{ "id": 3619496, "name": "ROLAND W. BURRIS et al., Petitioners, v. JESSE WHITE, Secretary of State, Respondent", "name_abbreviation": "Burris v. White", "decision_date": "2009-01-09", "docket_number": "No. 107816", "first_page": "1", "last_page": "12", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "232 Ill. 2d 1" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "226 Ill. 2d 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3610681 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "450", "parenthetical": "for mandamus to issue, the petitioner must be without any other adequate remedy" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/226/0445-01" ] }, { "cite": "1 Ill. 104", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 435723 ], "year": 1825, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/1/0104-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780274 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "399" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "315 Ill. 58", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2437882 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "60" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/315/0058-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 Ill. 527", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 3434899 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "529" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/251/0527-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 Ill. App. 3d 580", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2801496 ], "year": 1911, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "583" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/38/0580-01" ] }, { "cite": "208 Ill. 2d 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2463105 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "465" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/208/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "114 Ill. 2d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5542386 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "514" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/114/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "179 Ill. 2d 121", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 801361 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/179/0121-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 802, "char_count": 19916, "ocr_confidence": 0.822, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.78078655242355e-08, "percentile": 0.36086505429467125 }, "sha256": "3685078b92f213cbc5b504f2dbda136efe6c2bc06d9023a0a4ac8226cb4aebca", "simhash": "1:d0f4940e68c05764", "word_count": 3314 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:24:25.467522+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "ROLAND W. BURRIS et al., Petitioners, v. JESSE WHITE, Secretary of State, Respondent." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE KARMEIER\ndelivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.\nChief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Garman and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.\nOPINION\nThe issue presented by this original action for mandamus is whether Jesse White, the Secretary of State of the State of Illinois, is required by section 5(1) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(1) (West 2006)) to countersign and affix the seal of the state to the document issued by Governor Rod R. Blagojevich on December 31, 2008, certifying the Governor\u2019s appointment of Roland Burris to the United States Senate. For the reasons that follow, we hold that section 5(1) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(1) (West 2006)) is inapplicable to the Burris appointment, and that no further action is required by any officer of this state to make that appointment valid. We further hold that the only ministerial act required of the Secretary of State in this case is that he register the appointment in accordance with section 5(2) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(2) (West 2006)). The Secretary of State having performed that responsibility on December 31, 2008, the writ of mandamus is denied.\nBackground\nFollowing the November 4, 2008, general election, a majority of the members of the Electoral College voted in favor of Barack H. Obama for the office of President of the United States. See U.S. Const., amend. XII. At the time of the general election, President-elect Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois. In anticipation of assuming the Presidency, President-elect Obama resigned his Senate seat, leaving that post vacant.\nThe seventeenth amendment to the United States Constitution provides that\n\u201c[w]hen vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointment until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.\u201d U.S. Const., amend. XVII.\nPursuant to the power conferred on it by this amendment, the Illinois General Assembly empowered its executive, i.e., the Governor, to make temporary appointments for the office of United States Senator. It has done so through enactment of section 25 \u2014 8 of the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/25 \u2014 8 (West 2006)). That statute provides that \u201c[w]hen a vacancy shall occur in the office of United States Senator from this state, the Governor shall make temporary appointment to fill such vacancy until the next election of representatives in Congress.\u201d 10 ILCS 5/25 \u2014 8 (West 2006).\nIn accordance with the authority conferred on him by section 25 \u2014 8 (10 ILCS 5/25 \u2014 8 (West 2006)), Rod R. Blagojevich, the Governor of Illinois, appointed Roland Burris to temporarily fill the United States Senate seat previously held by President-elect Obama. The Governor made that appointment by letter dated December 30, 2008. The following day, December 31, 2008, the Governor executed a document entitled \u201ccertificate of appointment,\u201d which was addressed to the President of the Senate of the United States. In that document, the Governor certified that he was appointing Mr. Burris to represent Illinois in the United States Senate until the vacancy caused by President-elect Obama\u2019s resignation \u201cis filled by election as provided by law.\u201d The certificate was on a preprinted form and included, below the Governor\u2019s signature, a space for the signature of \u201cJesse White, Secretary of State.\u201d The space for the Secretary of State\u2019s signature was left blank.\nThe form used by the Governor was apparently based on \u201crecommended forms\u201d contained in Rule II of the Standing Rules of the United States Senate. As their name indicates, these forms are merely recommended. State officials are not required to adopt them, but \u201cthey may use [them] if they see fit.\u201d Standing Rule II, United States Senate, Committee on Rule & Administration.\nThe Illinois Constitution sets forth the Secretary of State\u2019s duties. It provides that\n\u201cThe Secretary of State shall maintain the official records of the acts of the General Assembly and such official records of the Executive Branch as provided by law. Such official records shall be available for inspection by the public. He shall keep the Great Seal of the State of Illinois and perform other duties that may be prescribed by law.\u201d Ill. Const. 1970, art. V, \u00a716.\nConsistent with this provision, the General Assembly provided, by law, that\n\u201c[i]t shall be the duty of the Secretary of State:\n1. To countersign and affix the seal of state to all commissions required by law to be issued by the Governor.\n2. To make a register of all appointments by the Governor, specifying the person appointed, the office conferred, the date of the appointment, the date when bond or oath is taken and the date filed. If [State] Senate confirmation is required, the date of the confirmation shall be included in the register.\u201d 15 ILCS 305/5 (West 2006).\nThese duties are set forth in section 5 of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5 (West 2006)). Section 5 includes additional provisions, but none pertain to the present discussion.\nOn December 31, 2008, the same day the certificate of appointment was signed by the Governor, the appointment was duly registered by the Secretary of State\u2019s office pursuant to section 5(2) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(2) (West 2006)). That same day, the Secretary of State\u2019s senior legal advisor sent a letter to Mr. Burris\u2019 attorneys confirming that the appointment had been registered. The letter directly tracked the language used in section 5(2) and specifically cited to that provision. There is no dispute that the Secretary of State did not also sign and affix the state seal to the Governor\u2019s certificate of appointment or his appointment letter dated December 30, 2008.\nOn January 2, 2009, Mr. Burris, joined by two registered voters (hereinafter Petitioners), filed a motion pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 381(a) (188 Ill. 2d R. 381(a)) seeking leave to file a complaint for mandamus in our court. The motion invoked our original jurisdiction under article VI, section 4(a), of the Illinois Constitution of 1970 (Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, \u00a74(a)) and sought an order compelling the Secretary of State to countersign and affix the seal of the state to his appointment papers under section 5(1) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(1) (West 2006)). In a separate motion to \u201caccelerate consideration of their motion for leave to file a complaint for writ of mandamus and to accelerate consideration of [their] complaint for writ of mandamus,\u201d Mr. Burris and the other two Petitioners alleged that prompt resolution of the matter is required because without the Secretary of State\u2019s signature and the seal of the state, his appointment would not be recognized by the United States Senate, and the people of the State of Illinois would not be fully represented in the Senate when the new United States Congress convened on January 6, 2009.\nIn a supplemental memorandum which we allowed Mr. Burris to file, he advised the court that on January 5, 2009, the chief of staff to the Governor hand-delivered Mr. Burris\u2019 certificate of appointment to the secretary of the United States Senate. While the secretary retained the certificate, she declined to enter it into the Senate\u2019s certificate book. The following day, when the Senate convened, Mr. Burris appeared at the Capitol Building to be sworn in as a United States Senator. He was not permitted to do so and was barred from the Senate floor on the grounds the Secretary of State had not countersigned or affixed the state seal to Mr. Burris\u2019 appointment papers.\nPursuant to the rules of this court, the Secretary of State had until January 7, 2009, to respond to Petitioners\u2019 motions. The Secretary of State filed a timely response, and by separate order, we granted Petitioners\u2019 request for accelerated consideration of the motion for leave to file a complaint for writ of mandamus. We also allowed Petitioners\u2019 request for accelerated consideration of the mandamus complaint itself. Because resolution of this case turns on questions of law which the parties have carefully examined and forcefully argued in the materials already submitted to us, additional argument is unnecessary. The numerous memoranda of law submitted by the parties\u2019 shall stand as their briefs, and we shall proceed to the merits without oral argument.\nAnalysis\nMandamus is an extraordinary remedy to enforce, as a matter of right, \u201cthe performance of official duties by a public officer where no exercise of discretion on his part is involved.\u201d Noyola v. Board of Education, 179 Ill. 2d 121, 133 (1997), quoting Madden v. Cronson, 114 Ill. 2d 504, 514 (1986). To be entitled to a writ of mandamus, a party must establish a clear right to relief, a clear duty of the public official to act, and a clear authority in the public official to comply with the writ. People ex rel. Madigan v. Snyder, 208 Ill. 2d 457, 465 (2004). We agree with the Secretary of State that Petitioners in this case cannot satisfy that burden.\nPetitioners\u2019 claim is predicated on the Secretary of State\u2019s failure to countersign and affix the state seal to the documents appointing Mr. Burris to the Senate. According to Petitioners, the Secretary owes such a duty under section 5(1) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(1) (West 2006)). Under the express terms of that statute, however, the duty to sign and affix the state seal only pertains to \u201ccommissions required by law to be issued by the governor.\u201d There are situations in Illinois law where office holders are specifically required to obtain gubernatorial \u201ccommissions.\u201d These include county clerks (55 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 2006 (West 2006)), members of the boards of county commissions (55 ILCS 5/2 \u2014 4001 (West 2006)), coroners (55 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 3001 (West 2006)), sheriffs (55 ILCS 5/3 \u2014 6001 (West 2006)), clerks of the courts (705 ILCS 105/3 (West 2006)), and commissioned officers in the Illinois State Guard (20 ILCS 1805/37 (West 2006)). No provision of Illinois law, however, requires a commission to be issued by the Governor in case of appointments to fill vacancies to the United States Senate.\nThe relationship between \u201ccommissions\u201d and the Governor\u2019s appointment powers was considered in an Attorney General opinion issued in 1978 at then Governor Thompson\u2019s request. The opinion states:\n\u201cTo constitute an appointment to office, there must be some open, unequivocal act of appointment on the part of the appointing authority empowered to make it. (Molnar v. City of Aurora (1976), 38 Ill. App. 3d 580, 583; 63 Am. Jur. 2d Public Officers and Employees \u00a799.) An appointment to office is made and is complete when the last act required of the appointing authority vested with the appointing power has been performed. People v. Lower (1911), 251 Ill. 527, 529.\nWhile the appointment of an officer is usually evidenced by a commission, it is not essential to the validity of the appointment that a commission be issued to the officer. (Fekete v. City of East St. Louis (1924), 315 Ill. 58, 60.) The commission is not the appointment; it is merely the written evidence of the appointment. (63 Am. Jur. 2d Public Officers and Employees \u00a7114.) Where the issuance of a commission is not made by law a necessary part of the appointment, the appointment is complete when the appointing officer makes his choice. 67 C.J.S. Officers \u00a736.\u201d 1978 Ill. Att\u2019y Gen. Op. 138, 139.\nWhile Attorney General opinions are not binding on the courts, a well-reasoned opinion of the Attorney General is entitled to considerable weight, especially in a matter of first impression in Illinois. Bonaguro v. County Officers Electoral Board, 158 Ill. 2d 391, 399 (1994). We think this opinion, grounded as it is on precedent from our own court, is entitled to such weight and accurately characterizes Illinois law.\nBecause gubernatorial appointments only require issuance of an actual commission when the governing law so provides and because no provision of law makes issuance of a commission necessary for the validity of a gubernatorial appointee to a United States Senate vacancy, no commission was required by law to effectuate the appointment of Mr. Burris to the United States Senate. And because the Secretary of State\u2019s \u201csign and seal\u201d duty is triggered only in cases where commissions are required by law, it necessarily follows that the Secretary of State had no duty to sign and seal the certificate of appointment issued by the Governor in this case. Under section 5(2) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/ 5(2) (West 2006)), the Secretary of State\u2019s sole duty was to register the appointment, which he has done.\nOur research has disclosed but one reported decision pertaining to refusal by the Secretary of State to countersign and affix the seal to a commission for a gubernatorial appointment. It is People ex rel. Ewing v. Forquer, 1 Ill. 104 (1825). That case involved the Governor\u2019s attempt to make an appointment to the post of paymaster-general in the state militia. Mandamus was ultimately denied for reasons unrelated to the questions before us today, and nothing in the court\u2019s decision is in any way inconsistent with the analysis we have just set forth. Although the opinion does not give a useful citation to the governing statute, the law in question was a precursor to the Military Code of Illinois (20 ILCS 1805/1 et seq. (West 2006)), and while the current Code no longer addresses the specific post of paymaster-general, that post would have fallen within the category of positions for which gubernatorial commissions are, in fact, required. For the reasons just explained, a United States Senate vacancy is not such a position.\nThe suggestion has been made that the General Assembly intended the term \u201ccommission\u201d to be used in a more general sense to encompass any appointments by the Governor. Historical analysis of Illinois law will not support such a construction. The \u201csign and seal\u201d duty contained in section 5 of the Secretary of State Act has antecedents in earlier statutes. For example, a version of the law was in effect in 1874, and it also contained a \u201csign and seal\u201d duty for commissions. Significantly, however, it differed from the current law in that the registration requirement, now set forth in subsection (2) of section 5, was also directed specifically to commissions. That is no longer the case. Public Act 86 \u2014 398 amended the statute in 1989. Present law clearly differentiates between \u201ccommissions\u201d under subsection (1) of section 5 and the more general \u201cappointments\u201d contained in subsection (2) of section 5. Under established rules of statutory construction, we must assume that the General Assembly made that distinction for a reason, and the reason is apparent: under present law, commissions are no longer necessary in every case to make a gubernatorial appointment valid. Where commissions are required by law, the \u201csign and seal\u201d duty applies. Where, as here, no commission is required, there is only a duty to register the appointment.\nAs noted in the Attorney General opinion cited above, the only purpose a signature and seal could serve in this case is an evidentiary one. It would confirm that the appointment had, in fact, been made. At this point, however, there is no question at all that the Governor did, in fact, make the appointment. If there was ever any question about that on the part of the United States Senate, it should have been removed when the Governor\u2019s envoy appeared at the Senate with a copy of the certificate of appointment in hand.\nIn their pleadings, Petitioners suggest that the United States Senate has taken the view that the Governor\u2019s signed, hand-delivered certificate of appointment is insufficient to meet the requirements of the Senate\u2019s own internal rules. We note, however, that nothing in the published rules of the Senate, including Rule II, appears to require that Senate appointments made by state executives pursuant to the seventeenth amendment must be signed and sealed by the state\u2019s secretary of state. Moreover, no explanation has been given as to how any rule of the Senate, whether it be formal or merely a matter of tradition, could supercede the authority to fill vacancies conferred on the states by the federal constitution. Under these circumstances, the Senate\u2019s actions cannot serve as the predicate for a mandamus action against the Secretary of State. The only issue before us is whether the Secretary of State, an official of this state, failed to perform an act required of him by the law of Illinois. He did not.\nPetitioners argue, in the alternative, that the Secretary of State had a mandatory duty under certain acts of Congress to sign and affix the seal of this state to Mr. Burris\u2019 appointment as Senator. This argument is wholly without merit. The provisions invoked by Petitioners, 2 U.S.C. sections la and lb, apply, by their terms, to situations where a vacancy is filled by election. The situation here involves the filling of a vacancy through appointment.\nThere is one final point we feel constrained to mention. While the Secretary of State has no duty under Illinois law to sign and affix the state seal to the certificate of appointment issued by the Governor, he does have a duty under section 5(4) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/5(4) (West 2006))\n\u201cto give any person requiring the same paying the lawful fees therefor, a copy of any law, act, resolution, record or paper in his office, and attach thereto his certificate, under the seal of the state.\u201d\nThe registration of the appointment of Mr. Burris made by the Secretary of State is a \u201crecord or paper\u201d within the meaning of this statute. A copy of it is available from the Secretary of State to anyone who requests it. For payment of the normal fee charged by the Secretary of State in accordance with this statute, Petitioners could obtain a certified copy bearing the state\u2019s seal. Because such relief is possible, no order by this court is necessary or appropriate. See People ex rel. Devine v. Stralka, 226 Ill. 2d 445, 450 (2007) (for mandamus to issue, the petitioner must be without any other adequate remedy).\nConclusion\nBecause the Secretary of State had no duty under section 5(1) of the Secretary of State Act (15 ILCS 305/ 5(1) (West 2006)) to sign and affix the state seal to the document issued by the Governor appointing Roland Burris to the United States Senate, Petitioners are not entitled to an order from this court requiring the Secretary to perform those Acts. Under the Secretary of State Act, the Secretary\u2019s sole responsibility was to register the appointment (15 ILCS 305/5(2) (West 2006)), which he did. No further action is required by the Secretary of State or any other official to make the Governor\u2019s appointment of Roland Burris to the United States Senate valid under Illinois law. Moreover, to the extent that additional proof of the validity of the appointment is necessary, Illinois law provides a mechanism for obtaining it without the need for judicial intervention.\nFor the foregoing reasons, Petitioners\u2019 request for issuance of a writ of mandamus is denied. Mandate to issue forthwith.\nWrit denied.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE KARMEIER" } ], "attorneys": [ "Timothy W. Wright III, Phillip Holloway and Emmitt C. House, of Gonzalez, Saggio & Harlan, L.L.C., of Chicago, for petitioners.", "Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Brett E. Legner, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, for respondent, and Jesse White, Secretary of State, of Springfield, respondent pro se.", "Stephen Stern, of Chicago, for amicus curiae Cook County Bar Association." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 107816.\nROLAND W. BURRIS et al., Petitioners, v. JESSE WHITE, Secretary of State, Respondent.\nOpinion filed January 9, 2009.\nTimothy W. Wright III, Phillip Holloway and Emmitt C. House, of Gonzalez, Saggio & Harlan, L.L.C., of Chicago, for petitioners.\nMichael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Brett E. Legner, Assistant Attorney General, of Chicago, for respondent, and Jesse White, Secretary of State, of Springfield, respondent pro se.\nStephen Stern, of Chicago, for amicus curiae Cook County Bar Association." }, "file_name": "0001-01", "first_page_order": 11, "last_page_order": 22 }