appellee City of East Moline." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 100261\nMARY L. DeSMET, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Doris F. Hays, Deceased, Appellant, v. THE COUNTY OF ROCK ISLAND, Illinois, et al., Appellees.\nOpinion filed April 20, 2006.\nMichael W. Rathsack, of Chicago (Steven K. Jambois, of counsel), for appellant.\nRobert J. Noe, of Bozeman, Neighbour, Patton & Noe, L.L.E, of Moline (Heather G. Rouleau, of counsel), for appellees County of Rock Island et al.\nClifford G. Kosoff and Jane M. May, of O\u2019Halloran, Kosoff, Geitner & Cook, EC., of Northbrook, for appellees County of Henry, Illinois, et al.\nPeter R. Jennetten, of Quinn, Johnston, Henderson & Pretorius, of Peoria, for appellees City of Moline, Illinois, et al.\nJohn E Fleming and Shelley McCormick, of Fleming & Umland, of Peoria, for appellees Village of Orion and Lori Sampson.\nGreg G. Chickris, of East Moline, for appellee City of East Moline." }, "file_name": "0497-01", "first_page_order": 507, "last_page_order": 536 }