{ "id": 3607057, "name": "READONIA BRYANT, Appellant, vs. THE BOARD OF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Bryant v. Board of Election Commissioners", "decision_date": "2007-02-23", "docket_number": "No. 104105; No. 07 COEL 00005", "first_page": "473", "last_page": "480", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "224 Ill. 2d 473" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "354 Ill. App. 3d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3216802 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "340" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/354/0335-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 Ill. 2d 262", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 864528 ], "year": 1998, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "278" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/182/0262-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 Ill. App. 3d 249", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2529961 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "257" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/5/0249-01" ] }, { "cite": "216 Ill. 2d 547", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3828058 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "553-54" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/216/0547-01" ] }, { "cite": "366 Ill. App. 3d 993", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4265447 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "998" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/366/0993-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ill. 2d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5461527 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "27", "parenthetical": "courts have an independent duty to vacate void orders and may sua sponte declare an order void" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/209/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 Ill. 2d 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3607155 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "178" }, { "page": "178" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/224/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "363 Ill. App. 3d 719", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5766353 ], "year": 2006, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/363/0719-01" ] }, { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 3d 382", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3149482 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/91/0382-01" ] }, { "cite": "123 Ill. 2d 113", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550782 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "128" }, { "page": "129" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/123/0113-01" ] }, { "cite": "139 Ill. 2d 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5574231 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "489-90" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/139/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "196 Ill. 2d 510", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 351222 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "513" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/196/0510-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 643, "char_count": 14160, "ocr_confidence": 0.785, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0583279559827346e-07, "percentile": 0.5559154220960373 }, "sha256": "7168f13bbce8a61629d7385a2738646a0b075a4e6aa26c468f5ae503ddfb01ca", "simhash": "1:ecf7f7f82e8b0536", "word_count": 2341 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:42:05.779579+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "READONIA BRYANT, Appellant, vs. THE BOARD OF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "ORDER\nAppellant, Readonia Bryant, has appealed directly to our court pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 302(a)(1) (210 Ill. 2d R. 302(a)(1)) from a judgment of the circuit court of Cook County which affirmed, on administrative review, an order of the board of election commissioners of the City of Chicago (the Election Board) rejecting his challenge to nomination papers filed by Virgil Jones for election to the office of aldmerman for the 15th Ward of the City of Chicago in the February 27, 2007, municipal election. The Attorney General of the State of Illinois has been granted leave to intervene as an additional appellant. Because the election to which this challenge pertains is imminent, we allowed a motion by appellant for expedited briefing and determined, on our own motion, that the matter would be submitted and decided without oral argument.\nThe court has now had the opportunity to read the parties\u2019 briefs and review the record of the proceedings below. Based on the record, the applicable statutes and rules of court and the arguments of the parties, the court has determined that this litigation is properly disposed of through supervisory order rather than a direct appeal to our court. For the reasons that follow, we shall therefore dismiss the appeal. In the exercise of our supervisory authority, the judgment of the circuit court shall be vacated and the cause shall be remanded to the circuit court with instructions to enter judgment vacating the Election Board\u2019s decision and directing it to: (1) declare that Jones is ineligible to run for the office of alderman pursuant to section 3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) (West 2004)), (2) reject his nomination papers, and (3) remove his name from the ballot for the upcoming election. The court\u2019s judgment shall further provide that if removal of Jones\u2019 name from the ballot cannot be accomplished prior to election day, the Election Board shall disregard any votes cast for him in determining the winner of the election.\nBackground and Analysis\nVirgil E. Jones is a former Chicago alderman. In January of 1999, he was convicted in federal court of various felonies arising out of misconduct in office and sentenced to 41 months in prison followed by 2 years of supervised release. Section 3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) of the Municipal Code expressly provides that a person who \u201chas been convicted in any court located in the United States of any infamous crime, bribery, perjury, or other felony\u201d is \u201cnot eligible for an elective municipal office.\u201d 65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u20145 (West 2004). This bar is not necessarily permanent. Under the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/1 \u2014 1 et seq. (West 2004)), convicted felons may recover their right to run for office through \u201cthe terms of a pardon for the offense or otherwise according to law.\u201d 10 ILCS 5/29 \u2014 15 (West 2004). Although Jones has completed his sentence, there is no dispute that he has received no pardon nor otherwise had his right to hold office restored. Jones is therefore ineligible to hold elective municipal office in this state.\nDespite his lack of eligibility, Jones filed nomination papers to run for the office of alderman for the 15th Ward of the City of Chicago, an \u201celective municipal office\u201d within the meaning of the prohibition contained in section 3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u20145 (b) (West 2004)). As noted at the outset of this order, Jones\u2019 nomination papers were duly challenged by Readonia Bryant. Bryant\u2019s challenge, which was timely and procedurally proper, was assigned by the Election Board to a hearing examiner, who issued findings of fact and conclusions of law. Based on the evidence presented, arguments of counsel and the applicable law, the hearing examiner concluded that because Jones was a convicted felon whose right to hold municipal office had not been restored, he was ineligible to hold elective municipal office, including the office of alderman in the City of Chicago. The hearing examiner therefore recommended to the Election Board that the objections to Jones\u2019 nomination papers be sustained and that Jones\u2019 name not appear on the ballot for election to the office of alderman at the upcoming municipal election to be held February 27, 2007.\nThe Election Board rejected the hearing examiner\u2019s recommendation. Based on its analysis of various court cases, the Election Board concluded that section 3.1\u2014 10 \u2014 5(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) (West 2004)) is \u201cunconstitutional and unenforceable as a violation of equal protection.\u201d It therefore overruled Bryant\u2019s objection to Jones\u2019 nomination papers, concluded that those papers were valid, and ordered that Jones\u2019 name be printed on the ballot as a candidate for aider-man for Chicago\u2019s 15th Ward.\nAs a creature of statute, the Election Board possesses only those powers conferred upon it by law. Any power or authority it exercises must find its source within the law pursuant to which it was created. Under section 10 \u2014 10 of the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/10 \u2014 10 (West 2004)), an election board\u2019s scope of inquiry with respect to objections to nomination papers is limited to ascertaining whether those papers comply with the provisions of the Election Code governing such papers. See Nader v. Illinois State Board of Elections, 354 Ill. App. 3d 335, 340 (2004). Administrative agencies such as the Election Board have no authority to declare a statute unconstitutional or even to question its validity. Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline Co. v. McGaw, 182 Ill. 2d 262, 278 (1998); see Wiseman v. Elward, 5 Ill. App. 3d 249, 257 (1972). In ruling as it did, the Election Board therefore clearly exceeded its authority.\nAny action or decision taken by an administrative agency in excess of or contrary to its authority is void. Alvarado v. Industrial Comm\u2019n, 216 Ill. 2d 547, 553-54 (2005) ; see Citizens to Elect Jacqueline Y. Collins v. Illinois State Board of Elections, 366 Ill. App. 3d 993, 998 (2006). Because the constitutionality of section 3.1 \u2014 10\u2014 5(b) of the Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) (West 2004)) was the sole basis for the Election Board\u2019s determination that Jones was eligible to hold office as a Chicago alderman notwithstanding that he had never been pardoned for his felony convictions, and because the Board\u2019s ruling on the constitutionality of the law is void and therefore a nullity, the Election Board\u2019s rejection of Bryant\u2019s challenge to Jones\u2019 nomination papers has no lawful basis.\nBryant promptly filed a complaint in the circuit court of Cook County pursuant to the Administrative Review Law (735 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 101 et seq. (West 2004)) to obtain judicial review of the Election Board\u2019s decision. That complaint directly challenged the Election Board\u2019s authority to assess the constitutionality of state statutes. Because the Election Board\u2019s decision was premised exclusively on a legal determination it had no authority to make and directly contravened provisions of the municipal and election codes which the Election Board was required to follow, the circuit court should have vacated the Board\u2019s decision and remanded with instructions for it to resolve Bryant\u2019s challenge to Jones\u2019 candidacy in accordance with the governing statutory requirements. Indeed, under established principles of Illinois law, the court had a duty to take such action. See People v. Thompson, 209 Ill. 2d 19, 27 (2004) (courts have an independent duty to vacate void orders and may sua sponte declare an order void). Had the court done that here, it would have had no need to address the merits of the Election Board\u2019s constitutional analysis. Without a ruling on the constitutionality of the statute, there would, in turn, have been no basis for seeking direct review by our court under Rule 302(a).\nThe circuit court\u2019s resolution of this case is fatally infirm for two additional reasons. First, where, as here, a circuit court can decide a case without reaching the constitutionality of a statute, it is required to do so. Constitutional questions should only be reached as a last resort. In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d 172, 178 (2006). So important is this principle that before a circuit court takes the extraordinary step of declaring legislation unconstitutional, our rules now require that the circuit court state in writing that the finding of unconstitutionality is necessary to the decision or judgment rendered and that such decision or judgment cannot rest upon an alternate ground. 210 Ill. 2d R. 18(c)(4). A circuit court judgment which fails to adhere to this requirement may be summarily vacated and remanded. In re E.H., 224 Ill. 2d at 178. This is such a case. In affirming the Electoral Board\u2019s decision, the circuit court purported to comply with the formalities of Supreme Court Rule 18, but did not properly implement the substantive principles underlying that rule. The nonconstitutional flaw in the Election Board\u2019s decision, which would have been dispositive of the litigation, went unmentioned.\nSecond, even if the circuit court had some justification for reaching the constitutionality of section 3.1\u2014 10 \u2014 5(b) of the Municipal Code, it had no proper basis for holding that the statute violates the equal protection guarantees of the United States and Illinois Constitutions. To the contrary, the circuit court was able to find the law unconstitutional only by rejecting the appellate court\u2019s decision in People v. Hofer, 363 Ill. App. 3d 719 (2006). This it was not permitted to do. Hofer specifically considered and specifically rejected the identical equal protection challenge to section 3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) of the Municipal Code at issue in this case. No other decision by the appellate court or this court conflicts with that precedent.\nColes v. Ryan, 91 Ill. App. 3d 382 (1980), an older decision from the Second District, has been cited as justification for the circuit court\u2019s rejection of Hofer. That opinion, however, did not involve section 3.1 \u2014 10\u2014 5(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u2014 5(b) (West 2004)), the statute at issue in this case and upheld by Hofer. Morever, in marked contrast to Hofer, the State in Coles suggested no rational basis on which the law challenged in that case could be defended against an equal protection challenge. Coles was therefore clearly distinguishable, as the court in Hofer unanimously recognized. The appellate court\u2019s ruling in Hofer that Coles was not dispositive of the constitutionality of section 3.1 \u2014 10\u20145(b) was controlling on the circuit court, just as any other aspect of an appellate court\u2019s ruling would be.\nAlthough Hofer was decided by a panel of the appellate court from the Fifth District, not the First District, where the circuit court of Cook County is located, that is of no consequence. Nearly two decades ago, we recognized that it is \u201cfundamental in Illinois that the decisions of an appellate court are binding precedent on all circuit courts regardless of locale.\u201d People v. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d 113, 128 (1988). The notion that circuit courts are bound only by the appellate court decisions from their own district is a relic of the pre-1964 Illinois Constitution of 1870 and has been expressly disavowed by our court. See People v. Layhew, 139 Ill. 2d 476, 489-90 (1990). Until this court says otherwise, an appellate court\u2019s decision must therefore be followed regardless of the appellate court\u2019s district. See People v. Harris, 123 Ill. 2d at 129.\nIn People ex rel. Birkett v. Bakalis, 196 Ill. 2d 510, 513 (2001), our court observed that:\n\u201cBeyond our leave to appeal docket, supervisory orders are disfavored. As a general rule, we will not issue a supervisory order unless the normal appellate process will not afford adequate relief and the dispute involves a matter important to the administration of justice [citation] or intervention is necessary to keep an inferior tribunal from acting beyond the scope of its authority [citation].\u201d\nIn this case, however, we believe that such considerations are present. Although the circuit court acted within its jurisdiction, the manner in which this case was handled presents important issues regarding the administration of justice, and direct and immediate action is necessary to insure that the Election Board adheres to the law and that any challenge to its decision in the circuit court comports with controlling principles of judicial review.\nConclusion\nFor the foregoing reasons, this appeal is dismissed. In the exercise of our supervisory authority,\nIT IS HEREBY ORDERED that this cause is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to enter judgment vacating the Election Board\u2019s decision and directing it to: (1) declare that Jones is ineligible to run for the office of alderman pursuant to section 3.1 \u2014 10\u2014 5(b) of the Illinois Municipal Code (65 ILCS 5/3.1 \u2014 10\u2014 5(b) (West 2004)), (2) reject his nomination papers, and (3) remove his name from the ballot for the upcoming election. The court\u2019s judgment shall further provide that if removal of Jones\u2019 name from the ballot cannot be accomplished prior to election day, the Election Board shall be required to disregard any votes cast for him in determining the winner of the election.\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the circuit court shall enter its judgment as herein directed within 24 hours of this supervisory order, which is to be filed by the Clerk of the Supreme Court immediately. The circuit court\u2019s judgment shall not be subject to stay by the circuit court or the appellate court.\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that after the Election Board complies with the circuit court\u2019s judgment, administrative review of its decision may be taken to the circuit court as provided by law.\nIT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the mandate of this court shall issue forthwith.\nOrder entered by the court.\nChief Justice Thomas and Justices Freeman and Burke took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": null } ], "attorneys": [], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 104105.\nOrder entered February 23, 2007.)\nIN THE SUPREME COURT OF ILLINOIS\nREADONIA BRYANT, Appellant, vs. THE BOARD OF ELECTION COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF CHICAGO et al., Appellees.\nNo. 07 COEL 00005\nHon. Alfred Paul Judge Presiding" }, "file_name": "0473-01", "first_page_order": 483, "last_page_order": 490 }