{ "id": 3610528, "name": "GERALDINE FELZAK, Appellee, v. RALPH HRUBY et al., Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "Felzak v. Hruby", "decision_date": "2007-09-20", "docket_number": "No. 103755", "first_page": "382", "last_page": "395", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "226 Ill. 2d 382" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 105", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448318 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "114" }, { "page": "115-16" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0105-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 Ill. 2d 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 58935 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "320-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/199/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "367 Ill. App. 3d 695", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 4266008 ], "weight": 8, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "702-03" }, { "page": "706-08" }, { "page": "708" }, { "page": "710" }, { "page": "722-24", "parenthetical": "McLaren, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part" }, { "page": "712-18" }, { "page": "721-22" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/367/0695-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 Ill. 2d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 147575 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "368" }, { "page": "368" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/173/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3152411 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "289" }, { "page": "289", "parenthetical": "\"the civil contemnor must be provided with the 'keys to his cell' \"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "316 Ill. App. 3d 567", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1096562 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "571", "parenthetical": "the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to enter a visitation order against a person who has attained majority" }, { "page": "571" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/316/0567-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 364", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12045378 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "371" }, { "page": "627-28" }, { "page": "1536" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0364-01" ] }, { "cite": "163 Ill. 2d 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 477723 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "541", "parenthetical": "\"As a requirement of due process, then, a civil contempt order will be vacated once it is evident that the sanction imposed is no longer fulfilling its original, coercive function\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/163/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "221 Ill. 2d 338", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5703048 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "349-50" }, { "page": "350" }, { "page": "350-51" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/221/0338-01" ] }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 2d 108", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3291744 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116-17" }, { "page": "117-18" }, { "page": "117" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/151/0108-01" ] }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 246", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2994157 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "250" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0246-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Ill. 2d 226", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3121858 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "235" }, { "page": "236" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/98/0226-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3114522 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "277-78" }, { "page": "278" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 382", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609701 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "387" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0382-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 Ill. 2d 522", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1442042 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "543" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/202/0522-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 362", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243960 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0362-01" ] }, { "cite": "112 Ill. 2d 70", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5539219 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "78" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/112/0070-01" ] }, { "cite": "340 U.S. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6930686 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1950, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "39-40", "parenthetical": "when an appeal is rendered moot through happenstance, the judgments of the courts below are vacated" }, { "page": "106-07", "parenthetical": "when an appeal is rendered moot through happenstance, the judgments of the courts below are vacated" }, { "page": "39" }, { "page": "106" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/340/0036-01" ] }, { "cite": "95 L. Ed. 36", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "weight": 2, "year": 1950, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41", "parenthetical": "when an appeal is rendered moot through happenstance, the judgments of the courts below are vacated" }, { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "701 F.2d 653", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 12142505 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "656-57" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/701/0653-01" ] }, { "cite": "3 Ill. 2d 375", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2695151 ], "year": 1954, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "382" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/3/0375-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 915, "char_count": 21726, "ocr_confidence": 0.778, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.577025207087608e-07, "percentile": 0.8167856504375351 }, "sha256": "0f2d5bff01336659f7e7bf62ee739c5c8322d8f7cc4a41f3b529823eed733414", "simhash": "1:dcf4fff3afd2c885", "word_count": 3553 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:47:26.463284+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "GERALDINE FELZAK, Appellee, v. RALPH HRUBY et al., Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BURKE\ndelivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.\nJustices Freeman, Fitzgerald, Kilbride, Garman, and Karmeier concurred in the judgment and opinion.\nChief Justice Thomas took no part in the decision.\nOPINION\nIn this case we are asked to revisit our decision in In re 213 Ill. 2d 105 (2004), and again address whether Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill. 2d 309 (2002), which held unconstitutional Illinois\u2019 grandparent visitation statute, invalidated a preexisting agreed order for grandparent visitation. However, because the minor who was the subject of the agreed visitation order at issue here has turned 18 during the pendency of this appeal, the case has been rendered moot. We vacate the judgments of the courts below and remand the cause with instructions to dismiss.\nBackground\nRalph and Deborah Hruby were married in 1977 and had three children: Greg, born November 25, 1983, Jeff, born August 4, 1985, and Katie, born July 22, 1989. Shortly after Katie\u2019s birth, in October of 1989, Deborah died of a cerebral hemorrhage.\nIn 1992, Ralph married Sondra. Sondra Hruby adopted Ralph\u2019s three children in November of 1993.\nGeraldine Felzak is the mother of Deborah Hruby. In the spring of 1994, Geraldine filed an amended petition for grandparent visitation in the circuit court of Du Page County pursuant to section 607(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/607(b) (West 1992)). In the petition, Geraldine alleged that, following the death of her daughter, she had cared for and maintained close contact with Greg, Jeff and Katie. Geraldine further alleged that, in December of 1993, Ralph and Sondra had informed her that she would no longer be permitted to have visitation with the children. Geraldine sought an order establishing reasonable visitation privileges.\nRalph and Sondra filed an answer to Geraldine\u2019s amended petition for grandparent visitation. Included in their answer was the affirmative defense that section 607(b) of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act, commonly known as the grandparent visitation statute, was unconstitutional under both the federal and state constitutions. In support of this contention, Ralph and Sondra maintained, among other things, that the statute permitted \u201cundue interference with the fundamental right of parents to raise children and conduct family life *** in the absence of a compelling State interest.\u201d Ralph and Sondra sought dismissal of Geraldine\u2019s petition.\nOn April 29, 1994, the circuit court referred the parties to a psychologist for conciliation counseling. In October of 1994, the psychologist submitted a \u201cPsychological Evaluation/Conciliation Report,\u201d which recommended that visitation between Geraldine and the children continue.\nOn December 16, 1994, the parties entered into an agreed order in \u201cfull and complete settlement of all pending petitions and responses thereto.\u201d Pursuant to recommendations contained in the conciliation report, the parties agreed that Geraldine would be permitted visitation with her grandchildren one day a month for six hours, and would be permitted to visit over the phone with the children for up to 30 minutes, once a month. The parties further agreed that, in the event of a dispute regarding the terms of the order, they would meet with a conciliator to mediate the disagreement, before proceeding to court.\nSome four months later, in April of 1995, Geraldine filed a \u201cPetition for Further Conciliation and Other Relief.\u201d In this petition, Geraldine alleged that, since the entry of the December 16, 1994, agreed order, she had not had any visitation with Greg or Jeff. Geraldine also alleged that Katie, while visiting with her, had requested additional visitation time, including overnight visitation. Geraldine requested that the court direct Ralph and Sondra to participate in further conciliation to resolve these issues.\nGeraldine\u2019s petition was set for hearing in August of 1995. Prior to that date, however, on June 15, 1995, the parties entered into a second agreed order. In this order, the parties agreed to increase Geraldine\u2019s visitation with Katie from 6 hours per month to a total of 10 hours per month, with the terms of the first agreed order otherwise remaining in effect. In addition, Geraldine agreed to withdraw her pending petition for further conciliation and other relief.\nAlmost 10 years later, on February 24, 2005, Geraldine filed a petition pursuant to section 607.1 of the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/607.1 (West 2004)), seeking to enforce the agreed order of June 15, 1995. By this time, the two older Hruby children, Greg and Jeff, had reached majority. Katie was 15. In the petition to enforce, Geraldine alleged that Ralph had willfully and without justification denied her visitation with Katie since May of 2004. Geraldine requested the court to direct Ralph to comply with the agreed order entered on June 15, 1995, and award makeup visitation time with Katie.\nIn response to Geraldine\u2019s petition, Ralph and Sondra filed an amended motion to dismiss pursuant to section 2 \u2014 619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 619 (West 2004)). Ralph and Sondra argued in the motion that, because Wickham v. Byrne, 199 Ill. 2d 309 (2002), had held the grandparent visitation statute unconstitutional on its face, the statute was void ab initio, and the circuit court had no subject matter jurisdiction to enter the agreed order of June 15, 1995. Thus, according to Ralph and Sondra, the June 1995 order was void and unenforceable, and Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce that order should be dismissed.\nIn further pleadings, Ralph and Sondra also sought to distinguish this court\u2019s decision in In re M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d 105 (2004). In In re this court held that an agreed order establishing custody of a minor, which included a provision for grandparent visitation, was not invalidated by Wickham. In so holding, we stated that the agreed order for visitation was a consent decree. As such, the order was not a judicial determination of the parties\u2019 rights but, rather, a recording of their agreement. In re M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d at 114. We then explained that the agreement for grandparent visitation was not at odds with Wickham:\n\u201cThe constitution prohibits the state from forcing fit parents to yield visitation rights to a child\u2019s grandparents when the parents do not wish to do so merely because a trial judge believes that such visitation would be appropriate. See Wickham, 199 Ill. 2d at 320-22. There is no corresponding constitutional prohibition against a fit parent\u2019s decision to voluntarily bestow visitation privileges on his child\u2019s grandparents. To the contrary, the very constitutional principles that required us to strike down the grandparent visitation statute in Wickham require that a parent\u2019s voluntary visitation decision be honored. If fit parents have a fundamental right to make decisions regarding the care, custody and control of their children, as Wick-ham and the cases on which it was based held, they must likewise have the fundamental right to agree to visitation by the children\u2019s grandparents if they wish to do so. To hold otherwise would require us to fashion a rule under which a parent\u2019s right to choose the persons with whom a child associates somehow stops at the grandparents\u2019 front door. We can see no possible justification for imposing such a limitation. The constitutional protections afforded parenthood therefore obligate the courts to uphold voluntary visitation agreements made by fit parents, not declare them invalid. As a result, the circuit and appellate courts were correct to conclude that the voluntary visitation agreement into which Johnson entered with the Duncans was not void and unenforceable. \u2019\u2019 (Emphasis in original.) In re M.M.D., 213 Ill. 2d at 115-16.\nBefore the circuit court, Ralph and Sondra noted that the agreed order for grandparent visitation which was at issue in In re M.M.D. arose out of custody proceedings brought under the Illinois Parentage Act and the Illinois Probate Act. In this case, however, Geraldine\u2019s petition for visitation was brought solely under the grandparent visitation statute held unconstitutional in Wickham. From this, Ralph and Sondra maintained that, while subject matter jurisdiction was present at the time the agreed order was entered in In re M.M.D., it was lacking when the June 15, 1995, order was entered in the case at bar.\nThe circuit court denied Ralph and Sondra\u2019s motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce. In so ruling, the circuit court emphasized that Ralph and Sondra could have pursued their constitutional challenge to the grandparent visitation statute at the time Geraldine filed her petition for visitation but, instead, chose to settle. Because Ralph and Sondra \u201cdid not pursue [their] objection to the jurisdiction of the Court at the time [they] entered into the agreed order,\u201d the circuit court found this case controlled by In re M.M.D. The circuit court concluded, therefore, that the June 15, 1995, agreed order remained valid and enforceable.\nThereafter, Geraldine filed a petition for rule to show cause why Ralph and Sondra should not be held in contempt of court for failing to comply with the agreed order of June 15, 1995. Following a hearing, and based primarily on the reasoning offered in denying the motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce, the circuit court held Ralph and Sondra in indirect civil contempt for failing to comply with the June 15, 1995, order. The circuit court also ordered, sua sponte, that the parties not communicate with Katie regarding the court proceedings.\nThe circuit court\u2019s contempt order directed that either Ralph or Sondra be incarcerated over the following weekend, and each weekend thereafter, until they produced Katie for visitation. The contempt order further stated that Ralph and Sondra could \u201cpurge themselves of this court\u2019s order of contempt by providing visitation of Katie Hruby to Geraldine Felzak for a period of 10 hours a month to be held on one weekend day a month beginning during the month of September, 2005 and continuing monthly thereafter.\u201d\nRalph and Sondra subsequently filed a notice of appeal from both the circuit court\u2019s contempt order and the order denying their motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce. The appellate court stayed the contempt order pending disposition of the appeal.\nOn appeal, the appellate court vacated the circuit court\u2019s order that the parties not communicate with Katie, but otherwise affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. 367 Ill. App. 3d 695. Initially, the appellate court agreed with Ralph and Sondra that, because the proceedings in In re M.M.D. were brought under the Illinois Parentage Act and the Illinois Probate Act, that case did not resolve their jurisdictional challenge to the June 15, 1995, agreed order. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 702-03. Nevertheless, the appellate court concluded that the circuit court did have jurisdiction to enter the agreed order because, prior to the adoption of the grandparent visitation statute, there was a common law right to grandparent visitation. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 706-08. The appellate court acknowledged that the \u201cspecial circumstances\u201d test, which was applied at common law for determining grandparent visitation, was no longer valid in light of Wickham. However, the appellate court concluded that Wickham did not completely eliminate grandparent visitation as a matter for the courts and that, under the common law, \u201cgrandparent visitation cases remain justiciable matters that trial courts of this state have subject matter jurisdiction to hear.\u201d 367 Ill. App. 3d at 708.\nThe appellate court also rejected Ralph and Sondra\u2019s argument that, because Geraldine filed her petition for visitation solely under the grandparent visitation statute, and not the common law, the common law could not be used to invoke jurisdiction. The appellate court concluded: \u201cWe do not believe that the recitation of the unconstitutional statute in the petition, or the failure to specifically invoke the common law, changes the fact that the petition concerns the justiciable matter of grandparent visitation, over which the court has jurisdiction.\u201d 367 Ill. App. 3d at 710.\nJustice McLaren dissented on this issue. In Justice McLaren\u2019s view, because the only count pled by Geraldine was statutory, the common law could not be used to invoke jurisdiction and the June 15, 1995, order should have been held void. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 722-24 (McLaren, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part).\nFinally, the appellate court rejected Ralph and Sondra\u2019s claim that the agreed order of June 15, 1995, was invalid because Geraldine\u2019s visitation petition had no basis in law and, thus, her forbearance of that claim provided no consideration for the visitation agreement. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 712-18. Accordingly, having concluded that the June 15, 1995, order was not void, the appellate court affirmed the circuit court\u2019s denial of Ralph and Sondra\u2019s motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce, and affirmed the finding of indirect civil contempt. 367 Ill. App. 3d at 721-22. We subsequently granted Ralph and Sondra\u2019s petition for leave to appeal. 210 Ill. 2d R. 315.\nAnalysis\nTwo rulings are before us in this appeal: the circuit court\u2019s order holding Ralph and Sondra in indirect civil contempt for failing to comply with the June 15, 1995, agreed order and the circuit court\u2019s denial of Ralph and Sondra\u2019s motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce the June 15, 1995, order. We first consider the contempt order.\nIn general, civil contempt is \u201ca sanction or penalty designed to compel future compliance with a court order.\u201d People v. Warren, 173 Ill. 2d 348, 368 (1996). Civil contempt is a coercive sanction rather than a punishment for past contumacious conduct. Warren, 173 Ill. 2d at 368. For this reason, a valid purge condition is a necessary part of an indirect civil contempt order. In re Marriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 289 (1984). A contemner must be able to purge the civil contempt by doing that which the court has ordered him to do. Logston, 103 Ill. 2d at 289 (\u201cthe civil contemnor must be provided with the \u2018keys to his cell\u2019 \u201d).\nKatie turned 18 on July 22, 2007. Once Katie turned 18, it became impossible for Ralph and Sondra to purge the civil contempt imposed by the circuit court. Ralph and Sondra cannot compel Katie, an adult, to visit Geraldine. Cf In re Marriage of Casarotto, 316 Ill. App. 3d 567, 571 (2000) (the circuit court lacks jurisdiction to enter a visitation order against a person who has attained majority).\nBecause Ralph and Sondra can no longer compel Katie to visit Geraldine, the rationale for the civil contempt order in this case has been lost. When a situation such as this occurs, the appropriate disposition of the case, and the action we take here, is to vacate the judgments of the lower courts and remand the cause with instructions to dismiss. Shillitani v. United States, 384 U.S. 364, 371, 16 L. Ed. 2d 622, 627-28, 86 S. Ct. 1531, 1536 (1966); see also Sanders v. Shephard, 163 Ill. 2d 534, 541 (1994) (\u201cAs a requirement of due process, then, a civil contempt order will be vacated once it is evident that the sanction imposed is no longer fulfilling its original, coercive function\u201d). Vacating the contempt judgments below leaves nothing before us with respect to the contempt order to review. Those issues raised in the contempt proceedings are necessarily moot.\nSimilarly, those issues presented by the circuit court\u2019s ruling on Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce the agreed visitation order of June 15, 1995, are also moot. When \u201cintervening events have rendered it impossible for the reviewing court to grant effectual relief to the complaining party\u201d (In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d 338, 349-50 (2006)), then the appeal, and issues therein, are considered moot. \u201cThe fact that a case is pending on appeal when the events which render an issue moot occur does not alter this conclusion.\u201d Dixon v. Chicago & North Western Transportation Co., 151 Ill. 2d 108, 116-17 (1992), citing Bluthardt v. Breslin, 74 Ill. 2d 246, 250 (1979). No relief can be granted Geraldine with respect to her petition to enforce the June 15, 1995, order because the courts cannot force Katie, who is now an adult, to visit Geraldine. Casarotto, 316 Ill. App. 3d at 571. It is therefore a moot question whether the circuit court correctly concluded that In re M.M.D. controls the present case and, in so holding, properly denied Ralph and Sondra\u2019s motion to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition to enforce.\nAn issue raised in an otherwise moot appeal may be addressed, however, where \u201c \u2018the magnitude or immediacy of the interests involved warrant[s] action by the court\u2019 or where the issue is \u2018 \u201clikely to recur but unlikely to last long enough to allow appellate review to take place because of the intrinsically short-lived nature of the controversies.\u201d \u2019 \u201d Dixon, 151 Ill. 2d at 117-18, quoting First National Bank of Waukegan v. Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226, 235 (1983), quoting People ex rel. Black v. Dukes, 96 Ill. 2d 273, 277-78 (1983). Neither of these two exceptions is applicable in this case.\nFirst, for the latter of the two exceptions to apply, \u201cthere must be a reasonable expectation that the same complaining party would be subject to the same action again and the action challenged must be of such short duration that it cannot be fully litigated prior to its cessation.\u201d In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350. This standard is not met here because all the Hruby children have reached majority. Geraldine cannot again challenge Ralph and Sondra\u2019s failure to comply with the June 15,1995, agreed order.\nThe former exception, known as the public interest exception, is applicable only if there is a clear showing that: (1) the question at issue is of a substantial public nature; (2) an authoritative determination is needed for future guidance; and (3) the circumstances are likely to recur. In re J.B., 204 Ill. 2d 382, 387 (2003). The exception is narrowly construed and requires a clear showing of each criterion. In re India B., 202 Ill. 2d 522, 543 (2002).\nWhether our decision in In re M.M.D. is controlling in this appeal, and, thus, establishes the validity of the June 15, 1995, agreed order, is clearly an issue of importance to those who are subject to similar visitation orders. However, it has not been clearly established that this issue is of sufficient breadth, or has a significant effect on the public as a whole, so as to satisfy the substantial public nature criterion.\nMoreover, it is apparent that an authoritative determination on the scope of In re M.M.D. is not needed for future guidance. There is no reported appellate opinion, filed after In re M.M.D., which holds that agreed orders for grandparent visitation are unenforceable. Even the appellate court in this case, although it distinguished In re did not reach a result at odds with that decision. This is not an instance, then, where there is a pressing need for an advisory opinion from this court. See In re J.T., 221 Ill. 2d at 350-51; In re Adoption of Walgreen, 186 Ill. 2d 362, 366 (1999).\nFinally, while undoubtedly there exist other agreed orders similar to the one at issue here, i.e., those entered prior to this court\u2019s decision in Wickham, we note that the number of such orders is diminishing as the children affected by those orders reach majority. It is unclear, therefore, to what extent the issues raised in this case are likely to recur.\nThe criteria for the public interest exception have not been clearly established. Consequently, we conclude that this is not a case where \u201c \u2018the magnitude or immediacy of the interests involved warrant[s] action by the court.\u2019 \u201d Dixon, 151 Ill. 2d at 117.\nBecause we do not reach the merits of the petition to enforce the June 15, 1995, agreed order, we cannot speak to the correctness of the judgments rendered by the circuit and appellate courts in this matter. Accordingly, \u201c[t]o prevent the appellate court\u2019s resolution of the issues presented to it from standing as precedent for future cases, we vacate the judgments of both the appellate and circuit courts.\u201d People ex rel. Black v. Dukes, 96 Ill. 2d 273, 278 (1983); George W. Kennedy Construction Co. v. City of Chicago, 112 Ill. 2d 70, 78 (1986); First National Bank of Waukegan v. Kusper, 98 Ill. 2d 226, 236 (1983); see also United States v. Munsingwear, Inc., 340 U.S. 36, 39-40, 95 L. Ed. 36, 41, 71 S. Ct. 104, 106-07 (1950) (when an appeal is rendered moot through happenstance, the judgments of the courts below are vacated); Commodity Futures Trading Comm\u2019n v. Board of Trade, 701 F.2d 653, 656-57 (7th Cir. 1983). As with the contempt proceedings, the cause is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to dismiss the petition to enforce. La Salle National Bank v. City of Chicago, 3 Ill. 2d 375, 382 (1954); Munsingwear, 340 U.S. at 39, 95 L. Ed. at 41, 71 S. Ct. at 106.\nConclusion\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgments of the appellate and circuit courts are vacated. The cause is remanded to the circuit court with instructions to dismiss Geraldine\u2019s petition for rule to show cause and petition to enforce.\nAppellate court judgment vacated;\ncircuit court judgment vacated;\ncause remanded with directions.\nCHIEF JUSTICE THOMAS took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BURKE" } ], "attorneys": [ "Carl F. Schroeder, of Wheaton, for appellants.", "Emily R. Carrara and Maureen Sullivan Taylor, of Sullivan Taylor & Gumina, of Wheaton, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 103755.\nGERALDINE FELZAK, Appellee, v. RALPH HRUBY et al., Appellants.\nOpinion filed September 20, 2007.\nCarl F. Schroeder, of Wheaton, for appellants.\nEmily R. Carrara and Maureen Sullivan Taylor, of Sullivan Taylor & Gumina, of Wheaton, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0382-01", "first_page_order": 394, "last_page_order": 407 }