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App.", "case_ids": [ 2767099 ], "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich-app/269/0174-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 Wis. 2d 593", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis. 2d", "case_ids": [ 9012402 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/277/0593-01" ] }, { "cite": "155 S.W.3d 603", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.3d", "case_ids": [ 9025770 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "610-11" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw3d/155/0603-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 F. Supp. 2d 961", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. 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App. 515", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Conn. App.", "case_ids": [ 1368515 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "533" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/conn-app/76/0515-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 F.3d 811", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11197467 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "815" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/217/0811-01" ] }, { "cite": "229 F.3d 631", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11187451 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "639" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/229/0631-01" ] }, { "cite": "243 F.3d 635", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 11124472 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "653" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/243/0635-01" ] }, { "cite": "405 F.3d 227", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9009209 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "241" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/405/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "286 F.3d 950", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 940830 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "962", "parenthetical": "noting that \"[t]he primary reasoning behind this rule is *** to deter criminals from intimidating or 'taking care of potential witnesses against them\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/286/0950-01" ] }, { "cite": "684 F.2d 1193", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 529392 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1202" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/684/1193-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 B.U. L. Rev. 835", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "B.U. L. Rev.", "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "854, 875-77" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "195 S.W3d 114", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.3d", "case_ids": [ 8410087 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "124-25" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw3d/195/0114-01" ] }, { "cite": "136 N.M. 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.M.", "case_ids": [ 1224666 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "315" }, { "page": "705" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nm/136/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "830 N.E.2d 158", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "170" }, { "page": "174" }, { "page": "174" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "444 Mass. 526", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 985750 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "540" }, { "page": "545" }, { "page": "545" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/444/0526-01" ] }, { "cite": "218 Ill. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "table" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "362 Ill. App. 3d 335", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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Rptr. 3d 753", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr. 3d", "weight": 4, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "756" }, { "page": "756" }, { "page": "758" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Cal. App. 4th 1396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 4th", "case_ids": [ 1377247 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1400" }, { "page": "1400" }, { "page": "1403" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-4th/118/1396-01" ] }, { "cite": "547 U.S. 813", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3275498 ], "weight": 126, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "828-29" }, { "page": "241-42" }, { "page": "2278" }, { "page": "828-29" }, { "page": "240-41" }, { "page": "2276-77" }, { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "821" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273", "parenthetical": "\"It is the testimonial character of the statement that separates it from other hearsay that, while subject to traditional limitations upon hearsay evidence, is not subject to the Confrontation Clause\" (emphasis added)" }, { "page": "824" }, { "page": "238" }, { "page": "2274", "parenthetical": "noting that Crawford had \"suggested\" that the confrontation clause applies only to testimonial hearsay and stating that \"[a] limitation so clearly reflected in the text of the constitutional provision must fairly be said to mark out not merely its 'core,' but its perimeter\"" }, { "page": "821" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "2282", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part" }, { "page": "826" }, { "page": "240" }, { "page": "2276", "parenthetical": "quoting Crawford and noting that \"[t]he solemnity of even an oral declaration of relevant past fact to an investigating officer is well enough established by the severe consequences that can attend a deliberate falsehood\"" }, { "page": "836" }, { "page": "246" }, { "page": "2282", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part" }, { "page": "826" }, { "page": "240" }, { "page": "2276" }, { "page": "837" }, { "page": "246-47" }, { "page": "2282-83", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part" }, { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" }, { "page": "830" }, { "page": "242" }, { "page": "2278", "parenthetical": "statements which, after the fact, \"deliberately recounted, in response to police questioning, how potentially criminal past events began and progressed,\" are testimonial \"because they do precisely what a witness does on direct examination\" (emphasis in original)" }, { "page": "826" }, { "page": "239-40" }, { "page": "2276" }, { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" }, { "page": "828" }, { "page": "241" }, { "page": "2277" }, { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" }, { "page": "830" }, { "page": "242" }, { "page": "2278" }, { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" }, { "page": "826" }, { "page": "240" }, { "page": "2276" }, { "page": "837-38" }, { "page": "246-47" }, { "page": "2282-83", "parenthetical": "Thomas, J., concurring in the judgment and dissenting in part" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280", "parenthetical": "and authorities cited therein" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "833" }, { "page": "244" }, { "page": "2280" }, { "page": "832-33" }, { "page": "243-44" }, { "page": "2279-80" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/547/0813-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 56", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787607 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "66" }, { "page": "608" }, { "page": "2539" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0056-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 U.S. 400", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1525264 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1965, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "406" }, { "page": "927-28" }, { "page": "1069" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/380/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 Ill. 2d 471", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 295791 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "479" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/175/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 210", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448524 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "218" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8451345 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "482" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 U.S. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5873383 ], "weight": 96, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43-50" }, { "page": "187-92" }, { "page": "1359-63" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "188" }, { "page": "1360" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "188" }, { "page": "1360" }, { "page": "50-54" }, { "page": "192-94" }, { "page": "1363-65" }, { "page": "61-62" }, { "page": "199" }, { "page": "1370-71" }, { "page": "68-69" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "53" }, { "page": "194" }, { "page": "1365" }, { "page": "52" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "1364", "parenthetical": "\"Statements taken by police officers in the course of interrogation are also testimonial under even a narrow standard\"" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374", "parenthetical": "\"Whatever else the term covers, it applies at a minimum to prior testimony at a preliminary hearing, before a grand jury, or at a former trial; and to police interrogations,\" which are \"the modern practices with closest kinship to the abuses at which the Confrontation Clause was directed\"" }, { "page": "62" }, { "page": "199" }, { "page": "1370" }, { "page": "61" }, { "page": "199" }, { "page": "1370" }, { "page": "53-54" }, { "page": "194" }, { "page": "1365" }, { "page": "53-54" }, { "page": "194" }, { "page": "1365" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "192" }, { "page": "1364" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "192" }, { "page": "1364" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "192" }, { "page": "1364" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "188" }, { "page": "1360" }, { "page": "52" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "1364" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "44" }, { "page": "188" }, { "page": "1360" }, { "page": "51" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "1364" }, { "page": "61" }, { "page": "198" }, { "page": "1370" }, { "page": "42-43" }, { "page": "187" }, { "page": "1359", "parenthetical": "referring to above discussion as an understanding of the meaning of the phrase \"witnesses against\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/541/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "60 Ill. 2d 529", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5415194 ], "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "530" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/60/0529-01" ] }, { "cite": "212 Ill. 2d 57", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2444380 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "58" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/212/0057-01" ] }, { "cite": "487 U.S. 1012", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1774862 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1019-21" }, { "page": "866-67" }, { "page": "2802-03" }, { "page": "1019-21" }, { "page": "866-67" }, { "page": "2802-03" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/487/1012-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 507", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "152 Ill. 2d 41", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5602986 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "70-73" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/152/0041-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill. 2d 52", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1302618 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "100-01" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/205/0052-01" ] }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 501", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188545 ], "weight": 16, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505" }, { "page": "505" }, { "page": "505" }, { "page": "505" }, { "page": "506" }, { "page": "507" }, { "page": "508" }, { "page": "508" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "509-10" }, { "page": "510" }, { "page": "509-10" }, { "page": "510" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0501-01" ] }, { "cite": "385 Md. 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Md.", "case_ids": [ 853614 ], "weight": 10, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "90-91" }, { "page": "329" }, { "page": "90" }, { "page": "329" }, { "page": "90" }, { "page": "329" }, { "page": "90-91" }, { "page": "329" }, { "page": "90" }, { "page": "329" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/md/385/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 F.3d 662", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.3d", "case_ids": [ 9148608 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "673" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f3d/389/0662-01" ] }, { "cite": "71 Brook. L. Rev. 241", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Brook. L. Rev.", "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "259" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "351 Ill. App. 3d 976", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1083803 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "985-86" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/351/0976-01" ] }, { "cite": "13 Cal. Rptr. 3d 753", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. Rptr. 3d", "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "118 Cal. App. 4th 1396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. App. 4th", "case_ids": [ 1377247 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/cal-app-4th/118/1396-01" ] }, { "cite": "547 U.S. 813", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3275498 ], "weight": 9, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "822" }, { "page": "237" }, { "page": "2273-74" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/547/0813-01" ] }, { "cite": "214 Ill. 2d 476", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8451345 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "482", "parenthetical": "courts should avoid addressing a constitutional question if a case can be decided on other grounds" }, { "page": "482", "parenthetical": "constitutional questions should be avoided if a case can be decided on other grounds" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/214/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 U.S. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5873383 ], "weight": 9, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" }, { "page": "68" }, { "page": "203" }, { "page": "1374" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/541/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "475 U.S. 673", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6207521 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "681" }, { "page": "684" }, { "page": "1436" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/475/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1248184 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "19" }, { "page": "53" }, { "page": "1839" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/527/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "469", "parenthetical": "the right to remain silent must be accompanied by the explanation that \"anything said can and will be used against the individual in court\"" }, { "page": "720-21", "parenthetical": "the right to remain silent must be accompanied by the explanation that \"anything said can and will be used against the individual in court\"" }, { "page": "1625", "parenthetical": "the right to remain silent must be accompanied by the explanation that \"anything said can and will be used against the individual in court\"" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "707 F.2d 1262", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1862175 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "witness suffering from mental condition was properly declared unavailable where it was unlikely her condition would improve in the next six months" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/707/1262-01" ] }, { "cite": "691 A.2d 165", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 11911793 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "168" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/691/0165-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 F. Supp. 2d 1296", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3661435 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "parenthetical": "the common law forfeiture doctrine is broader than the federal hearsay exception, as it provides that a defendant who eliminates a witness forfeits any constitutional right to confront that witness regardless of defendant's motive" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp-2d/444/1296-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 Neb. L. Rev. 891", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Neb. L. Rev.", "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "905-07" } ], "opinion_index": 2 }, { "cite": "35 Kan. App. 2d 241", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Kan. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3670477 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "253" }, { "page": "654" }, { "page": "253-54" }, { "page": "655", "parenthetical": "the court noted that \"[cjausation between the action of the defendant and the witness' absence appears key\" and the State did not cite any authority showing that the doctrine of forfeiture had been applied solely due to age" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/kan-app-2d/35/0241-01" ] }, { "cite": "219 Ill. 2d 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3598022 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "413-14" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/219/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "87 Ill. 2d 151", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3030946 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "157" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/87/0151-01" ] }, { "cite": "217 Ill. 2d 407", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3875001 ], "year": 2005, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "428" } ], "opinion_index": 2, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/217/0407-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 Va. 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App. 2d 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2569425 ], "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "139", "parenthetical": "\"Mr. Jones, the question is simple. The court believes the witness is being evasive about answering it\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/78/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 Ill. App. 3d 207", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2592149 ], "year": 1990, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "221", "parenthetical": "defendant complained that the court had admonished the defense expert by saying, \"Doctor, would you do me a favor? Answer the question yes or no, don't ramble.\" \"The witness has a tendency to ramble. 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