{ "id": 3633305, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. DANIEL RAMSEY, Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Ramsey", "decision_date": "2010-10-07", "docket_number": "No. 105942", "first_page": "342", "last_page": "451", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "239 Ill. 2d 342" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "225 Ill. 2d 354", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5704702 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "402", "parenthetical": "clinical psychologist testified that defendant acted while \"under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance but not such to constitute a defense to the prosecution\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/225/0354-01" ] }, { "cite": "222 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3602575 ], "year": 2006, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "36" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/222/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 508", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3070652 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "525-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0508-01" ] }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 102", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3126650 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "125-26" }, { "page": "128" }, { "page": "127" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0102-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 Ill. 2d 175", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 385540 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "209-10" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/178/0175-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. 2d 289", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 544867 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "319" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/176/0289-01" ] }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3069192 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "577" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 Ill. 2d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2984278 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "30" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/76/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "158 Ill. 2d 275", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 780288 ], "year": 1994, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "298" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/158/0275-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 Ill. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5461909 ], "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "560" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/209/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453257 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "396" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3152076 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "95" }, { "page": "95-96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "232 Ill. 2d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3619470 ], "year": 2009, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "513", "parenthetical": "because the applicable statute did not provide definitions for \"emotional distress\" or \"mental anguish,\" this court assumed that the legislature intended for the terms to have their plain and ordinary meanings" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/232/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 Ill. 2d 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5592622 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1991, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "498", "parenthetical": "two expert witnesses for the defense stated that, \"in their opinions, the defendant was acting under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of his offenses\"" }, { "page": "524" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/144/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 Ill. 2d 409", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 483561 ], "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "443", "parenthetical": "Freeman, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by McMorrow, J." } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/165/0409-01" ] }, { "cite": "176 Ill. 2d 217", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 544855 ], "year": 1997, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "255", "parenthetical": "licensed clinical social worker testified that defendant was suffering \"an extreme mental and emotional disturbance, possibly a 'transient psychotic episode,' at the time he murdered\" the victim" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/176/0217-01" ] }, { "cite": "194 Ill. 2d 135", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1096306 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "145", "parenthetical": "noting that licensed clinical psychologist testified that \"defendant was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the present offenses\"" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/194/0135-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 Ill. 2d 401", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1224813 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "413" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/189/0401-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 83", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243850 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "93" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0083-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill. 2d 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1302606 ], "year": 2002, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "364" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/205/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "687-88, 694" }, { "page": "693, 698" }, { "page": "2064, 2068" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 L. Ed. 2d 798", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 602206, 11300959 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "810" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0400-01", "/us/347/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 400", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 602206 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "408" }, { "page": "652" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "339 Ill. App. 3d 565", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2469476 ], "weight": 8, "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "573" }, { "page": "567" }, { "page": "570" }, { "page": "571" }, { "page": "572" }, { "page": "572-73" }, { "page": "573" }, { "page": "579" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/339/0565-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 159", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609702 ], "year": 2003, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "182" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0159-01" ] }, { "cite": "48 Ill. App. 3d 769", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3374690 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771-72", "parenthetical": "exclusion of defendant's eyewitnesses, who were fellow inmates in correctional facility, was abuse of discretion where State was presumed to know identity and location of witnesses within its control" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/48/0769-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 Ill. App. 3d 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1172441 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "398", "parenthetical": "exclusion of defense witness as discovery sanction was abuse of discretion where sanction deprived defendant of his ability to present a defense" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/277/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "145 Ill. App. 3d 477", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3536011 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "481", "parenthetical": "exclusion of defense witness as discovery sanction was abuse of discretion where failure to disclose was inadvertent and State had ample opportunity to interview the witness before trial" }, { "page": "481" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/145/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "305 Ill. App. 3d 384", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 1208111 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "390", "parenthetical": "trial court abused its discretion by barring necessity defense where defendant timely disclosed intent to raise related defense of compulsion" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/305/0384-01" ] }, { "cite": "309 Ill. App. 3d 203", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 349633 ], "year": 1999, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "212" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/309/0203-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 Ill. App. 3d 39", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5783679 ], "year": 1992, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/235/0039-01" ] }, { "cite": "223 Ill. 2d 187", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3604853 ], "year": 2006, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/223/0187-01" ] }, { "cite": "235 Ill. 2d 97", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3625076 ], "year": 2009, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/235/0097-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549773 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "283" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Ill. 2d 439", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3121913 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "467-68", "parenthetical": "finding it proper for State's expert witness to give opinion as to whether defendant was acting under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the murder, but noting that the jury was free to reject that opinion based on the facts before it" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/98/0439-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 399", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3146699 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "407" }, { "page": "407" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0399-01" ] }, { "cite": "213 Ill. 2d 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8448624 ], "weight": 3, "year": 2004, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "256" }, { "page": "256" }, { "page": "256" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/213/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 243853 ], "year": 1999, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/186/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 Ill. 2d 414", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 198914 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1995, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "421-22" }, { "page": "421" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/166/0414-01" ] }, { "cite": "157 Ill. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 778579 ], "year": 1993, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "363" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/157/0341-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 U.S. 38", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1787611 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "45" }, { "page": "589" }, { "page": "2526" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/448/0038-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 U.S. 412", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11959771 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "424" }, { "page": "851-52" }, { "page": "852" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/469/0412-01" ] }, { "cite": "144 Ill. 2d 349", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5592743 ], "year": 1991, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/144/0349-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 Ill. 2d 502", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3122553 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "534" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/98/0502-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3114243 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "174-75" }, { "page": "175" }, { "page": "176" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 512", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3045827 ], "weight": 8, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "514" }, { "page": "515" }, { "page": "518" }, { "page": "522" }, { "page": "522" }, { "page": "523" }, { "page": "523-24" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0512-01" ] }, { "cite": "225 Ill. 2d 551", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5704197 ], "year": 2007, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "565" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/225/0551-01" ] }, { "cite": "193 Ill. 2d 306", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 963678 ], "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "347-48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/193/0306-01" ] }, { "cite": "237 Ill. 2d 539", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3629573 ], "weight": 2, "year": 2010, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "549" }, { "page": "189" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/237/0539-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 Ill. 2d 536", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 609709 ], "year": 2001, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "570-72" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/204/0536-01" ] }, { "cite": "173 Ill. 2d 348", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 147575 ], "year": 1996, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "361" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/173/0348-01" ] }, { "cite": "192 Ill. 2d 154", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 453259 ], "weight": 4, "year": 2000, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "158-59" }, { "page": "159" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/192/0154-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 3939, "char_count": 196757, "ocr_confidence": 0.754, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.300606990698601e-08, "percentile": 0.5124868283826586 }, "sha256": "2ac393e9c8d8151d5e53ff3f39f6569109c2ec9919c910c5a2ce5c401e423c56", "simhash": "1:9a3f71b6170d1c73", "word_count": 32670 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:42:29.667104+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. DANIEL RAMSEY, Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GARMAN\ndelivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.\nChief Justice Fitzgerald and Justices Freeman, Thomas, Kilbride, Karmeier, and Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.\nOPINION\nAfter a jury trial in the circuit court of Hancock County, defendant, Daniel Ramsey, was convicted of two counts of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(a) (West 1996)), three counts of attempted murder (720 ILCS 5/8\u20144(a), 9\u20141(a) (West 1996)), and one count each of aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 14(a) (West 1996)), home invasion (720 ILCS 5/12 \u2014 11(a) (West 1996)), and residential burglary (720 ILCS 5/19 \u2014 3(a) (West 1996)), and sentenced to death and several terms of imprisonment. His convictions were reversed by this court. People v. Ramsey, 192 Ill. 2d 154 (2000). He subsequently pleaded guilty to the intentional and felony murders of two victims, the attempted murders of three victims, aggravated criminal sexual assault, and home invasion. A jury found him eligible for the death penalty and determined that he should be sentenced to death. The trial court sentenced him to death and imposed prison sentences totaling 60 years on the other convictions. His appeal lies directly to this court under Supreme Court Rule 603 (134 Ill. 2d R. 603). For the reasons set forth below, we affirm his conviction and sentence.\nBACKGROUND\nOn July 9, 1996, Daniel Ramsey, then 18 years old, was taken into custody at the Sloop residence in rural Hancock County. He gave the police an account of the events of the previous evening, in which he admitted killing two young women and shooting two children and his former girlfriend, intending to kill them.\nDefendant\u2019s Statement\nAccording to defendant, 17-year-old Rachel Sloop had recently broken up with him. They had agreed to remain friends and he was still welcome at the Sloop home. He had called Rachel almost every day since the breakup. On the afternoon of July 8, defendant was visiting the Sloop home. Rachel\u2019s mother told Rachel that it was time for defendant to leave because she did not have enough food to invite him to stay for dinner. He remained for a while longer and then went home.\nLater that evening, another girl, Michelle Haist, told defendant that Rachel never truly liked him and that she had been using him because he gave her presents. Upset by her comments, defendant took a .22-caliber pistol from the trunk of his car and placed it underneath the front seat. He drove from his home in Keokuk, Iowa, to the home of another friend, L.M., in Basco, Illinois.\nAt about 11 p.m., defendant and L.M. went for a drive. L.M. told her mother that she would be home in about half an hour. They talked about Rachel and the breakup and began to argue. He called her a \u201cbitch\u201d and she slapped him. He struck her with his fist and then stopped the car near a grain bin. She slapped him again and he pulled the car closer to the grain bin. She got out of the car and came around to the driver\u2019s side. Then he got out of the car and they continued to fight, shoving each other, until L.M. got back into the car on the passenger side. Defendant then pinned L.M. down on the front seat of the car and ripped at her clothing. She told him several times to \u201cstop\u201d and to \u201cquit it,\u201d but he sexually penetrated her anyway and ejaculated.\nWhen he finished, L.M. told him that he was no longer her friend and that she would tell what he had done. He took a roll of duct tape from the trunk of his car and wrapped tape around her head, including her eyes, and around her arms, her wrists, and her hands. After she tried to run away, he also taped her lower legs. He lifted her over his shoulder and walked to a nearby empty grain bin and placed her inside, where he told her to stay.\nDefendant went back to his car, retrieved the pistol, and returned to the grain bin. He shot her twice. Then he got into his car and left. He later told police that he shot L.M. because she said she would get him into trouble. She died as a result of her wounds.\nDefendant told police that he decided at this point that he wanted to commit suicide and that he wanted Rachel to see him do it. He drove for a while, thinking of a way to get Rachel\u2019s mother, Barbara Sloop, and a house-guest, Kim Haist, out of the house. At about 11:30 p.m., he called the Sloop residence from a pay telephone at a gas station in Carthage, Illinois, and told Barbara that she and Kim were needed at Kim\u2019s apartment in Carthage, because Kim\u2019s ex-fianc\u00e9, Terry Hamelton, had ransacked her apartment there.\nHe then sped to the Sloop home. He turned the lights off in his car and waited until he saw the adults leave. Once he was sure that Barbara and Kim were gone, he parked his car on the side of the road beyond the Sloop home and walked through a cornfield to the home, carrying wire cutters, a flashlight, and his pistol. He looked in the windows and saw that Rachel and her 12-year-old sister, Lonna, were in the living room watching television. To ensure that Barbara could not telephone the girls from her cell phone once she discovered the ruse, he cut the telephone line to the house. He entered the house through the unlocked back door.\nHe approached Rachel quietly, startling her by touching her. They went into the dining room and talked for a while as she sat at the table with her back to him. According to defendant, he had not planned to shoot her, but she said something that set him off and he pulled out the gun and shot her in the back of the neck. He could not recall what she said to upset him.\nLonna, who was in the living room lying on the sofa, began screaming, so he shot her twice. Kim\u2019s two children, Cody Hamelton, age 3, and Courtnie Hamelton, age 2, were sleeping upstairs. When defendant heard them crying, he went upstairs and shot both children. (An autopsy revealed a nonfatal wound to Lonna\u2019s neck and a fatal wound to the top of her head. The children survived, with serious permanent injuries.)\nDefendant told police that he then tried to shoot himself in the head with his pistol, but that it misfired. He knew that there was a shotgun in the house, which he retrieved and again tried to kill himself. The shotgun slipped as he fired, causing a superficial wound to the back of his head, but he believed that he was dying.\nWhen he came back downstairs, he found Rachel on the floor, slipping in and out of consciousness. He lay down on the floor next to her and fell asleep. He awoke when she got up to go to the bathroom. She walked out of the house and he followed. The police, who by this time had been called to the house by Barbara Sloop, were outside and took him into custody. He led them to L.M.\u2019s body and later waived his Miranda rights and made the statement summarized above, which was videotaped.\nProcedural History\nFollowing a jury trial in which he raised the defense of insanity, defendant was convicted of the murders of L.M. and Lonna Sloop and other felonies. The jury found him eligible for the death penalty based on the cold, calculated, and premeditated manner in which the crimes were committed. 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 l(b)(ll) (West 1996). After a hearing, the jury found no mitigating factors sufficient to preclude imposition of the death penalty. The trial court sentenced defendant to death for the murders and to terms of imprisonment for the other crimes. This court reversed defendant\u2019s convictions and remanded for a new trial. Ramsey, 192 Ill. 2d at 158-59.\nPretrial proceedings concluded in April 2007 with the selection of a jury. Shortly thereafter, the parties advised the court that a plea agreement had been reached under which defendant would plead guilty to the murders of L.M. and Lonna Sloop, the attempted murders of Rachel Sloop, Cody Hamelton, and Courtnie Hamelton, the aggravated criminal sexual assault of L.M., and home invasion. The State agreed to dismiss four other counts. The trial court admonished defendant regarding the effect of a guilty plea and of the rights he was relinquishing. The court also determined that the plea was voluntary and was not the result of threats or promises.\nThe matter proceeded to a capital sentencing hearing before the jury.\nCapital Sentencing Hearing \u2014 Eligibility Phase\nAt the eligibility phase, the State introduced a copy of defendant\u2019s birth certificate, showing his date of birth as March 30, 1978. The State also offered a certified copy of five judgments of guilt based on defendant\u2019s guilty pleas.\nL.M.\u2019s mother testified that her daughter and defendant had been \u201cplatonic\u201d friends who talked daily on the phone. He often visited the Marson home to watch movies with L.M. She allowed L.M. to go for a drive with defendant at approximately 11 p.m. on the evening of July 8, 1996, and expected her daughter to be home in half an hour. When she was not home by 3 a.m., she called the police.\nCrime scene investigator Steve Zuber of the Illinois State Police described the grain bin where L.M.\u2019s body was found as being in a field of fairly mature corn, \u201cabout a hundred feet\u201d off the road and \u201csurrounded with fairly dense vegetation.\u201d There was a path leading from the road to the empty bin, but it was also covered with vegetation. Some of the vegetation was \u201ccrushed-down\u201d as if a vehicle had recently driven on it. There were tire tracks and shoe prints in the dirt behind the grain bin, where the vegetation was less dense. He took photographs of the tire tracks and shoe prints. Zuber identified several distinctive aspects of the shoe prints that identified the shoes as Nike brand shoes.\nZuber further testified that he found the body of L.M. inside the grain bin, with her head \u201cwrapped almost completely in duct tape from her eyebrows down to her chin with no openings left for her eyes, ears, nose, or mouth.\u201d Her arms and wrists and lower legs were also bound with duct tape. Her shorts were torn and there appeared to be blood on her underwear. Her fingers were also bloody. Zuber identified a photograph of the soles of L.M.\u2019s shoes and noted that no footprints matching her shoes had been seen in the area of the grain bin.\nBarbara Sloop testified regarding the dating relationship between defendant and Rachel and Rachel\u2019s decision to end it because she felt defendant was \u201csmothering\u201d her with his constant attention. While the young couple was dating, defendant visited the Sloop home every day and spent some weekends there. After the breakup, he continued to be a regular visitor and to call Rachel almost every day. When she returned home after work on the evening of July 8, 1996, defendant was there. Kim Haist, a family friend, was also there. She had been staying in the Sloop home with her two small children because an ex-boyfriend had recently set fire to her car. Barbara and Kim discussed the security of the Sloop home and defendant interjected that \u201cif anybody wanted in your home, whether your doors were locked or not, they would get in.\u201d Shortly thereafter, Barbara told defendant that dinner was almost ready and that he could not stay because she did not have enough food for everyone. He did not leave right away, but did eventually leave.\nBarbara said that she was asleep on the couch in the living room when the telephone rang at about 11:30 p.m. She recognized defendant\u2019s voice. He told her that Kim\u2019s former boyfriend had ransacked her apartment and was going to pour gasoline on it and set it on fire. He told her to get Kim and come directly to her apartment in Carthage and not to go to the police station. She woke Kim and then Rachel, so that Rachel could listen for the children in case they woke up. When she and Kim arrived at Kim\u2019s apartment, neither defendant nor the police were there and nothing was amiss. She called home and got a busy signal, so she drove to the sheriffs office.\nThomas Merchie, a crime scene investigator with the Illinois State Police, testified that he photographed a brown or tan Ford bearing Iowa license plates that was parked east of the Sloop residence on a gravel road leading into a field. The car was separated from the house by a corn field and a bean field. He measured the distance at approximately 417 feet from the car to the house. Merchie observed a police radio sitting in the front seat of defendant\u2019s car. The radio was turned on and he could hear police radio frequency traffic. After arranging for the car to be towed for later processing, Merchie went to the Sloop home to process the scene there.\nIn the living room, he found the body of a young woman on the couch. She was partially covered with an afghan and her head was on a pillow. She had been shot in the right side of the neck, with the bullet traveling through the pillow. She had a second gunshot wound to the top of her head.\nIn an upstairs bedroom, Merchie found a shotgun on the floor near an empty gun case and a .22-caliber handgun. Outside the residence, he found three telephone wires that had been cut. He also found a blue-handled \u201cside cutter,\u201d or wire cutter, in the grass outside the house. He found no signs of forced entry into the house.\nAfter being accepted as an expert witness without objection by the defense, Dr. Travis Hindman testified regarding the autopsy he performed on L.M. He described the duct tape that was wrapped \u201cvery tightly\u201d from her forehead to her chin. Her arms were taped to her chest and her legs were taped together. She had abrasions on the fingers of both hands. Her shorts were torn and stained. He found bruising and tearing in the vaginal area, compatible with a sexual assault. Hindman recovered bullet fragments from a gunshot wound to the back of her head. The cause of death was severe brain trauma due to the gunshot wound, with a possible contributory cause of asphyxia due to her face having been covered with duct tape. Other physical findings demonstrated that L.M. was alive when she was shot. Had she not been shot, she eventually would have suffocated.\nHindman also testified regarding the autopsy of Lonna Sloop. She had one gunshot wound to the side of her neck and one to the top of her head. The bullet penetrated a pillow before entering her neck, pulling some of the pillow filling with it. The wound was about one-inch deep and when the pillow fabric rebounded, it pulled the filling and the bullet with it. As a result, the neck wound was survivable. The second wound was fatal.\nThe State\u2019s final witness in the eligibility phase was Rachel Sloop White, now age 28. She testified that she began dating defendant in March 1996, when she was 17 years old. During the several months that they dated, he came to her house \u201cevery day\u201d and stayed \u201call day.\u201d She decided to end the dating relationship in late June 1996 because he was too possessive and she felt that she had no \u201cspace\u201d of her own. After she ended the dating relationship, he continued to visit the Sloop home every day and they remained friends.\nShe explained that Kim\u2019s brother, Terry Haist, was engaged to Amy Sloop, Rachel\u2019s older sister. Kim and her two children were staying with the Sloops because she suspected the children\u2019s father, Terry Hamelton, of setting fire to her car the previous weekend. On the afternoon of July 8, 1996, defendant was visiting the Sloop home and the fire was discussed.\nAt about 11:20 p.m. that night, Rachel\u2019s mother woke her up, explaining that she and Kim had to leave the house. Rachel was afraid to be the oldest person in the house with only her 12-year-old sister, Lonna, and two small children. She woke Lonna and asked her to accompany her downstairs so she would not be alone. Lonna lay on the couch and fell asleep while Rachel sat in a recliner, watching television.\nShe looked up and saw defendant coming through the dining room toward her. When she asked what he was doing there, he replied that her mother knew he was there and that it was \u201cokay\u201d for him to be in the house. He asked her to come into the dining room to talk to him and she complied. Toward the end of that discussion, he asked Rachel if she would resume dating him.\nAt this point in her testimony, the State rested its case on eligibility. The defense presented no evidence at this stage of the proceedings. Closing arguments were made and the jury was instructed.\nThe State noted that defendant was 18 years old and that he had pleaded guilty to first degree murder. In addition, the State argued that it had proven the existence of three eligibility factors beyond a reasonable doubt: (1) defendant was convicted of murdering two individuals and their deaths were the result of his intent to kill (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(b)(3) (West 1996)); (2) defendant killed L.M. in the course of another felony, aggravated criminal sexual assault (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(b)(6) (West 1996)); and (3) both murders were committed in a \u201ccold, calculated and premeditated manner pursuant to a preconceived plan, scheme or design to take a human life by unlawful means, and the conduct of the defendant created a reasonable expectation that the death of a human being would result therefrom\u201d (720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 l(b)(ll) (West 1996)).\nIn support of the third factor, the State argued that the murder of L.M. was cold, calculated, and premeditated, as shown by the fact that the defendant brought a gun and duct tape when he went to Marson\u2019s house and that he drove only 1.6 miles from the Mar son home before leaving the road to park behind a grain bin that was surrounded by dense vegetation, where he raped her, bound her with duct tape, placed her inside the grain bin, and shot her.\nSimilarly, the State argued, the murder of Lonna Sloop was cold, calculated, and premeditated. Defendant lied to Barbara Sloop to get the adults to leave Rachel, Lonna, and two small children alone in the house, using information about who was in the home that he obtained in an earlier visit that day. He sped to the Sloop home and parked off the road with his headlights off, so that he could see the adults leave. Then he parked his car where it could not be seen from the house, cut through a cornfield to reach the house, and cut the telephone lines. After gaining access to the house, he shot Lonna in the top of the head as she lay on the living room couch.\nDefense counsel emphasized that defendant, after receiving Miranda warnings and knowing that he did not have to speak, cooperated with the police. He gave a full statement and took responsibility for his actions at that time and later when he pleaded guilty. If he had premeditated killing L.M., counsel argued, he would not have spent half an hour visiting with her in her home before taking her out that night. Counsel also noted that defendant did not try to disguise his voice when he called the Sloop home. Thus, counsel suggested, because he did not try to conceal his identity from his victims\u2019 mothers, he did not premeditate the murders.\nThe jury found, unanimously, that each of the three aggravating factors existed.\nCapital Sentencing Hearing \u2014 Evidence in Aggravation\nAfter opening statements by both sides, Rachel Sloop White resumed the stand as the State\u2019s first witness in the second stage of the capital sentencing hearing. She testified that she was introduced to defendant by a mutual friend, L.M., at the Keokuk, Iowa, YMCA. Eventually, they began dating and she attended prom with him in March 1996. She broke up with him later that spring by giving him a letter that she had written. She wanted to continue to be his friend.\nOn the afternoon of July 8, 1996, defendant was visiting her house. Rachel, Lonna, Kim, and defendant talked about the incident in which Kim\u2019s car caught fire. There had also been a fire in defendant\u2019s car. They all suspected Terry Hamelton of setting the fires.\nAt some point in the afternoon, defendant drove Kim into town to run errands \u201cto do with the fire\u201d and then brought her back to the house. Rachel\u2019s mother returned from work about 4:30 p.m. and began cooking dinner. She told Rachel that it was time for defendant to leave because there was not enough food for him to eat with them that evening. After Rachel told defendant to leave he \u201cmoved at a slow pace,\u201d and when he did finally leave, called her a \u201cbitch.\u201d\nShe was asleep later that night in her second-floor bedroom when her mother woke her, explaining that she had received a telephone call from defendant telling her that she and Kim were needed in town at Kim\u2019s apartment because Terry Hamelton was ransacking it.\nRachel and Lonna were in the living room watching television when she heard someone in the dining room. She saw defendant coming toward her. Defendant asked to talk to her in the dining room.\nThey sat at the table, smoking cigarettes and talking. When he asked her if she would resume dating him, she tried to change the subject, saying that she needed to bring the dogs inside. She went to the front door to let the dogs in and defendant accompanied her. Then they went back to sit at the dining room table. From her seat at the table, she could see out the window and she saw the headlights of a car coming down the road toward the house. When she told defendant that a car was approaching the house, he shot her in the head, just above and behind her right ear. Before she \u201cfell over,\u201d she heard her sister, Lonna, say, \u201cDon\u2019t shoot me.\u201d\nRachel remained seated, with her head resting on the table, as she slipped in and out of consciousness. At some point, defendant returned to the room. He was bleeding and he let his blood \u201cjust go all over\u201d her. Then he asked her to lie down on the floor next to him. She used a chair cushion as a pillow and lay down on the floor, covering herself with a blanket. He kept touching her, asking her if she was still alive. She responded, \u201cStop touching me before I die.\u201d She asked defendant if he had shot anyone else and he told her that he thought he had killed her sister, but he denied having shot the two children.\nEventually, she told defendant that she had to go to the bathroom. He initially refused to let her leave, but she told him that she would leave the bathroom door open. When she came out of the bathroom, she did not see defendant, so she opened the front door and walked outside where the police were waiting. (Later testimony by a state trooper established that it was approximately 5:52 a.m. on July 9, 1996, when Rachel exited the house, followed shortly thereafter by defendant, who surrendered to the police.)\nMichelle Haist, the younger sister of Kim and Terry Haist, testified that she knew defendant because he was dating Rachel, whose sister, Amy, was engaged to Michelle\u2019s brother, Terry. Defendant \u201cwas always around.\u201d In 1996, Michelle was living with Kim in Carthage, Illinois.\nOn July 3, 1996, Michelle had been at Kim\u2019s apartment when Terry Hamelton came by and told her that he wanted to see the children, Cody and Courtnie. Kim had not been home at the time. Later that night, Michelle was awakened by flashing lights. Kim\u2019s car was on fire and the flames were \u201cstarting to come in the window.\u201d\nOn several subsequent evenings, defendant spent the night at Kim\u2019s apartment, along with Michelle, her boyfriend, and Earn and the children. Everyone was on edge. The night of July 6, defendant \u201ckept going in and out,\u201d then he ran into the apartment saying his car was on fire. When she went out to look, she saw several newspapers in the backseat that had been set on fire. The flames had gone out on their own and it was not necessary to call the fire department.\nMichelle also testified that she was at the Sloop home on the afternoon of July 8, 1996. She noted that defendant and Rachel \u201cwere having some kind of argument.\u201d She accepted a ride back to Keokuk from defendant. Rachel was yelling after him as they pulled out of the driveway. Defendant said that he felt like pulling \u201cin front of a semi right now.\u201d She told him that it was \u201cstupid\u201d to kill himself over \u201csome girl\u201d and that he just needed to move on. He would not accept that Rachel did not want to be with him.\nDefendant dropped Michelle at a friend\u2019s house and then left for a bit, saying that he had to go to his house \u201cto do something.\u201d Later, he returned and offered Michelle a ride to her home. She said she was not ready to go, so he stayed. Then he left a second time and came back, again offering to take her home. She told him she intended to stay there for the night. He \u201cstayed there for a while and then he eventually left.\u201d Michelle was \u201cannoyed because he just kept repeating it over and over and kept asking [her] to go ***. He just persistently kept asking me over and over.\u201d\nTerry Haist testified that he was living at the Sloop home with his fianc\u00e9e, Amy Sloop, in 1996. He knew defendant as Rachel\u2019s boyfriend. Terry had a 20-gauge single-shot shotgun that he kept under the bed in Amy\u2019s upstairs bedroom.\nHe also testified regarding the relationship at that time between his sister, Kim, and her former boyfriend, Terry Hamelton. There was some \u201csquabbling\u201d between Kim and Terry Hamelton over the children. Terry Hamelton resented Terry Haist because he was \u201cmore or less like a father figure to the kids.\u201d Hamelton had made comments about coming for Haist and wanting \u201ca piece\u201d of him. Terry Haist was told by defendant that Hamelton had been taking target practice, making Haist believe that Hamelton was going to come looking for him. Every time defendant was at the house, he would make comments to Haist about \u201cwhat Terry Hamelton was doing.\u201d\nOn the afternoon of July 8, 1996, Haist was at the Sloop house while Barbara Sloop was cooking dinner. Everyone, including defendant, was talking \u201cabout how everybody was scared about all the events that were going on. And Amy wanted her mom to lock all the doors.\u201d Defendant said that if someone really wanted to get into the house, they could just come in through the window, pointing at the window in the dining room.\nOn the evening of July 8, 1996, Haist and Amy did not stay at the Sloop home because Amy was afraid that Hamelton \u201cwas going to show up and try to do something.\u201d They went into town to stay with his grandmother. He left the shotgun in the bedroom, sticking out from under the bed so that he could have easy access to it. The shotgun was not loaded.\nHaist further testified that he had shot the shotgun with defendant on at least five occasions. They shot birds and took target practice. Once, defendant brought his own shotgun shells so that he could take target practice while Haist was gone.\nKim Haist\u2019s previous sworn testimony was read into the record by another person. She had testified at the first trial that on July 8, 1996, defendant drove her and her two small children from their apartment in Carthage to the Sloop home. Her car had been set on fire at her home several days before and she suspected that Terry Hamelton, the children\u2019s father, was responsible. She knew defendant through the Sloop family and he had stayed at her apartment for several nights to protect her and her children.\nAfter they dropped the children at the Sloop home and arranged for Lonna to watch them, defendant took Kim to run several errands in town. They returned to the Sloop home at about 4 p.m. and visited for a while. When they discussed the recent fire, the discussion turned to the need to lock the doors when everyone went to bed that night. Defendant said that it would not matter if the doors were locked, because someone who wanted inside could come through the windows.\nWhen it was time for defendant to leave, he offered to drive Kim\u2019s younger sister, Michelle, to her boyfriend\u2019s house in Keokuk, Iowa. Michelle and defendant left the Sloop home together. Terry Haist and Amy Sloop also left for the night because Amy did not feel safe. Then Kim and Barbara Sloop went back to Carthage to retrieve clothing and toys for the children, returning at about 10 p.m. After they watched the television news, everyone went to bed. Barbara woke her at 11:30 p.m., to tell her that defendant had phoned to say that they needed to go to her apartment in Carthage because Terry Hamelton had been arrested while ransacking her apartment and that the police needed to speak to her. When they arrived, they saw no lights and no vehicles. They went to the police station and Barbara attempted to call home. When there was no answer, a county sheriffs deputy was sent to the Sloop home. At the request of the police, they remained at the police station until 6:30 a.m. the following morning. The next time she saw her children was in the trauma unit of the local hospital, before they were airlifted to Peoria for treatment.\nPolice Captain Kevin Church of Keokuk, Iowa, testified that when he was a patrol officer in 1992, he investigated a report of a young man who approached the manager of a cemetery, asking alarming questions about security there. He had shown her a police badge and stated that he was doing security work for the police department. Church identified defendant as that young man. Church and another officer went to the Ramsey home, spoke to defendant\u2019s father, and searched defendant\u2019s bedroom, where they found a police badge. Defendant\u2019s father told Church that he had found some stolen items in the attic of his garage and had discarded them. He gave the officers permission to search the garage and they found a 9-millimeter handgun. Church asked that defendant be brought to the police station, where he was given Miranda warnings and made a statement, admitting that he had gone to the cemetery and spoken to the manager. He also admitted stealing the handgun from a neighbor\u2019s home. Church also testified that he had arrested defendant on more than one occasion prior to this incident.\nAmy Mitchell Briggs testified that in 1993 she had been the girlfriend of Shane Mullenburg. She knew defendant from school and from seeing him around town. On October 11, 1993, she and Shane left his house to go out for the evening. She had forgotten something, so they returned to the house where they found defendant and another young man whom she identified as Dustin Wade. One of them was holding a VCR. They went out through the front door and she chased them. She could not recall if Shane owned a gun at that time.\nBarbara Sloop returned to the stand to read a victim impact statement regarding the death of her daughter, Lonna.\nThomas Crew, chief of police for the City of Keokuk, Iowa, was the next witness for the State. In 1993, when he was a criminal investigator, he investigated the burglary of Shane Mullenburg\u2019s home. The police could not locate defendant, but they did speak to Dustin Wade, who explained that the burglary was defendant\u2019s idea and that defendant was looking for a gun. He said that when they were interrupted by Briggs\u2019s return, the gun was left on a bed.\nCrew also testified that he was familiar with defendant, who was a \u201ccommon figure\u201d in the community and who frequented the fire department and police department on a regular basis. He was \u201calways there\u201d and was fascinated with anything having to do with radio equipment or emergency services.\nIn 1994, Crew was part of a task force that was conducting undercover narcotic operations. The members of the task force used radios to communicate during surveillance. At one point, Crew was sent to do a \u201cbuy bust\u201d at a local hotel. As he was driving an unmarked car to the hotel, he saw defendant on the street talking to a relative of the target of the operation. As Crew drove by, defendant pointed him out to the person to whom he was speaking.\nThat individual later complained to the police department that he and his family were being surveilled by the police. An investigation revealed that defendant had recorded task force radio transmissions. Upon learning that the task force\u2019s radio frequencies had been compromised, Crew obtained a search warrant for defendant\u2019s school locker and his residence. In his bedroom, police found a Rolodex file containing information regarding police officers and their families, including home addresses and names of their children and spouses. The file contained similar information regarding firefighters and emergency management personnel. Defendant was charged with interference with official acts.\nDr. Christopher Hefner testified as an expert witness. He testified that he treated Rachel Sloop for a gunshot wound to the head. The bullet struck and entered the first cervical vertebra and both the bullet and the bone were fragmented. There was no exit wound. The injury resulted in complete occlusion of the right vertebral artery, which supplies the back part of the brain. Although Rachel was able to speak and her vision and facial functions were normal, this injury presented a risk of a devastating stroke due to formation of a blood clot. Dr. Hefner elected to use blood thinners to treat the clot, rather than surgery, because of the risks involved in surgery. Rachel\u2019s injury was potentially life-threatening.\nRetired Illinois State Police officer Stuart Erlenbush testified that he had been present on the morning of July 9, 1996, when defendant was taken into custody. He observed what appeared to be a superficial gunshot wound to the back of his head. There was some blood, but no sign of a puncture wound. The wound was treated by applying gauze with tape.\nDan Law of the Illinois State Police testified over a continuing objection by the defense to any mention of the attempted murders of Cody and Courtnie Hamelton. Law stated that he responded to the Sloop home on the night of July 8, 1996, as a member of the tactical response team. After donning protective gear, the team approached the house from the rear. As they did so, two individuals exited through the front door. The team then entered the house. Law went to the second floor and entered a bedroom in which he found a small boy, lying on the floor with a blanket and pillow covering his face. Law removed the blanket and pillow and then began removing his equipment so that he would not alarm the boy. He did not initially observe any injuries, but saw the child\u2019s skin turn an ashy color. His condition seemed to be deteriorating. When medical personnel arrived and moved the boy, Law observed a wound in his back. While he was tending to the boy, Law heard a gasp from the corner of the room. He looked over to see a small girl lying on the floor. One of her eyes was \u201cbulged out enormously\u201d and there was dried blood on her face. When the EMT tried to insert an IV in the girl\u2019s arm, she began screaming. Once the boy was removed on a backboard, Law carried the girl to the waiting ambulance. Law returned to the house through the front door and observed the body of another girl lying on the couch.\nIllinois State Police master sergeant Bruce Liebe also testified over a defense objection regarding the discovery of the injured children in the upstairs bedroom. Liebe stated that he saw the two children lying on the floor. The girl was face down and he initially thought she was dead. The boy was lying on his back, with a pool of blood around his head. He was obviously frightened. Liebe got down on the floor and began removing his mask, goggles, and other equipment. The boy calmed down. He was alert and responded with eye movements, but he did not speak. At this point Law realized that the girl was still breathing. He observed what appeared to be a gunshot wound to her right eye. Initially, he could not tell whether it was an entrance wound or an exit wound. Later, he discovered an entry wound to the back of her head. The girl seemed to be unconscious, but reacted when paramedics attempted to insert an IV Then the boy became unresponsive and his color turned ashen. He appeared to be going into shock. When the boy was being moved to a board, Liebe observed a bullet wound in his \u201cupper shoulder area alongside of his spine.\u201d Both children were then removed to waiting emergency responders.\nDr. William Hanigan, a neurosurgeon, testified as an expert witness regarding his treatment of Cody and Courtnie Hamelton. When he first saw Courtnie in the emergency room, she was semicomatose. A CT scan of her head showed bone and bullet fragments along the right side of her temporal lobe to the right eye, along with a blood clot. He performed surgery to remove the fragments and injured brain tissue. Courtnie\u2019s right eye was \u201cdestroyed.\u201d\nHanigan saw Cody Hamelton for the first time the following day. The bullet wound through his shoulder damaged his esophagus, which required surgery to repair. He later developed a bacterial infection at this site. The bullet also fractured cervical vertebrae and injury to his right brachial plexus, which supplies nerves to the arm. Cody was not able to move his right arm and was barely moving his right leg. A second surgery was required to remove dead tissue in the shoulder. During this procedure, the doctor performed a spinal tap, which revealed meningitis.\nCaptain Tim Becker of the Illinois State Police testified that he had been a trooper in 1996 and that he was the individual who placed defendant in handcuffs after he exited the Sloop home. He observed that defendant had blood on his hair, face, and clothing. Another trooper read defendant the Miranda warning. Defendant acknowledged that he understood his rights. He was \u201cshivering; shaking violently; crying; saying he was sorry.\u201d On cross-examination, Becker acknowledged that defendant shed tears and that he said he was sorry more times than Becker could count.\nRon Wood testified that he was a juvenile court officer in Keokuk, Iowa, and that he had held that position since 1985. He first encountered defendant in 1992, when he was charged with fourth degree theft for stealing a gun. He was adjudicated delinquent, placed on probation, and ordered to comply with certain conditions including attending school, making restitution, performing community service, and obtaining counseling.\nWood next encountered defendant in 1993 after he was charged with fourth degree theft, assault, fifth degree theft, assault doing bodily injury, and third degree burglary. The charges stemmed from five separate incidents. Wood recommended that defendant be placed in detention. After a hearing, he was ordered placed in detention in the juvenile facility at Montrose, Iowa.\nDefendant later admitted the delinquent acts of theft and assault. The court placed custody of defendant with his parents and sister for the purpose of placing him in an \u201cappropriate structured residential facility,\u201d which Wood described as \u201cgroup care.\u201d He went to a home in Davenport, Iowa, where he attended school and obtained family and individual counseling. He remained there from November 1993 to August 1994, when he was released by consent of all parties, including the State\u2019s Attorney. He remained on probation.\nIn December 1994, while still on probation, defendant was charged with interference with official acts and harassment of a public official. After a hearing, his probation was revoked and he was placed at the State Training School for boys at Eldora, Iowa, which is the state\u2019s juvenile prison.\nOn cross-examination, Wood acknowledged that defendant admitted guilt each time he was accused of a crime. In addition, a psychiatrist at the State Training School prepared a report, which was submitted to Wood, in which he diagnosed defendant with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and recommended that he be referred to a mental health center for treatment with medication. Wood agreed with his recommendation that defendant be placed in a highly structured group home upon his release from Eldora. This recommendation, however, was rejected by the committee responsible for such decisions and the defendant was instead sent home \u201cwith services.\u201d\nWood was also questioned on cross-examination about the circumstances of the December 1994 charges. Defendant entered an electronics store in Davenport, Iowa, and claimed to be a member of the West Point fire department. He attempted to buy the type of radio used by the department. The clerk became suspicious and refused to make the sale. The clerk took down the license plate number of defendant\u2019s car and reported the incident to the sheriff.\nWood\u2019s cross-examination was also used to admit defendant\u2019s discharge summary from Eldora, which indicated that he had been a productive student, taking a vocational course in residential wiring, that he had completed his GED requirements, and that he was enrolled in a computer literacy program.\nOn redirect, Wood testified that defendant served multiple in-school suspensions during his eighth-grade year, 1991-1992, for offenses such as hitting, kicking, and pushing other students and possession of keys to the school building. Except for a B in physical education, his final grades were Ds and Fs. In 1992, when Wood first dealt with defendant, he had not previously been charged with any crime. However, he told Wood that he had been involved in numerous thefts in the Keokuk area. The records provided to Wood revealed that prior to the incident involving the cemetery and the theft of the gun, defendant was seen by a clinical psychologist who diagnosed him as having oppositional defiant disorder. In addition, the doctor who diagnosed the ADHD condition found \u201cno evidence for any serious mental disorder which would impair [his] ability to be responsible for his behaviors.\u201d Records from defendant\u2019s stay at the group home in Davenport showed that he had a \u201csuperficial commitment\u201d to the program there and that he \u201cdemonstrate[d] a false commitment to the program.\u201d He denied and minimized the conduct that resulted in his placement there and did not accept responsibility for his actions. Further, he interacted with his peers in a \u201cdomineering and superior manner.\u201d He also had an \u201cunrealistic concept of boundaries between himself and authority figures.\u201d Wood read and relied on these reports and records to make his recommendation regarding placement of defendant.\nIn 1994, after the incident in which defendant interfered with the work of the drug task force, a search warrant was executed on his locker at school. The search disclosed a confidential list with unlisted telephone numbers at the school. Based on his possession of this list and his excessive absenteeism, he was suspended from high school. Defendant\u2019s father thereafter contacted Wood to tell him about the suspension and to report that defendant was not following his curfew. His father was concerned with recent outbursts of defendant\u2019s temper and feared that he might physically hurt his mother. Wood\u2019s testimony also revealed that defendant\u2019s parents were, in fact, his biological grandparents who had adopted him as an infant.\nDr. James E. Coeur was unavailable to testify. His testimony from defendant\u2019s first trial was read into the record. Dr. Coeur testified that he treated defendant on July 9, 1996, for a superficial wound to the back of the scalp. An X-ray revealed no damage to the skull. The wound was a \u201cgroove\u201d in the soft tissue of the scalp, about 4V2 inches long and half an inch wide. He used a local anesthetic and sutured the wound. Defendant was calm and cooperative.\nThe videotape of the statement defendant made to the police on the morning of July 9, 1996, was admitted into evidence via the testimony of William Pententler of the Illinois State Police, who was present during the interview. The tape was played for the jury. Its contents are summarized above.\nThe State\u2019s case in aggravation closed with the testimony of Suzanne Marson, who read a victim impact statement regarding the death of her daughter, L.M.\nCapital Sentencing Hearing \u2014 Evidence in Mitigation\nMark Cunningham, a clinical and forensic psychologist, testified as an expert witness that he is familiar with scholarly research regarding the likelihood that a capital defendant will commit serious violence while in prison. He authored a number of articles on this topic, for which he received several awards. Cunningham interviewed defendant for 1 hour and 40 minutes in August 2006. He also interviewed two corrections officers from facilities in which defendant had been confined regarding their observations of him, and he reviewed defendant\u2019s records from these facilities. In addition, Cunningham utilized statistical and demographic information regarding inmates who commit crimes while in prison.\nCunningham opined that there is a \u201cvery low likelihood that Dan Ramsey would commit an act of serious violence or seriously injury somebody while confined for life.\u201d This conclusion was based on defendant\u2019s age (29 at the time of his evaluation), the appraisal of correctional staff, the fact that he holds a GED certificate, and the fact that he has regular visitation with his family. In addition, \u201cin his interpersonal style, he is significantly detached from inmate interactions.\u201d Cunningham also noted that defendant had no disciplinary tickets for threats, fights, or assaults while in prison. Cunningham further noted that the data shows that severity of the offense that sent an individual to prison is not a predictor of violence while in prison. He also testified regarding the conditions in Illinois prisons for individuals serving life sentences without the possibility of parole.\nJana Huele testified that she is defendant\u2019s biological mother and his adoptive sister. She was 16 years old when defendant was born. Her two older sisters and older brother had left home by this time, so she was the only child living at home with her parents. She concealed her pregnancy from her parents until a few hours before giving birth. She received no prenatal care. She originally intended to give the baby up for adoption, but decided the morning after his birth that she wanted to see him. The nurse brought her an infant, with whom she spent several hours. After she went home with her parents, she realized that their description of the baby\u2019s red hair did not match the infant she had seen. When the social worker came to the house for her to sign the consent papers, she insisted that she could not sign the papers without seeing her baby.\nThe social worker brought the infant to the Ramsey home. Jana and her family, including her parents, her grandmother, one sister, and her brother, spent several hours with the infant. When Jana announced that she wanted to keep the baby, the family was \u201cvery happy.\u201d The social worker took the child back to the foster parents, over her objections. He was not returned to her for a week and a half or two weeks.\nJana went back to school while her mother cared for the baby. The crib was placed in her parents\u2019 bedroom and her mother got up with the baby at night. Eventually, her parents suggested that they adopt the baby and she agreed. The adoption was final just before his first birthday. When she was 17, Jana married Mark Huele and moved out of her parents\u2019 house.\nJana did not necessarily agree with her parents\u2019 decision not to tell defendant the circumstances of his birth and adoption until he was in his teens, but she and the other family members went along with the decision. However, when defendant was about nine years old, Jana\u2019s oldest sister began to drop hints that his parents were really his grandparents. The sister was then divorced and living at home and Jana felt that she was jealous of the amount of attention her parents paid to defendant rather than her own children. After defendant found out that he was adopted, he began to rebel. He was angry and began to get into trouble. Over time, it became more difficult for her parents to discipline defendant. She and her siblings could not tell their parents about anything defendant said or did, because they would not have believed it. Her parents thought that their children and grandchildren were jealous of defendant and tried to get him into trouble.\nAt age 11 or 12, defendant became very interested in listening to the police scanner. He would keep track of calls and would ride his bicycle to watch what was going on. He equipped his bicycle with a light and some sort of siren and carried the scanner with him.\nEdna Jean Daggs testified that she had been defendant\u2019s kindergarten teacher. She noticed that defendant was immature and had a difficult time staying on task. She had a hard time getting and then holding his attention. She discussed the situation with defendant\u2019s parents, who declined to give permission to have him tested. At the beginning of the school year, routine speech, hearing, and vision testing was done. Defendant\u2019s parents would not give permission for additional testing or the speech therapy that was recommended as a result of the screening. During the first semester, defendant did not learn to write his name and he did not learn to recognize any sounds associated with letters of the alphabet. Daggs later sent home another request for special education support services for defendant\u2019s parents to sign. Instead, they withdrew him from school.\nDefendant\u2019s kindergarten grades were admitted via Daggs\u2019s testimony. In addition to the report card she gave, which stated that he was not making progress, talked constantly, and had a very short attention span, the physical education teacher reported that defendant experienced difficulty with jumping, skipping, hopping, galloping, and marching. He had difficulty identifying parts of the body and naming animals.\nPhyllis Benner testified that she was defendant\u2019s teacher for the remainder of kindergarten after he transferred from public school. He had to repeat kindergarten because he had not yet begun to read. He attended the same school for first through fourth grades. Defendant was \u201ca loner.\u201d He did not have any friends at school. On show-and-tell days, he would bring keys to school. He would take his ring of keys out on the playground and try to tell the other children what he could open with them. He was disappointed that they were not interested.\nKathleen Carter testified that she had been defendant\u2019s sixth-grade teacher at another private school. As a transfer student in fifth grade, he had a hard time fitting in. He was a C or D student in her class. She thought he would benefit from speech therapy and she referred him to the speech teacher. The principal signed off on her recommendation and defendant\u2019s mother consented to the initial evaluation. However, she refused permission for him to attend speech therapy.\nShe further testified that defendant had difficulty paying attention, that he was easily distracted by the sound of a truck going by or even a lawn mower outside. He did not regularly complete his homework. He got into scuffles on the playground and in the lunch room. Defendant complained that other students picked on him and teased him. For example, he would bring a badge that he had made to school and tell his classmates that he worked for the FBI. He also brought toy handcuffs to school. He carried a briefcase instead of a backpack like the other students. She saw defendant carry a key ring with 20 to 25 keys on it, which hung from his belt loop. He liked to show them off and tell people what he could unlock.\nDoris Turner testified that she had been defendant\u2019s seventh- and eighth-grade mathematics and science teacher at a Catholic junior high school. She observed that defendant was not \u201cable to interact with the other junior high students in a way that [she] would expect a seventh grade student to interact.\u201d Thus, when assigning students to work together in lab groups, she had to select a partner for defendant who could communicate and work with him. He was not able to \u201cbanter\u201d with the other students and took things that they said \u201cvery literally.\u201d His feelings were easily hurt and she saw him \u201ctense up,\u201d \u201cbecome rigid,\u201d and have tears in his eyes when this happened. He had no close friends among the other students, but did stay at school after hours, as if school were a \u201csafe haven\u201d for him. \u201cOne-on-one, with an adult,\u201d he was \u201cfine.\u201d He was very helpful to the teachers and offered to do chores such as sweeping and moving equipment.\nTurner observed defendant regularly carrying a key ring with as many as 100 keys on it. He was fascinated with law enforcement and he would \u201chop on his bike after school\u201d if he heard a siren. He was \u201calways talking\u201d about one particular police officer and often wanted to tell her about things that had happened with the police in town.\nJack Turner testified that he had been the principal of the Catholic school defendant attended. He found defendant to be \u201cpersonable\u201d in a one-on-one conversation. He was \u201cvery, very, very infatuated\u201d with what the police and fire department were doing. However, he was \u201ckind of a loner, had not matured socially, and as a consequence,\u201d Turner thought, he \u201chad a tendency to try and get attention, sometimes negatively.\u201d Defendant was frequently given detention. Turner observed no close relationships between defendant and other students. He sometimes saw defendant trying to join a group of students in conversation and being rebuffed. Defendant would be \u201cvery hurt,\u201d and he \u201cdid not accept rejection very well.\u201d He participated in no extracurricular activities, but readily volunteered to help the teachers.\nThe situation with defendant deteriorated during his eighth-grade year. Money was missing from the locker room, from bingo receipts, and from the office. Turner suspected defendant. Defendant was finally caught with \u201ca whole pocket full of keys that belonged to the school building\u201d as well as keys to multiple pop machines at the school and elsewhere.\nTurner took the matter to the school board, in a meeting that defendant\u2019s parents attended. Turner\u2019s position was that defendant should not stay at the school unless he received \u201cprofessional help.\u201d He recommended the Newman Center in Quincy, Illinois. At the end of the meeting, defendant\u2019s parents knew that if they took defendant to the Newman Center or a similar facility for treatment, he could come back to the school. Shortly thereafter, Turner received a request to transfer defendant\u2019s records to a public junior high school.\nNancy Clemonson testified that she had been employed as a school counselor at the Catholic junior high school defendant attended. She first met defendant after an \u201caltercation,\u201d in which he wielded his briefcase against other students. She spoke to him about appropriate behavior with other students. Later, she recommended to defendant\u2019s parents that he receive counseling because he was getting into fights at school.\nLinda Burdette testified that she was defendant\u2019s biological aunt and adoptive sister. She had given birth to her first child, a son, six months before defendant was born. She had not been aware that her teenage sister, Jana, was pregnant. Jana had lost some weight earlier and Linda thought she was just gaining the weight back. Jana had no prenatal care. She did not take prenatal vitamins. During the pregnancy, she \u201csmoked like a chimney\u201d and \u201cdrank a lot of Pepsi,\u201d because she did not like milk. Linda urged her sister to give the baby up for adoption, but encouraged her to see him before making her decision. Jana was \u201cvery angry\u201d that the hospital initially substituted another baby for her to see. Linda did not think it was a good idea for her parents, then 49 and 50 years old, to adopt the infant. She and her husband considered adopting him, but did not feel that they could afford to care for another child.\nLinda explained that her parents intended to tell defendant that he was adopted, but that they wanted to choose the right time. The other family members were aware of her parents\u2019 insistence that they be the ones to tell defendant the truth, but they \u201cjust kept putting it off and off and off\u201d until it was \u201ctoo late.\u201d When defendant was about eight years old, the oldest Ramsey sister, Debbie, told defendant that he was adopted. He has since refused to reveal what she told him or the circumstances, but he was very upset. Debbie was very jealous of defendant and Linda opined that she \u201cdidn\u2019t tell him very nicely.\u201d\nAfter learning the circumstance of his birth, defendant tried to form a closer relationship with Jana, his birth mother, who lived nearby with her husband and four children. Her husband \u201cdidn\u2019t care for [defendant] at all\u201d and did not want him around. Her children were jealous of him. In the end, he was not \u201cwelcome\u201d at Jana\u2019s home.\nIn addition, defendant lost trust in his adoptive parents. Linda tried to talk to him and to tell him that he was loved, but he ignored her. His behavior changed and he became rebellious.\nShe then spoke about his fascination with keys, radios, and electrical equipment. Once she cleaned her parents\u2019 house for them and she found keys and key rings hidden in the curtain valances and other places. He had \u201cstuffed keys all over the house.\u201d He was also fascinated with the police scanner and hand-held radios.\nShortly before the events of July 8, 1996, defendant came to Linda\u2019s house to talk to her about his breakup with Rachel Sloop. She spent about an hour talking to him. He wanted advice on how to reconcile with Rachel and said that he intended to buy her a gift. Linda advised against it, explaining that he could not \u201cbuy\u201d love. Instead, she recommended that he write her a card or letter explaining his feelings. He came back to see her on July 3, 1996, and told her that he bought a ring for Rachel. Linda was busy preparing for the holiday, and did not give him the time and attention he needed.\nLinda stated that she visited defendant in prison once a week and that she once asked him how he felt about what he had done. He became very upset with her questioning him about his remorse and said that he thinks about what he did \u201cevery day.\u201d\nRoy Bell testified that he was a paramedic in Keokuk until 2002. He stated that when he was on ambulance calls, defendant would \u201ccome and see if we needed any help.\u201d Sometimes defendant would arrive at the scene before the ambulance. Defendant also came to the garage where the ambulances were housed. Bell would occasionally allow defendant to get equipment from the truck or to help lift a patient on a backboard. Bell encouraged defendant to take the test to become an EMT.\nRichard Marlin testified that when he was employed as a juvenile court specialist in the early 1990s he twice supervised defendant when he was ordered to perform community service. Groups of young men would be assigned to pick up trash or set up tents for community events. Defendant was a hard worker. He followed instructions and never complained about the work. Unlike some of the other young men, defendant was always on time. Marlin stated that he could not turn his back on defendant because the other boys would \u201cknock him upside the head.\u201d They did not like defendant, who had problems fitting in. If Marlin had to leave the work site, he had to take defendant with him because the other boys \u201cwould do something to him.\u201d\nDr. Ruben Gur was accepted as an expert witness in the fields of psychology and neuropsychology. He provided a lengthy description of the structure of the brain, the functions of the various portions of the brain, and how the brain develops.\nDr. Henry Conroe was accepted as an expert in the field of psychiatry. He testified that he was asked to evaluate defendant to determine if he had any mental disorders that might have affected his behavior in July 1996. He reviewed records regarding the crimes including defendant\u2019s videotaped statement to the police, records of interviews with people from the community, and defendant\u2019s medical and school records. He interviewed defendant for a total of 9V2 hours over a period of several years. He also interviewed defendant\u2019s adoptive parents, his biological mother, and his adoptive uncle.\nConroe observed that defendant had \u201cdifficulty explaining his emotions\u201d and that when he did talk about his feelings, there was a \u201cdisconnect\u201d between his facial expression and what he was saying. He assigned four diagnoses to defendant: \u201cAsperger\u2019s Syndrome,\u201d \u201cBorderline Personality Disorder,\u201d \u201cAttention Deficit Disorder,\u201d and a history of \u201cConduct Disorder.\u201d\nHe described Asperger\u2019s Disorder as a \u201cmild form of autism,\u201d which consists of two findings. First, these individuals are unable to \u201cread\u201d other people\u2019s emotions or cues. As children, they have problems with their peers and, as adults, they have difficulties in relationships. Second, individuals with Asperger\u2019s Disorder tend to have an \u201cintense preoccupation with a very narrow idea *** to the exclusion of other activities.\u201d They will be \u201cvery focused\u201d on this one idea and \u201cspend tremendous amounts of time over a long period of time\u201d pursuing it. Asperger\u2019s Disorder was first recognized as a diagnosis in 1994.\nAs to the second finding, Conroe found that defendant was fascinated with communication equipment, particularly as related to police, firefighters, and emergency responders. His family reported that this interest began when he was only seven or eight years old. His brother provided a file that defendant kept as a teenager in which he recorded names and information regarding people in the community. At that age, he saw himself as \u201cbeing an officer in some sort of security company.\u201d He described defendant\u2019s interest as an \u201cintense preoccupation.\u201d\nAs to the first finding, Conroe stated that defendant\u2019s family members described his difficulty reading their feelings. He did not relate well to other children, but did better with adults because they were more patient with his difficulties. The school reports that Conroe reviewed were consistent with this finding. Defendant was described as easily upset, mumbling to himself, and having social problems. His teachers also observed that he was \u201cpreoccupied with gadgets\u201d and that he carried an \u201cFBI badge,\u201d which was actually an old calculator case. One teacher described defendant as \u201cconfused\u201d and \u201csad\u201d and having a \u201cshort fuse.\u201d She said he was \u201cvery sensitive to rejection\u201d and she considered him \u201ca disaster waiting to happen.\u201d\nA person with Borderline Personality Disorder, Con-roe explained, feels abandoned and, thus, rejected. Such a person has unstable moods, is impulsive, and may have a problem managing anger. In addition, the person may have \u201ctwo conflicting aspects of themselves.\u201d In defendant, Conroe observed five of eight diagnostic criteria for this disorder, which is sufficient to make a diagnosis. At a young age, he learned that he was rejected by his birth mother and adopted by his grandparents, causing his sense of abandonment. At this time in his life, there was a \u201csignificant deterioration in his behavior,\u201d including increased anger as reported by his family members and his teachers. His confusion about his family relationships \u2014 learning that the people he believed to be his parents were his grandparents and that his sister was really his mother \u2014 \u201ccould, in a vulnerable individual, cause a great degree of confusion about who and what they are.\u201d His emotions were \u201cvery easily set off.\u201d For example, his reactions to the breakup with Rachel Sloop included depression, anger, and tears. Defendant himself described this period as a \u201croller coaster.\u201d The two letters that defendant wrote to Rachel prior to the offenses but did not send to her revealed feelings \u201cof rejection, anger, suicidal thought, and abandonment.\u201d The letters were admitted into evidence.\nAttention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is seen in children who have difficulty focusing in school. They are easily distracted and have problems organizing their behavior and completing tasks. ADD leads to stress, low self-esteem, and compromised problem-solving ability. Treatment may include medication, counseling, and special education. The condition may persist into adulthood. Records from several schools and from the Eldora facility described defendant in these terms. While in school, he was evaluated for ADD, but he never received treatment.\nConroe also reviewed defendant\u2019s medical records, including the record of his birth, which showed that his teenage mother had received no prenatal care.\nAn intake assessment from the River Center for Community Mental Health, dated December 9, 1991, described defendant at age 13. A psychologist noted that defendant had problems with anger and peer relationships, particularly after learning that he had been adopted by his grandparents. He got along with older people, but not others his own age. Conroe described this as \u201ctypical of Asperger\u2019s.\u201d His adoptive parents described him as having few friends and said that they did not know what would \u201cprovoke him.\u201d He was not physically violent, but would become \u201cvery verbally angry.\u201d Defendant told the psychologist that he wanted to be a police officer or a firefighter.\nA report from a psychologist who treated defendant supported Conroe\u2019s diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder. The psychologist stated that defendant liked to talk about listening to police scanners and being around policemen, but that he became \u201cquite uncomfortable\u201d when asked about his discovery that he was adopted. According to Conroe, this showed \u201chow emotionally charged this was\u201d for defendant and that he did not \u201chave the ability *** to use that therapeutic session to handle the feelings.\u201d\nIn a later report, the same psychologist reported that therapy was being terminated because defendant\u2019s adoptive mother was unable to afford further treatment. Defendant was disappointed and stated that he had become \u201creally comfortable\u201d with the therapist. He tried to persuade his mother to change her mind. In the psychologist\u2019s opinion, the mother felt threatened because the therapy had begun to focus on defendant\u2019s lack of a relationship with his birth mother. At the end of the session, defendant was close to tears and \u201ctrying hard to stifle his emotions.\u201d Conroe opined that this record showed defendant \u201chad some ability to make use of a therapist,\u201d but that \u201cexternal circumstances interrupted therapy.\u201d\nIn 1992, a psychiatrist at the State Training School in Eldora, Iowa, diagnosed defendant with ADHD and Undifferentiated Conduct Disorder. He recommended treatment for the ADHD with a stimulant, such as Ritalin. The report also described defendant as being \u201cvery immature\u201d and as having difficulty \u201cestablishing and maintaining appropriate relationships with peers.\u201d His IQ was within the average range, but he was \u201cinept socially, attention seeking,\u201d and his behavior was \u201ca little odd.\u201d One worker at Eldora said that defendant did not learn from his experiences with his peers. For example, he would continue telling his stories even after his peers would tell him that they did not want to hear any more. Conroe said that this behavior is \u201cvery characteristic of someone with Asperger\u2019s. They don\u2019t get the clues or the cues from other people.\u201d The report from Eldora concluded that defendant would benefit from a \u201chighly structured program.\u201d\nConroe concluded that on July 8 and 9, 1996, the disorders he diagnosed had \u201can extreme affect\u201d on defendant. They affected his ability \u201cto make judgments, to manage his feelings, to make decisions, to deal with the feelings that were welling up within him that were [described] in these two notes\u201d that he had written to Rachel. \u201cSo he was under extreme duress at that point from these disorders.\u201d\nDefense counsel asked Conroe whether these \u201cmental disorders\u201d could also be characterized as \u201cmental disturbances.\u201d He answered, \u201cYes.\u201d The State objected and the court instructed the jury to disregard the question and answer.\nConroe opined that defendant was remorseful for his actions, as shown in his videotaped confession and by the fact that he was \u201cvisibly shaken\u201d when speaking to Con-roe about the events. He did not try to \u201cexplain it away or rationalize it\u201d or \u201cmake excuses.\u201d\nOn cross-examination, Conroe acknowledged that another psychiatrist, now deceased, had been hired by the defense to evaluate defendant prior to his becoming involved in the case. That psychiatrist did not diagnose defendant with Asperger\u2019s Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, or ADD. Instead, that psychiatrist diagnosed Antisocial Personality Disorder. Conroe was questioned regarding the diagnostic criteria for this disorder and whether defendant met these criteria.\nThe first criterion is failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behavior as indicated by repeatedly performing acts that are grounds for arrest. Conroe admitted that defendant meets this criterion. The second criterion is deceitfulness as indicated by repeated lying, use of aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure. Conroe acknowledged that defendant displayed some of this behavior, but \u201cnot in a pervasive manner which is necessary for the diagnosis to be made.\u201d He also noted that defendant has been incarcerated since the crimes and has not committed any antisocial acts while in custody. Conroe agreed that the third criterion, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, was present but insisted that the fourth criterion, irritability or aggressiveness as indicated by repeated physical fights or assaults, had not been a problem since defendant\u2019s incarceration. He noted that fights are common in jails and prisons, despite efforts to control inmates. Again, with respect to the fifth criterion, reckless disregard for safety of self or others, Conroe\u2019s position was that defendant had not displayed this trait while incarcerated and that because the second, fourth, and fifth criteria were not \u201cpervasive\u201d in his conduct, even while in custody, the diagnosis of Antisocial Personality Disorder did not apply.\nConroe also acknowledged that violence against others is unusual in persons with Asperger\u2019s Disorder and that defendant\u2019s preoccupation with police communications and police procedure, while it could be seen as reflective of Asperger\u2019s, could also be seen as a means of acquiring information that would be useful in committing crimes.\nDr. Terry Killian testified as an expert in the field of psychiatry. He explained that he had initially been contacted by the prosecution to evaluate defendant, but had been called to testify by the defense. Prior to meeting with the defendant in February 2003, he reviewed police reports related to the crimes, reports of interviews with witnesses, school records, and records from the various facilities and programs that had been involved with defendant. The interview lasted for four hours. His primary diagnosis was ADHD. He also diagnosed a past history of Conduct Disorder, explaining that the diagnosis, by definition, applies only to patients under the age of 18.\nKillian explained the difference between ADD and ADHD. Not all children with ADD are hyperactive. Boys are more likely than girls to have ADD and are more likely to be hyperactive. In his opinion, defendant\u2019s records described a child with ADHD, despite no diagnosis being offered until his teen years. He was never treated for ADHD.\nSeveral years after performing his initial evaluation of defendant, Killian was again contacted by the State and asked to review additional psychological and psychiatric reports regarding defendant. The files that he obtained at that time included reports of numerous interviews that he had not seen previously. He then interviewed defendant for a second time in November 2006. He diagnosed ADHD and a history of Conduct Disorder, but also diagnosed Asperger\u2019s Disorder and Depressive Disorder, not otherwise specified, probable Personality Disorder with dependent features, and Nonverbal Learning Disorder.\nKillian described the diagnostic criteria for Asperger\u2019s Disorder including \u201cqualitative impairment in social interactions,\u201d which may be manifested by: the marked impairment in use of nonverbal behaviors to regulate social interactions, the failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to the individual\u2019s age, or lack of spontaneous sharing of one\u2019s interests, activities, or achievements with others, and a lack of social or emotional reciprocity. If two of these four manifestations is present, this criterion is met.\nThe records he reviewed, in his opinion, revealed that defendant manifested the second and fourth traits. He did not have age-appropriate friends because other children and teens saw him as \u201codd\u201d and he lacked the ability to reciprocate socially or emotionally with others because he did not understand his own or other people\u2019s emotions.\nThe second criterion described by Killian was \u201crepetitive and restricted and stereotyped patterns of behavior,\u201d manifested by any one of four behaviors: \u201can encompassing preoccupation with one or more activities that are abnormal in either their intensity or their focus,\u201d \u201cinflexible adherence to nonfunctional routines or rituals,\u201d \u201crepetitive motor mannerisms\u201d causing \u201cclinically significant impairment,\u201d or a \u201cpreoccupation with taking things apart.\u201d Killian opined that defendant had an \u201cencompassing preoccupation\u201d with \u201ceverything that had to do with police work and emergency services.\u201d A \u201clot of the trouble he got into during his teen years\u201d was, according to Killian, related to this preoccupation. He described defendant\u2019s interest in these matters as \u201cvery significant and abnormal.\u201d\nA third criterion, \u201csignificant impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning,\u201d was also met. Defendant was significantly impaired in his social interactions. Three other criteria were not applicable to defendant, but Killian stated that the requisite number of criteria were met to make the diagnosis of Asperger\u2019s Disorder.\nAfter his 2006 evaluation of defendant, Killian wrote in his report that defendant had \u201cProbable Antisocial Personality Disorder.\u201d He explained that \u201cantisocial\u201d means that the individual \u201cviolates other people\u2019s rights frequently and typically without remorse.\u201d He made the probable diagnosis because he found that defendant \u201cwithout question\u201d met the requisite number of criteria for the diagnosis. Defendant repeatedly disregarded and violated the rights of others starting by the age of 15; he was irritable and aggressive; he repeatedly failed to conform his behavior to social norms of lawful behavior; and he engaged in deceit. However, Killian noted, he did not see in defendant \u201cwhat pretty much everyone I\u2019ve ever read says is the core of the antisocial personality,\u201d that is, \u201cthe repeated violation of other people\u2019s rights without remorse.\u201d Killian concluded that although defendant \u201ctechnically\u201d meets the diagnostic criteria, he has repeatedly expressed sorrow for the crimes and is \u201cemotionally distraught\u201d when he describes them. Thus, he stated, the diagnosis likely does not apply to defendant. He also observed that antisocial conduct does not cease merely because the individual is incarcerated and he noted that there were no reports of such conduct by defendant while in jail.\nIn conclusion, Killian opined that at the time of the offenses, defendant had all of these disorders and that his mental illnesses impaired his judgment. He had a \u201csubstantial disorder of thought, mood, and behavior,\u201d which caused him difficulty in recognizing his own emotions and those of other people.\nOn cross-examination, Killian acknowledged that at the time of the offenses, defendant was \u201cnot impaired by a psychiatric condition that would have made him unable to appreciate the criminality of his behavior.\u201d Further, he was \u201cclearly able\u201d to plan and make decisions and that he committed the crimes \u201cout of anger.\u201d His Asperger\u2019s did not cause his anger or possessiveness of Rachel Sloop, but \u201cplayed a role\u201d although his \u201cdeficits were certainly not severe.\u201d He also acknowledged that defendant was not acting under any delusional beliefs or manic symptoms. He knew what he was doing, even though he was unable to describe why he did it.\nKillian was also questioned regarding the records of defendant\u2019s psychiatric treatment while at State Training School. The psychiatrist there found \u201cno evidence for any serious mental disorder which would impair his ability to be responsible for his behaviors.\u201d Another counselor described defendant as resisting treatment and seeing counseling as a \u201ckind of game to see how long he could go without really telling the counselor anything.\u201d\nThe records reviewed by Killian also revealed that defendant described the mental health treatment he had received as a youngster as a \u201cpain in the ass\u201d and as a \u201cgame of cat and mouse.\u201d He did not feel that he had ever derived any benefit from treatment and said that he never felt the need for mental health treatment.\nWith regard to the Asperger\u2019s diagnosis, Killian agreed that this condition does not \u201cmake people particularly prone to committing crimes.\u201d He stated that defendant\u2019s Asperger\u2019s is \u201crelatively mild.\u201d A reasonable mental health professional could conclude that his symptoms, while present, are not sufficient to warrant the diagnosis. He noted that defendant\u2019s symptoms are \u201csustained,\u201d but are not \u201csevere.\u201d\nWith regard to the Antisocial Personality Disorder diagnosis, Killian acknowledged that lack of remorse is but one of seven recognized symptoms and that an individual could be diagnosed with the condition if he manifested three of the other six symptoms. Thus, Killian explained, he qualified his diagnosis as \u201cprobable\u201d and, if indeed present, the condition is \u201cmild.\u201d\nThe final witness in mitigation was Joyce Ramsey, defendant\u2019s biological grandmother and adoptive mother. She testified that she loves her son, in spite of the \u201cterrible thing\u201d that he did, and that she visits him in jail once a week and speaks to him on the telephone two or three times a week. She regrets not having told him \u201cright from the start\u201d that he was adopted.\nCapital Sentencing Hearing \u2014 Evidence in Rebuttal\nDr. Vallabhaneni, a psychiatrist, testified as an expert witness. He first interviewed defendant in August 1997, when he was a staff psychiatrist at Menard Correctional Center. He found defendant to be alert and oriented, with no sign of mental illness and no intellectual impairment. Defendant was coherent and cooperative. His mood, affect, and thinking were normal and he exhibited good communication skills. He did not diagnose any mental disorders, including ADHD.\nOn cross-examination, Vallabhaneni acknowledged that he had no independent recollection of his contact with defendant and that he typically spent 15 to 30 minutes evaluating a new inmate. He had no further contact with defendant after the initial evaluation.\nPatrick Ewing, a clinical psychologist who treated defendant in 1992, testified as an expert witness. Defendant was referred for treatment after his release from the State Training School in Eldora. A psychiatrist there suspected that defendant had ADHD. Ewing testified that he did not diagnose defendant with ADHD because he did not see symptoms consistent with that diagnosis. He was \u201cinteractive\u201d and \u201ccooperative.\u201d He was \u201copen in providing information\u201d and Ewing did not observe any indication of significant emotional distress or hyperactivity. Defendant told Ewing that he had been arrested for impersonating an officer. The \u201ctwo main themes\u201d they discussed were his anger at his father for allowing the search in which police found a gun defendant had stolen and the trauma of being told by a cousin that the people he believed to be his parents were really his grandparents. Ewing\u2019s diagnostic impression after his initial evaluation of defendant was Conduct Disorder, which is basically a descriptive term referring to violating the rights of others and of society\u2019s norms and rules.\nEwing saw defendant again a week later and again found him to be \u201cvery communicative\u201d and \u201cvery interactive.\u201d He enjoyed talking about his interest in police work. He described his \u201cbeing assigned some important position or status by people in the community.\u201d He had a strong interest in listening to police radio and \u201cimmers[ed] himself in that culture.\u201d During this second visit, defendant had a pair of handcuffs with him, which he \u201cproudly displayed.\u201d Ewing attempted to obtain a release from defendant\u2019s parents to speak to a police officer who knew him because he thought the officer might be a resource to use in a positive way in defendant\u2019s therapy. Defendant became very angry at this suggestion and stormed out of the office.\nEwing\u2019s notes from their third session indicated that defendant was \u201ca keen observer of many behaviors and situations when they relate to *** being in a position of power or control.\u201d Defendant used this information to present himself as being in a position of authority. At a later session, defendant brought a key ring with 35 keys on it.\nEwing noted that defendant was angry that his parents were imposing limits on his behavior and that Ewing was supporting and encouraging them in this effort. Defendant stated that he would not accept such limits.\nEventually, defendant\u2019s mother told Ewing she was going to move defendant to another therapist, citing financial problems. She also expressed her opinion that Ewing was being \u201cunfair\u201d to defendant because of the limits he proposed the parents set on his behavior. Defendant was upset about this decision. He was fighting back tears and said that he was going to talk to his mother about changing her decision.\nDefendant resumed therapy with Ewing in August 1994, after he had been arrested for a break-in and sent to a residential facility. He had joined the school football team at the suggestion of his probation officer and was surprised at how well he got along with the other members of the team. He still did not want to talk about how he found out about his adoption and who his natural mother was, but was willing to discuss his dating relationship at that time. Ewing noted that social acceptance had been a very positive influence on his self-esteem.\nWith regard to Asperger\u2019s Disorder, Ewing testified that although he was familiar with the disorder, he had not been aware of it when he was treating defendant in 1992 through 1994. The diagnosis was not recognized until 1994. In retrospect, however, he did not believe that the diagnosis applied to defendant. The Asperger\u2019s patient has a difficult time reading other people, while defendant could \u201ceffectively con\u201d people. Ewing described defendant at that time as being \u201cpretty fluent in his interaction\u201d with other people.\nMental health counselor Mike Maher testified as an expert witness. In 1992, Maher treated defendant at the River Center for Community Mental Health, after he was referred to the Center by the juvenile court office. Maher observed that defendant, who had previously been seen at the Center by another counselor, was \u201cnot overly receptive\u201d to being there as a condition of his probation for theft. Defendant was 14 years old. At the initial interview his behavior was \u201cgrandiose and narcissistic.\u201d He had no difficulty communicating, but appeared to feel as if he were \u201cabove the law.\u201d At the same time that he was \u201cpreoccupied with police matters,\u201d he felt as if he could do things that were illegal. He was defiant and rebellious, perhaps related to his \u201cfamily distress.\u201d Maher opined that defendant liked to push the limit \u201cto see how far he could go, what he could get away with.\u201d Maher noted in his written evaluation at that time that while defendant did not \u201cpose an immediate threat,\u201d \u201cthe potential for aggressive acts seemed possible given his ability to justify or rationalize the things that he was doing.\u201d\nMaher noted \u201can open hostility towards both biological parents,\u201d with whom defendant did not want to have any contact. The information provided to him by the probation officer stated that defendant\u2019s adoptive parents were \u201cintimidated and fearful of him, and that he gets by with a lot of inappropriate behavior.\u201d\nMaher had also reviewed the records from Eldora, which indicated that defendant was \u201cshunned by his peers\u201d there for his \u201cgrandiose and exaggerated stories/ behavior\u201d and that he had been caught going through a social worker\u2019s desk while at that facility.\nMaher diagnosed defendant with Conduct Disorder, undifferentiated, moderate to severe, which he described as \u201ca cluster of behavioral symptoms representing violations of age appropriate and legal societal norms.\u201d Except for the psychiatrist at Eldora who diagnosed defendant with ADHD, Maher was not aware of any other professional who had made that diagnosis.\nThe treatment plan that Maher developed for defendant in 1992 was admitted into evidence. This plan noted defendant\u2019s strength as his willingness to discuss his situation. His weakness was that \u201che saw nothing inappropriate or nothing wrong with his inappropriate and many times illegal behavior.\u201d In 1993, Maher documented defendant\u2019s progress. Defendant \u201ccontinued to manifest oppositional behavior\u201d and was unwilling to engage in treatment. In addition, there was a \u201clack of support from his grandparents to enforce behavioral objectives.\u201d\nAt the conclusion of one counseling session, Maher wrote: \u201cClient is extremely manipulative and seeks to avoid responsibility for any of his behavior.\u201d At a later session, Maher observed that during their sessions, he and defendant \u201clearned that a significant motivating factor for his decision making process is that anything providing him a sense of power or influence or authority over people is very alluring to him.\u201d\nWith respect to Asperger\u2019s Disorder, Maher testified that he was familiar with the diagnosis from his continuing education training and that he has seen children with this diagnosis. He stated that he could make the diagnosis, but that he saw \u201cno evidence\u201d of Asperger\u2019s in defendant.\nCapital Sentencing Hearing \u2014 Sentencing\nIn its closing statement, the State urged the jury to focus on the \u201cfacts and circumstances of the defendant\u2019s horrible crimes\u201d and the \u201cmany decisions and choices\u201d that he made while carrying out his crimes. The prosecutor argued that the two mental health counselors who best knew defendant, Maher and Ewing, rebutted defendant\u2019s mental health evidence. He noted that defendant brought a gun with him on the evening of July 8, 1996, and had it under the seat of his car when he went for a drive with L.M. That drive lasted only a few minutes \u2014 long enough to travel 1.6 miles \u2014 and ended when defendant pulled off the road near an empty grain bin that was surrounded by dense vegetation and then drove his car over 100 feet further off the road to park behind the bin. This, according to the prosecutor, was not \u201ca haphazard, accidental, random thing.\u201d Similarly, defendant \u201cvery calculatingly and deliberately concealed her body in that grain bin off the road where she could not easily or quickly be found.\u201d\nThe prosecutor also questioned the testimony that defendant went to the Sloop home that night to commit suicide. If his intent was to kill himself, he would not have needed to scheme to get the adults out of the house. Rather, the prosecutor suggested, defendant\u2019s motive was to confront Rachel, to see if what Michelle Haist and L.M. had said about her feelings for him was true, so that he could decide if she deserved to die.\nThe prosecutor noted that defendant drove at a high speed to the Sloop home, so that he could be sure the adults had left. He turned his headlights off and waited by the side of the road \u201clike a predator stalking his prey.\u201d This conduct was not \u201cimpulsive, random, crazy\u201d; it was \u201ccalculating,\u201d \u201ccold,\u201d and \u201cmethodical.\u201d\nFurther, if he had intended to commit suicide there, defendant would have simply pulled his car in the driveway. Instead, he drove 400 feet past the driveway and approached the house on foot, through a cornfield, bringing wirecutters and a flashlight. His cutting of the telephone wires was also inconsistent with his professed intention to commit suicide.\nThe prosecutor argued that after Rachel failed his test and he shot her, defendant shot Lonna Sloop because she could have identified him. Similarly, he shot the two children because they knew him and could have identified him, even though they had not seen him because they were in an upstairs bedroom.\nBecause defendant and Rachel had, by this time, seen the headlights of an approaching car, escape was not possible. His \u201chalf-hearted, lame attempt to supposedly commit suicide\u201d was belied by all of his \u201cacts of planning *** concealment and deception\u201d earlier that night. Further, his cooperation with the police was the result of his being caught \u201cred-handed.\u201d There was \u201cno mystery\u201d about whom L.M. was with that night or about who shot four persons in the Sloop home. Thus, his cooperation with police was one more instance of defendant\u2019s manipulative conduct.\nThe prosecutor then summarized the statutory aggravating factors for the jury and argued that several of the factors were met. The prosecutor argued further that the evidence in mitigation should be given little weight.\nDefense counsel began by explaining that mitigation is not intended to provide an excuse for a defendant\u2019s actions, but that such evidence should be used to determine whether death is the appropriate penalty. He urged the jury to focus not just on what defendant did, but on his life and on \u201cwhat happened to him in his formative years that took him to that point.\u201d Defendant\u2019s expert witnesses established that he was \u201ca mentally ill young man\u201d and that his illnesses \u201cimpaired his judgment.\u201d He argued that the testimony of these board-certified psychiatrists was more credible than that of the State\u2019s witnesses.\nDefense counsel also noted the decisions that affected defendant\u2019s life over which he had no control: his birth to a teenage mother who did not receive prenatal care, her reversal of her initial decision to give him up for adoption, his adoption by his grandparents and their decision not to tell him of his adoptive status, the manner in which he learned of his adoption, his parents\u2019 refusal to provide recommended speech therapy as a child, their refusal to give him recommended medication or to place him in the recommended treatment facility, and, finally, his removal from therapy with Patrick Ewing at his mother\u2019s insistence.\nCounsel also emphasized defendant\u2019s acceptance of responsibility, including his guilty plea. In addition, counsel noted defendant\u2019s youth and the expert testimony that he was not fully mature when he committed these crimes.\nAfter brief rebuttal by the State, defendant was allowed to make a statement. He expressed sorrow for his actions and for the pain he caused. He stated that although he could not change what he did in the past, he has since \u201ctried to make the right decisions.\u201d\nThe jury was instructed and, after deliberation, rendered a unanimous verdict that death is the appropriate sentence. The court found that the record supported the jurors\u2019 finding and imposed the penalty of death. At a subsequent hearing, defendant was sentenced on the remaining counts. Defendant\u2019s posttrial motions to withdraw his guilty plea and to reconsider sentence were denied by the trial court after a hearing.\nANALYSIS\nI. Applicability of Amended Supreme Court Rule 701\nOn July 11, 1996, the court appointed James Dennis to represent defendant, and Dennis continuously represented defendant throughout these proceedings. Defendant was also represented at his retrial by John Carter, who was appointed by the court in February 2001. Defendant first argues that he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing because neither of his trial attorneys were members of the Capital Litigation Trial Bar (CLTB). He points to Supreme Court Rule 701(b), which states in pertinent part: \u201cHowever, no person, except the Attorney General or the duly appointed or elected State\u2019s Attorney of the county of venue, may appear as lead or co-counsel for either the State or defense in a capital case unless he or she is a member of the Capital Litigation Trial Bar provided for in Rule 714.\u201d 188 Ill. 2d R. 701(b). This requirement was added to the rule on March 1, 2001, by an amendment that also provided: \u201cThe amendment to paragraph (b) shall be effective one year after its adoption, and shall apply in capital cases filed by information or indictment on or after its effective date ***.\u201d Thus, the amended rule became effective March 1, 2002, and applies to all capital cases filed on or after that date.\nDefendant was charged by indictment on July 9, 1996, and by amended indictment January 23, 1997. In February 2001, Judge Stephen G. Evans, who was then presiding and who had presided over defendant\u2019s first trial, contacted the attorneys for both defendant and the State. Judge Evans called the parties\u2019 attention to several recent news articles on the proposed creation of the CLTB. Although Judge Evans\u2019 letter indicates that he had not yet seen the proposed supreme court rule changes, he nonetheless expressed concern:\n\u201cWhile the Ramsey case was filed in 1996, I do not know whether these rules are retroactive; however, with the strong policy positions taken in Illinois by the Governor, the Illinois Supreme Court, and the Task Force recommendations, I suggest that we take a very close look at the application of these new rules to this case.\nAs presiding judge at the first trial, I believe that all counsel performed very well. Based upon those observations, and what has occurred since the remand from the Illinois Supreme Court, I personally believe it would be in Mr. Ramsey\u2019s best interest to proceed with his present counsel. However, none of us want to participate in any error in the upcoming trial.\u201d\nThe court therefore instructed the attorneys to find out whether the proposed rule changes would apply to them and to take any necessary action: \u201cI request that counsel promptly make inquiry as to how new Supreme Court Rule 714 may apply in People v. Ramsey. I also request that if applications for admission to the Capital Litigation Trial Bar are required, that same be pursued.\u201d\nOn February 23, 2001, at a hearing before Judge Evans, the judge again raised his concern about the forthcoming rule changes, indicating that he \u201cwould like to make a formal record at this time that would address the experience of counsel, and have that of record.\u201d The court then asked each of the attorneys present to recite his or her experience. After the State\u2019s attorneys had spoken, defense attorney Dennis told the court, \u201cI have read some of the articles in the newspaper about the expected qualifications, and I believe I meet those qualifications.\u201d Dennis went on to explain that he had been practicing law since 1978, and he believed the new rules would require five years of practice experience. He also stated that he had tried \u201ceight or more\u201d felony cases before a jury, including the first trial in this case and one other murder case. Defense attorney Carter, who was then the chief public defender for McDonough County, Illinois, stated that he had been admitted to practice law in Illinois since 1982. He further stated that he \u201cbelieved\u201d that he had served as either co-counsel or lead counsel in more than five felony cases tried before a jury, although he could not remember precisely how many, and he had been \u201csecond counsel\u201d in one murder case. Judge Evans responded that he believed Carter could meet the proposed rules\u2019 requirements based on the cases Carter had tried before him alone. The court then found, \u201cWith respect to what has been recited by counsel, it appears that you all qualify under what I believe the terms will be of the proposed Supreme Court Rule for admission to the capital litigation trial bar. I do make those findings for the record at this time.\u201d\nOn November 21, 2002, the issue was raised before Judge William D. Henderson at a scheduling hearing. The State expressed continuing concern about the application of the amended rules to this case:\n\u201cJudge, there is one issue here that I would like to raise and that is in regard to capital litigation certification of the attorneys involved.\nAnd as we all know those new Supreme Court Rules are now in effect which require the certification of all attorneys. The statute, in my mind, clearly does say that it only applies to cases filed after the effective date.\nHowever, in the last year and half or so, virtually every opinion coming out of the Supreme Court on a death penalty case has had a very strong dissent in which the two dissenting justices have indicated that if it were up to them they would reverse every case in which a non-certified defense attorney participated.\nJust this week 650 attorneys from throughout the state submitted a petition or letter to Governor Ryan urging that all cases be commuted, the 160 or so death penalty defendants, because of the fact that they were not tried with the present rules in effect.\nI think in the present situation with the death penalty I think it would be a smart move to simply have the attorneys on this case get certified prior to trial.\u201d\nIn response, Dennis told the court, \u201cIf this is a real issue for the State, and if the state\u2019s attorney agrees with 650 lawyers, one way to resolve it is to have the State take death off the table and *** just try it as a regular murder case.\u201d The State indicated that it did not intend to do so. The court then acknowledged that it had not considered the new rules in the context of this case, although \u201cthis case was filed well before the new rule.\u201d The court concluded that it would \u201ctake a look at it,\u201d but it instructed the State, \u201cif you are going to attack the defense counsel on that basis, you should get a motion on file very quickly.\u201d The State responded that it had no intention of \u201cattacking\u201d them, but that it wanted to bring the issue to the attention of the court and the parties.\nOn January 16, 2003, the question came up again in proceedings before Judge Steven R. Bordner, who had been recently assigned to the case. Judge Bordner asked all of the attorneys whether they had become members of the CLTB, and upon finding that neither defense attorneys had, he said, \u201cCounsel, I have not been confronted with circumstances in which we are this close to a capital trial in which neither counsel have been certified in this matter. Is it your intention, counsel, to be certified prior to trial?\u201d Dennis responded, \u201cYour Honor, I hadn\u2019t intended to do that. My understanding was because I was appointed and we had the case started prior to the new rules that wasn\u2019t required. No other judge that has been involved in the case has made it a requirement, and so I have not qualified.\u201d The court asked the parties to brief the issue, saying,\n\u201cI would not want to repeat or replace any of these matters pending before the Court on a simple technical issue involving qualification of counsel.\nI would suggest, counsel, that if there is a significant question!,] that if you believe you would be certified by the Capital Litigation Committee!,] that you proceed with an application in order that that issue is finally resolved.\u201d\nCounsel did not apply for membership to the CLTB. Instead, in a letter submitted to the court and dated January 22, 2003, defense counsel maintained that the amended supreme court rules did not apply to this case: \u201cIt is our position that the Supreme Court Rules requiring membership in the Capital Litigation Trial Bar do not apply to the Daniel Ramsey case, as the amended information in this case was filed prior to the adoption of the rule.\u201d\nIn a hearing on February 26, 2003, the court stated, \u201cThe materials which were forwarded to me suggest that the rule, the Supreme Court Rule 701, applies to capital cases filed by information or indictment on or after the effective date of the rule which is March 1, 2001.\nIt appears further to the Court that these matters precede the effective date of Supreme Court Rule 701, and, thus, the application of the rule 701 is not appropriate to this case.\u201d\nHowever, the State continued to express concern that neither Dennis nor Carter had applied for membership to the CLTB:\n\u201cThe problem the People see, Your Honor, is that almost two years ago Judge Evans, who was the judge in this case at the time, brought this matter to counsel\u2019s attention. Two years have passed, and that\u2019s a substantial period of time for counsel to become members of the capital litigation bar.\nThey have not done so. And it concerns the People that in the event there would be a conviction in this case, in the event there would be a capital sentence in this matter on appeal that the appellate court would look at us in the year 2000 \u2014 what we did in the year 2003, after this matter being around for so long, and wonder why counsel were not required to submit application to the bar.\nAnd so we think that this is a matter that is important enough that it should be addressed before any other action is taken in this case.\nAnd we think the opinion of the defendant is relevant in this matter. We think that [the amended rules] allow for the court to inquire of the defendant in this type of thing.\u201d\nIn response, Dennis explained that Judge Evans\u2019 2001 letter had not asked counsel to join the CLTB: \u201cIt was obvious to me as a result of that letter that if we were required to [join the CLTB], then Judge Evans was directing us to do that. It then became obvious to Mr. Carter and myself that we were not required to do so.\u201d He also objected to the State\u2019s request to again document counsel\u2019s credentials:\n\u201cIf the State is so worried about this case and our noncertification as members of the capital litigation bar, the way we resolve it is to take that off the table. They have that in their power and they could do it. If this is a big problem that they have got an overwhelming concern of theirs unresolved, take death off the table, and there is no problem.\nNow we are getting down to the last hour and all of a sudden it sounds like \u2014 if it\u2019s not directly a motion to remove attorneys, it\u2019s basically what they\u2019re wanting to do; or they are wanting the defendant to say, [\u2018H]ey I want a continuance because now the State is making me afraid to go to trial with these attorneys.!\u2019] That\u2019s not fair.\nAnd I don\u2019t think Mr. Ramsey has to be put on the record either. If he were wanting to represent himself then, obviously, he would have to put it on the record, but that\u2019s not the case. And I just think we are wasting the court\u2019s time.\u201d\nAfter both parties had been heard, the court opined that the amended rules did not apply, saying:\n\u201cThe Supreme Court, it seems to me and in conjunction with the legislative mandate has applied these rules prospectively and not retrospectively.\nHowever, the Court will do two things to make a record in this matter. One, it will at this time make a finding that the attorneys in this case are experienced and have sufficient training to represent the Defendant in this matter so that a fair trial will result in this case.\nAnd further, the Court will take judicial notice of this and the prior proceeding in which the qualifications of counsel were addressed either by way of letter, representation on the record or by way of other materials.\nThat is the basis for the court\u2019s finding in this matter that defense counsel are qualified to represent the defendant. The Court will further require that defense counsel supply an affidavit for the record in this matter which would generally outline their experience.\u201d\nThe court did not question the defendant about his counsel, noting,\n\u201cThe Court will not do so because the defendant is not entitled to the attorney of his choosing. He is entitled to experienced and competent counsel. The court will make a finding that he has experienced and competent counsel; that Supreme Court Rule 701 does not apply retroactively; and to the extent that the defendant is not entitled to an attorney of his choosing; and the court having made that finding, his opinion is not controlling in this matter.\u201d\nThe affidavit detailing Carter\u2019s experience, filed March 14, 2003, indicated that he had been licensed to practice in Illinois since 1982 and in Missouri since 1988. He averred that he had never been disciplined in either jurisdiction, and that his performance had never been criticized by a reviewing court. Since his admission to the Illinois bar, he had spent more than four years as an assistant public defender in Knox County, Illinois, and he had been the chief public defender in McDonough County since 1989. In that time, he asserted, he had handled \u201chundreds if not thousands of traffic, misdemeanor, and felony cases,\u201d and that he had \u201ctried numerous cases to jury verdicts,\u201d although he could not recall the exact number. Dennis\u2019s affidavit does not appear in the record.\nThree years later, defense counsel were still not members of the CLTB. On June 23, 2006, the State filed a motion entitled \u201cPeople\u2019s Motion to Determine Defense Attorneys\u2019 Qualifications to Represent Defendant in a Capital Case,\u201d in which it asked the court to \u201censure Defendant\u2019s trial counsel possess the ability, knowledge, and experience to represent Defendant in this matter in a competent and professional manner.\u201d The State maintained that the amended rules did not apply, but requested another finding of record that counsel was competent to represent defendant:\n\u201cSince this case was filed by information and amended information before March 1, 2001, paragraphs (d) and (f)(1) [of Rule 416] do not apply to this case.\nNonetheless, the interests of fairness require that, in capital cases such as this case, the People and the Court have a duty to ensure that the proceedings are fair and that the Defendant is represented by trial counsel who possess the ability, knowledge and experience to represent Defendant in this matter in a competent manner.\u201d\nThe State acknowledged the previous discussions of counsel\u2019s qualifications, but it again requested that the court \u201cput into the record both defense attorney\u2019s qualifications to represent a defendant in a capital case consistent with Supreme Court Rule 714,\u201d and \u201c[v]erify with Defendant his desire to proceed to trial with counsel who are not members of the Capital Litigation Trial Bar as established pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 714.\u201d\nDefense counsel responded to the State\u2019s motion, listing the prior proceedings and correspondences in which their qualifications had been examined. They argued that further proceedings on the issue were not necessary because there had been no new developments. They agreed with the State\u2019s assertion that the amended rules were \u201cnot applicable to the present case.\u201d In the attached memorandum, counsel concluded, \u201cRule 416 and the cited cases make it clear that the attorneys in the present case are not required to be certified as members of the Capital Litigation Trial Bar.\u201d\nOn August 18, 2006, Judge Stephen C. Mathers held a hearing on the State\u2019s motion. At that hearing, the State clarified its motion:\n\u201cI think it\u2019s possibly helpful to first in discussing this motion to first state what this motion is not. Number one it is not a motion to apply the capital litigation supreme court rules to this case. The People concede in their motion that those rules don\u2019t apply. ***\nAnd defense counsel has filed its response and has delivered a memorandum with points and authorities establishing that. And in none of that do the People contest. They\u2019re absolutely right. They don\u2019t apply. And so we\u2019re not contending that.\nThe second thing to make clear is that the People are not seeking the removal of these defense counsel. We\u2019re not alleging that they are unqualified. In fact everything that the People know about their qualifications leads us to believe that they\u2019re fully qualified. The concern of the People in this matter is the constitutional guarantee of effective assistance of counsel and the need to protect the record in that regard.\u201d\nThe State also suggested that any potential problems could be solved by appointing a third attorney to represent defendant, if the newly appointed attorney was a member of the CLTB.\nDennis pointed out to the court that this issue had been discussed several times previously, and he questioned what the State sought to achieve:\n\u201cThe State apparently concedes that Mr. Carter and I are qualified and competent and have been representing Mr. Ramsey in a qualified and competent manner. *** So it appears to me that even though they agree that the rules don\u2019t apply in this case and that Mr. Ramsey has been having competent counsel, they still want a little bit more. They have not specifically asked in their motion that someone from the capital litigation bar be assigned to this case but now they\u2019re apparently making that request.\nThere are two other options that I see that would handle this question satisfactorily with the State. One is to take death off the table. And I\u2019ve said that before and I\u2019ll say it again. That will resolve any questions that the State has with respect to a certified member of the capital litigation bar representing Mr. Ramsey. That\u2019s in their power. That\u2019s in their control. But they have not yet done that. So we\u2019re stuck with that situation with death still on the table.\nThe other option would be for you to remove [defense counsel] from representation of Mr. Ramsey and appoint two new attorneys certified by the capital litigation bar. Although the State is not seeking that.\u201d\nThe court expressed its appreciation for the \u201coverabundance of caution\u201d that led the State to raise this issue again, although it worried that \u201can emphasis of form over substance and a continuous rehash of old business\u201d was distracting the parties from \u201ctruly important matters.\u201d The court addressed defendant directly, and defendant declined to express any opinion to the court about his counsel. Ultimately, the court declined to order any change in defendant\u2019s representation. Neither counsel\u2019s qualifications nor the amended rules were discussed again.\nClearly, the plain language of Rule 701 does not require that this defendant\u2019s counsel be members of the CLTB. As explained above, the amended rule became effective March 1, 2001, and applies only to cases filed on or after March 1, 2002. The amended indictment in this case was filed January 23, 1997. Defendant acknowledges that the rule does not apply, but he argues that the amendment nonetheless entitles him to a new sentencing hearing for three reasons. First, he argues that the exclusion of a case like this one, where a defendant was charged prior to the 2002 effective date but where substantial proceedings occurred after the effective date, was a mere oversight that produces an absurd or unjust result. Second, he argues that because he is the only defendant currently sentenced to death in Illinois who was not represented by a member of the CLTB, his equal protection and due process rights have been violated. Finally, he asks this court to find that the imposition of the death penalty under these circumstances would be \u201cfundamentally unjust.\u201d\nWith respect to defendant\u2019s first argument, we note that Rule 701 requires attorneys to be members of the CLTB not only at the time of trial, but from the very beginning of their involvement in a case. The comments to amended Rule 701 (188 Ill. 2d R. 701, Committee Comments) state that any attorney who is not a member of the CLTB should decline any representation in a capital case, as well as in any first degree murder case that could become a capital case. The comments further suggest that it is incumbent on counsel to determine, before agreeing to representation, whether a case is likely to become a capital case. Moreover, the rule does not authorize a trial court to require that unwilling attorneys apply for CLTB membership. Thus, if counsel in a capital case refuses to become properly certified pursuant to Rule 701, the court must require that counsel step down or work only under the supervision of a CLTB-certified attorney. By requiring attorneys to be members of the CLTB from the very outset of a case, the rule avoids the disruption and delay that would be caused by allowing an attorney who is not a member of the CLTB to appear in the case, only to later require him or her to withdraw and be replaced by CLTB counsel unfamiliar with the case.\nDefendant suggests that the retrial in his case distinguishes it from other ongoing capital cases, but that argument is not persuasive. This court\u2019s mandate granting defendant a new trial was filed on September 11, 2000, well before the effective date of the amendment to Rule 701. Discovery and other pretrial proceedings were long underway when the amendment took effect. Procedurally, defendant\u2019s case was nearly indistinguishable at that point from a capital case filed in 2000. If the amendment to Rule 701 had been applied at its effective date to similarly situated capital cases, disruption, delay, and potential for prejudice could have ensued in every capital case pending at any stage throughout the state. This is precisely the result we sought to avoid in applying the new rules only to cases filed after the effective date, and defendant\u2019s case is a prime example. By the time the amendments took effect in 2002, defendant\u2019s trial attorneys had been working on his retrial for over 18 months; lead counsel had been representing defendant since his first trial in 1997. Counsel were familiar with the facts and witnesses, had filed over 15 motions, had engaged in substantial discovery, and had taken an interlocutory appeal on defendant\u2019s behalf. Although the trial court and the State suggested on at least three occasions that defense counsel should join the CLTB, both attorneys steadfastly declined. Requiring that both attorneys involved in his defense be replaced with CLTB members would have resulted in delay and disruption to a case that had already been unresolved for over six years. Rather than incur such delays in this and any other pending cases, we left ongoing cases outside the scope of the amendments to Rule 701. One inevitable effect of creating such a clear line for determining whether the amended rule applies is that some cases will fall short of that line. Defendant\u2019s is one such case, and we will not now rewrite the rule to include him. In this light, it is clear that applying the CLTB requirement prospectively only to cases filed after the effective date is not absurd, but is wholly consistent with the intent of the rule.\nDefendant also argues that applying Rule 701 as written violates his equal protection and due process rights. According to defendant, every other capital defendant in Illinois whose case was filed before March 1, 2002, but who, like defendant, was sentenced after the amendment took effect was represented by a CLTB member. Thus, defendant claims he was \u201carbitrarily singled out.\u201d We disagree. It is axiomatic that the constitutional guarantee of equal protection requires that the government treat similarly situated individuals in a similar manner. People v. Warren, 173 Ill. 2d 348, 361 (1996). Here, the rule treated defendant in precisely the same manner as other defendants whose cases were filed prior to the rule\u2019s effective date; it did not apply to any of the cases. That the other attorneys to whom defendant points chose to become CLTB members during the course of representation is of little relevance in this case. We have previously explained that, with respect to cases in which the amended rule does not apply, we will not presume an attorney rendered incompetent representation simply because he or she was not a member of the CLTB. People v. Simpson, 204 Ill. 2d 536, 570-72 (2001). In this case, defendant\u2019s attorneys were qualified and experienced capital litigators. Lead counsel had 23 years of criminal defense experience, with eight or more felony trials and two murder trials. Co-counsel had 15 years\u2019 experience in criminal defense, during which time he handled \u201chundreds if not thousands\u201d of criminal cases, including more than five felony trials and one murder case. On this record, we are unwilling to conclude that counsel was not competent to represent defendant. Throughout the eight years that this retrial was pending, three different trial judges inquired into their qualifications and found them sufficient, and we agree. Defendant was not denied any equal protection or due process rights.\nFinally, defendant asks us to find that the imposition of the death penalty in this case is \u201cfundamentally unjust.\u201d Section 9 \u2014 l(i) of the Criminal Code of 1961 states that this court \u201cmay overturn the death sentence *** if the court finds that the death sentence is fundamentally unjust as applied to the particular case.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 l(i) (West 2008). We find no basis for such a conclusion in this case. Although we emphasize the importance of ensuring that appointed counsel in capital cases have met every qualification we have set forth, in this case the amended requirements of Rule 701 did not apply. Contrary to defendant\u2019s claim of injustice, defendant received experienced, capable, and competent representation. That other ongoing cases proceeded differently than defendant\u2019s is no injustice when the same rules were applied to all of them. We therefore reject defendant\u2019s contention that he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing because his attorneys were not CLTB members.\nII. Constitutionality of State\u2019s Seeking the Death Penalty\nFollowing defendant\u2019s first conviction and direct appeal, this court reversed and remanded the cause to the trial court for a new trial. Prior to trial, the State\u2019s Attorney notified defendant that she would again seek the death penalty. However, she did inform the court that if defendant agreed to plead guilty and accept a sentence of life without parole, she would not seek a death sentence. At the time the offer was made, defense counsel announced that \u201cat this time I think we are going to trial.\u201d\nFive years later, defendant pleaded guilty to several counts against him. By that time, the office of State\u2019s Attorney was occupied by a different individual. Both parties agree the guilty plea was in exchange for a dismissal of several other counts. However, defendant also claims that his guilty plea, in accordance with the former State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s initial plea offer, made him eligible for a sentence of natural life in prison but did not expose him to the possibility of a death sentence. The State did not agree and asked for a death penalty hearing. When defendant entered his guilty plea, he acknowledged that by pleading guilty he was \u201cpossibly subjecting himself to a sentence of death.\u201d The court specifically admonished defendant that the minimum sentence he could receive was a term of natural life in prison and that the maximum sentence was a death sentence.\nThe court accepted defendant\u2019s plea, a sentencing hearing was held, and defendant was again sentenced to death. Defendant now argues that the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s decision to seek the death penalty was arbitrary and warrants his sentence being reduced to that of natural life in prison.\nAt the outset, we note that the State argues that defendant has forfeited this issue by failing to object in the trial court or to raise the issue in a posttrial motion. The State also argues that although defendant\u2019s claim could be reviewed for plain error, defendant has failed to argue plain error in his opening brief. Defendant acknowledges that this issue was not properly preserved, but disagrees with the State that he has also forfeited plain-error review.\nIn the absence of a plain-error argument by a defendant, we will generally honor the defendant\u2019s procedural default. People v. Hillier, 237 Ill. 2d 539, 549 (2010). However, although defendant did not argue plain error in his opening brief, he has argued plain error in his reply brief, which is sufficient to allow us to review the issue for plain error. People v. Williams, 193 Ill. 2d 306, 347-48 (2000).\nThe first step in plain-error analysis is to determine whether a clear or obvious error occurred. People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 (2007). Defendant argues it was error for the trial court to allow the State to seek the death penalty, because a prior State\u2019s Attorney had already offered to waive the possibility of a death sentence if the defendant were to plead guilty. Defendant\u2019s claim is a due process challenge in that he argues the decision of the State\u2019s Attorney to seek a death sentence was impermissibly arbitrary.\nDefendant cites People v. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d 512 (1981), and People v. Brownell, 96 Ill. 2d 167 (1983). In Walker, the defendant was charged with murder and entered into plea negotiations with the State. The parties agreed that the defendant would plead guilty to several other charges in return for the State\u2019s dropping a conspiracy charge and recommending a 60-year prison term for the murder. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 514. The court, in accepting the plea, incorrectly advised the defendant that the maximum penalty for the offense to which the defendant was pleading was 80 years. In fact, the indictment, as charged, justified a maximum penalty of death. The State failed to draw attention to the court\u2019s incorrect admonishments. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 515.\nThe defendant later moved to withdraw his guilty plea, alleging he did not fully understand the consequences of his plea and wanted to plead not guilty because of mental incompetence. Defendant was allowed to withdraw his plea. When defendant later sought to plead guilty again, the State sought the death penalty and the defendant was eventually sentenced to death. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 518.\nThe Walker court noted that \u201cdefendants who make knowing, voluntary, and intelligent choices to risk an increased sanction rather than plead guilty pursuant to a plea bargain will be held to that choice.\u201d Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 522. However, this principle applies only when the defendant can, in fact, make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent evaluation of the risks. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 522. In Walker, the court concluded that the State\u2019s failure to correct the trial court\u2019s admonishments meant that it adopted the court\u2019s position and \u201cnotified defendant that death was not a possible penalty for his crimes.\u201d Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 523. When weighing the decision to withdraw his plea, defendant was under the mistaken impression that he was risking only an additional 20 years of imprisonment and not a death sentence. Under these circumstances, when the State later sought the death penalty after the defendant\u2019s withdrawal of his guilty plea, the State sought to increase the severity of the sanction, without notice, after defendant\u2019s successful invocation of a right afforded by law. Walker, 84 Ill. 2d at 523-24. Thus, the defendant\u2019s sentence was reversed.\nThe procedural history in Brownell was slightly different. In that case, the defendant was convicted by the trial court and sentenced to death. This court vacated the sentence and remanded for resentencing. On remand, the defendant was again sentenced to death. On appeal, however, defendant raised a new issue. Defendant argued that prior to his first sentencing the prosecutor had promised not to seek the death penalty if the defendant would confess in writing.\nThis promise occurred at 10 p.m. The defendant, after consulting counsel, did not accept the offer. Later that night, the defendant spoke to a pair of police detectives. At 1 a.m., when the meeting ended, the defendant still declined to make any confession. An hour later, however, at 2 a.m., the defendant asked to talk to the police and confessed.\nBased on these facts, and relying on Walker, this court vacated the defendant\u2019s sentence. We concluded that once the State\u2019s Attorney \u201cmade a conscious decision to agree not to seek the death penalty if the defendant would provide him with a confession,\u201d it was \u201cincumbent on the State\u2019s Attorney to abide by the agreement absent a change in circumstances.\u201d Brownell, 96 Ill. 2d at 174-75. In the five hours between the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s offer and defendant\u2019s written confession, nothing had changed, yet the State\u2019s Attorney had chosen to continue to seek the death penalty. This court concluded that this type of reversal \u201ccreates an appearance of a vindictive motive on the part of the prosecutor.\u201d Brownell, 96 Ill. 2d at 175.\nThe State, in turn, relies on People v. Yates, 98 Ill. 2d 502 (1983), and People v. Davis, 144 Ill. 2d 349 (1991). In Yates, defendant approached the prosecutor and asked if he would agree not to seek the death penalty in exchange for a guilty plea and recommended sentence of natural life imprisonment. The State agreed to make the offer, but the defendant turned it down and went to trial. Defendant was convicted and the State successfully sought the death penalty.\nOn appeal, this court concluded that the case was unlike Walker, in that the defendant was not misadvised of the maximum possible sentence he faced. Brownell was also distinguished because the State did not renege on its promise after getting what it bargained for.\nIn Davis, the defendant rejected a plea offer from the State. Nevertheless, the State filed a motion to waive its right to request a death penalty hearing. Before the court took any action on that motion, however, a new State\u2019s Attorney was sworn into office, withdrew the motion and proceeded to request a death penalty hearing. The defendant argued that Walker required the State to demonstrate some factual circumstance that changed between the filing of the motion and the successor State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s withdrawal of the motion. This court rejected that argument, concluding that no misrepresentations were made to the defendant about the seriousness of the punishment he could receive and the decision to seek the death penalty was based on the prosecutorial discretion of a new State\u2019s Attorney. Therefore, defendant had not suffered any deprivation of rights.\nHere, defendant argues that the only distinction between Walker and Brownell and this case is that, in this case, the occupant of the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office changed between the time the State first offered a deal and the time the defendant ultimately entered a guilty plea. We disagree and conclude this case differs in other significant ways.\nThe first distinction is with Walker. Unlike Walker, defendant was, at all times, aware of the potential punishment he faced. The State sought a death sentence at his first trial. Later, in pleading guilty, defendant acknowledged that a death sentence was a possible result. This was true even though defendant knew that the State had made a previous offer to refrain from seeking a death sentence. As we stated in Yates, Walker is not implicated when the defendant does not labor under a misconception that death is not a possible sentence. Yates, 98 Ill. 2d at 534. Here, defendant was not misled by the court or the prosecutor and, therefore, cannot maintain a claim based on Walker.\nA second distinction relates to Brownell, and specifically relates to the particular timing of the State\u2019s offer and defendant\u2019s eventual plea. In Brownell, a mere four hours passed between the State\u2019s initial offer not to seek a death sentence and the defendant\u2019s agreement to write a confession. Even though defendant expressly rejected the deal at the time, it is evident he began rethinking that decision soon after, ultimately choosing to talk to police mere hours later.\nIn this case, defendant\u2019s decision to plead guilty came not four hours after the State\u2019s offer, but rather five years after the offer. Although the Brownell court concluded that there had not been any change in circumstances in those four hours, it is far more difficult to conclude that nothing changed over the five years in which the parties were preparing for a retrial.\nUntil April 2007, defendant continued to pursue a trial, risking the more serious penalty of death. This time line refutes any suggestion by defendant that the State\u2019s Attorney reneged on the bargain made by his predecessor. After five years of proceedings, there was no bargain between defendant and the State. Although we do not construe offers such as this in strict contractual terms (Brownell, 96 Ill. 2d at 176), the fact that defendant rejected the State\u2019s offer and prepared for trial for five years reflects the absence of any bargain. Unlike Brownell, defendant could not have reasonably believed that the earlier offer was still open, particularly when he acknowledged, in entering his guilty plea, that death was a possible sentence.\nA contrary holding would allow the defendant to seek a plea offer from the State, reject it, and pursue a trial, forcing the State to spend the time and money to prosecute the case. Then, at the last possible moment, perhaps facing a conviction, the defendant could force the State to adhere to its side of the \u201cbargain.\u201d Under this scenario, a prosecutor likely would be hesitant to risk making such a plea offer for fear of being bound indefinitely, even if the defendant initially rejected it.\nIn Brownell, this court concluded that the proper question is whether circumstances changed between the time the State\u2019s offer was made and the time that the defendant complied with the State\u2019s conditions. In this case, we answer that question in the affirmative and hold that the State\u2019s decision to again seek a death sentence did not violate defendant\u2019s right to due process.\nIII. Excusing of Prospective Juror for Cause\nDuring voir dire, prospective juror N.W was questioned by the trial court about his ability to vote for or against a death penalty verdict. He answered that he did not have strong feelings about the death penalty that would cause him to vote automatically for or against imposing a death penalty. Instead, if the evidence showed that death was an appropriate sentence, N.W. indicated he could sign the verdict. Likewise, if the evidence did not demonstrate that death is the appropriate sentence, he would not sign the death penalty verdict form.\nHowever, upon further questioning by the State, the following exchange occurred:\n\u201cMR. ELWARD [prosecutor]: *** If at the end of this case, Jim, Mike and I prove to you by the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that the Defendant is guilty, he is eligible for the death penalty, and at the sentencing hearing, in your opinion, the only appropriate sentence is the death penalty, can you sign that verdict?\n[Prospective Juror N.W.]: No, I don\u2019t think that I could.\nMR. ELWARD: And I appreciate your honesty. Can you tell me why not?\n[Prospective Juror N.W]: I am not for sure why not. I don\u2019t want to take responsibility for that.\nMR. ELWARD: You don\u2019t want to take responsibility for that.\n[Prospective Juror N.W.]: Yeah.\nMR. ELWARD: Judge, I don\u2019t have any more questions.\u201d\nLater, N.W was questioned by defense counsel. During this questioning, the following exchange occurred:\n\u201cMR. CARTER: Concerning the issue of the death penalty that you may have to determine, if you are selected as a juror in this case, would you listen to the opinions of the other jurors concerning that process?\n[Prospective Juror N.W.]: Yeah.\nMR. CARTER: And would you consider their opinion in making your decision?\n[Prospective Juror N.W]: No.\nMR. CARTER: You would not.\n[Prospective Juror N.W]: It depends \u2014 I don\u2019t know.\nMR. CARTER: Well, I am asking you if you would consider having an open mind to the possibility of voting for the death penalty, if you are asked to serve and follow the law in the case. And I am asking you, can you do that?\n[Prospective Juror N.W]: Yeah.\u201d\nThe State challenged N.W. for cause on the ground, among others, that he stated he could not sign a verdict of death. Defense counsel objected, arguing that N.W. indicated he had no feelings one way or the other on the death penalty and that he indicated he would be fair and impartial.\nThe trial court allowed the State\u2019s challenge for cause, stating,\n\u201cThe prospective juror indicated that he could not sign a verdict form imposing the death penalty, and just as he understood the other questions, this was not a failure to communicate, in the court\u2019s opinion. He understood the question, and he answered it indicating that he could not do that. This is the first juror who has indicated when a clear and succinct question has been put to them as to whether they could or could not sign that form, indicated that he could not, and that\u2019s troublesome to the Court, and in the exercise of my discretion I am going to excuse the juror on that basis and on that basis alone.\u201d\nDefendant now contends that the trial court erred in allowing the State\u2019s challenge, resulting in a violation of his sixth and fourteenth amendment rights.\nA trial court may remove a prospective juror for cause because of the person\u2019s views toward the death penalty when \u201cthe juror\u2019s views would \u2018prevent or substantially impair the performance of his duties as a juror in accordance with his instructions and his oath.\u2019 \u201d Wainwright v. Witt, 469 U.S. 412, 424, 83 L. Ed. 2d 841, 851-52, 105 S. Ct. 844, 852 (1985), quoting Adams v. Texas, 448 U.S. 38, 45, 65 L. Ed. 2d 581, 589, 100 S. Ct. 2521, 2526 (1980); People v. Banks, Ill. 2d 154, 189-90 (2010). It is not enough, to dismiss a juror for cause, that the juror \u201cvoices only general objections to the death penalty.\u201d Banks, 237 Ill. 2d at 189. The trial judge is in a superior position to gauge the meaning of the prospective juror\u2019s responses to the examination. People v. Tenner, 157 Ill. 2d 341, 363 (1993). Therefore, a decision of the trial court to excuse a prospective juror for cause is reviewed for abuse of discretion. People v. Taylor, 166 Ill. 2d 414, 421-22 (1995).\nDefendant argues that, in this case, it cannot be concluded that N.W.\u2019s views are opposed to the death penalty. Defendant supports this claim by arguing N.W. informed the court that he had no difficulty with Illinois law providing for a death penalty and that his beliefs would not prevent him from being fair and impartial to both sides. Defendant argues that N.W., at no time, expressed any feelings against the death penalty. We disagree.\nIt is necessary to consider the prospective juror\u2019s statements as a whole and not in isolation. Taylor, 166 Ill. 2d at 421. Although N.W informed the court that he did not have strong feelings either for or against the death penalty, in response to a direct question as to whether he could sign a verdict imposing a death sentence, he replied, \u201cNo, I don\u2019t think I could.\u201d He explained that he did not \u201cwant to take responsibility for that.\u201d Although N.W. went on to agree that he could have an \u201copen mind to the possibility of voting for the death penalty,\u201d N.W.\u2019s statements, taken as a whole, demonstrate at least some doubt as to whether he would be able to sign a death verdict.\nDefendant argues that N.W.\u2019s views on the death penalty are not even known. However, we can infer that whatever his views of the death penalty in ideological or moral terms, he admitted he did not think he could sign a death verdict. Thus, whatever his views may be, his answer demonstrated they could have foreclosed or substantially impaired the performance of his duties, thereby undermining the fairness of defendant\u2019s trial. Precise knowledge of the prospective juror\u2019s views, or the reasons behind them, are not always necessary to determine whether such views will interfere with the juror\u2019s ability to perform his duties. It might be helpful to question a prospective juror as to such matters if the court thinks he is seeking merely to avoid jury duty. However, where the court determines the prospective juror to be sincere in his belief he cannot sign a particular verdict, and where his answers suggest an inability to carry out his duties, the court need not examine in detail the prospective juror\u2019s moral and political leanings. Here, the record reflects statements by N.W. that suggest he would not have been able to carry out his duties. The trial court was in the best position to determine whether N.W was credible as to those statements. Therefore, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excluding prospective juror N.W for cause.\nIV Exclusion of Portion of Testimony by Defense Expert Witness\nAt his first trial, defendant raised an insanity defense. Dr. Conroe testified as a defense expert that defendant met the second prong of the insanity statute in that he was unable \u201cto conform his conduct to the requirements of the law\u201d at the time of the offense. The trial court applied an amended version of the statute that was in effect at the time the crimes were committed. The statute, as amended, narrowed the definition of insanity to eliminate the \u201cinability to conform\u201d prong and increased a defendant\u2019s burden of proof for an insanity defense to one of clear and convincing evidence. Ramsey, 192 Ill. 2d 154; 720 ILCS 5/6 \u2014 2 (West 1996). This court subsequently found that the act amending the statute in this manner violated the single subject rule of the state constitution. People v. Reedy, 186 Ill. 2d 1 (1999). Thus, defendant was entitled to a new trial at which he would be \u201callowed to present an insanity defense based on his inability to conform his conduct to the law\u201d and \u201crequired to prove his insanity at the time of the offense by a preponderance of the evidence.\u201d Ramsey, 192 Ill. 2d at 159. Instead, defendant elected to enter a plea of guilty in return for dismissal of certain charges.\nDefendant notes in his brief that \u201c[o]ne of the central themes of mitigation presented by the defense was that death was not an appropriate penalty\u201d because at the time of the crimes, defendant suffered from several mental disorders. This \u201ctheme\u201d was intended to provide support for the jury\u2019s consideration of one of the seven mitigating factors enumerated in the statute: \u201cthe murder was committed while the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional disturbance, although not such as to constitute a defense to prosecution.\u201d 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(c)(2) (West 1996).\nAt the sentencing hearing, Dr. Conroe again testified as an expert witness for the defense. He testified that defendant had a long history of several chronic mental disorders, including Asperger\u2019s Disorder, Borderline Personality Disorder, and ADHD, and that he had a history of Conduct Disorder as a youth. In combination, these disorders affected his ability to make judgments and to manage his feelings. Conroe opined that as a result of these disorders, defendant was \u201cunder extreme duress\u201d at the time he committed the crimes.\nIn an effort to clearly bring Conroe\u2019s opinion within the scope of the statutory mitigating factor, defense counsel asked the witness whether the diagnosed \u201cdisorders\u201d could be characterized as \u201cmental disturbances.\u201d Conroe replied \u201cyes.\u201d The State objected and, following a sidebar discussion, the trial court sustained the objection and informed the jury to disregard the question and the answer.\nAt a hearing the following day, the parties made a record of the basis for the objection and the court\u2019s ruling. The State objected to the witness\u2019s opinion on the basis that it had not been disclosed previously, either in his written report or his discovery deposition. Defense counsel argued that there had been no discovery violation, because it was implicit in Conroe\u2019s opinion and earlier testimony that defendant suffered from an extreme mental disturbance. That is, because Conroe opined that defendant\u2019s mental state prevented him from conforming his conduct to the law, he necessarily opined that defendant\u2019s condition met the \u201clesser standard\u201d of extreme mental disturbance. The trial court rejected this argument, finding that because Conroe had \u201copined on other matters,\u201d including \u201cwhether defendant was insane at the time of the offenses,\u201d his disclosure of this opinion at trial was a discovery violation and would not be allowed.\nIn closing argument, defense counsel spoke at length about defendant\u2019s history of mental illness and suggested that the evidence showed that when he committed these crimes, defendant \u201cwasn\u2019t completely in his right mind.\u201d He reviewed the diagnoses reached by Drs. Conroe and Killian, including ADHD, and discussed the bases for these diagnoses. Counsel emphasized the effect of ADHD on defendant\u2019s \u201cproblem solving, coping, and thinking through decisions.\u201d He discussed defendant\u2019s \u201cfrantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment\u201d and impulsivity, both related to Borderline Personality Disorder, an \u201cidentity disturbance.\u201d Counsel noted that Conroe \u201ccharacterized the mental illnesses as extreme\u201d at the time of the crimes. He argued that the defense witnesses on the mental health issues were more credible, based on their professional credentials and the depth of their evaluations, than the State\u2019s witnesses. The remainder of closing argument recounted the details of defendant\u2019s birth and childhood, including the traumatic discovery of his adoption and the repeated recommendations that he receive various forms of therapy that were rejected by his adoptive parents.\nThe jury was instructed to consider mitigating factors \u201cif supported by the evidence,\u201d including whether \u201cthe murders were committed while the defendant was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance, although not such as to constitute a defense to the prosecution.\u201d In addition, the jury was instructed that \u201c[wjhere there is evidence of a mitigating factor, that fact that such mitigating factor is not a factor specifically listed in these instructions does not preclude your consideration of the evidence.\u201d\nDefendant asserts that excluding Conroe\u2019s answer to this question is error entitling him to a new sentencing hearing. He argues that: (1) there was no discovery violation because the answer to the question was not a matter of Conroe\u2019s opinion, (2) there was no discovery violation because Conroe\u2019s opinion regarding defendant\u2019s mental disturbance was adequately disclosed, (3) if there was a discovery violation, the exclusion of Conroe\u2019s answer was an abuse of discretion, and (4) if the sanction imposed for the discovery violation was within the trial court\u2019s discretion, defense counsel was ineffective for failing to obtain Conroe\u2019s opinion on this question prior to trial and to make a timely disclosure of this opinion to the State.\nDiscovery Violation\nBefore considering the appropriateness of the sanction imposed by the trial court, a threshold question must be answered \u2014 whether there was a discovery violation by the defense. People v. Hood, 213 Ill. 2d 244, 256 (2004). Where, as here, the facts giving rise to the alleged discovery violation are not in dispute, the question is one of law that we review de novo. Hood, 213 Ill. 2d at 256.\nDefendant asserts that the question asked of Conroe did not seek to elicit the witness\u2019s opinion. For this assertion, defendant relies on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), a publication of the American Psychiatric Association, which sets out the diagnostic criteria for recognized psychiatric disorders. The text of the DSM-IV-TR uses the word \u201cdisturbance\u201d to describe each of the conditions diagnosed by Conroe. Thus, defendant argues, in describing these disorders as disturbances, Conroe was not expressing an expert opinion, but was merely using the \u201caccepted terminology of the psychiatric community.\u201d Thus, the question posed to Conroe sought \u201cclarification of the scientific fact that mental \u2018disorders\u2019 can also be characterized as \u2018disturbances.\u2019 \u201d Therefore, according to defendant, the lack of an express statement to that effect in either Conroe\u2019s written report or his deposition testimony cannot constitute a discovery violation.\nThe State argues that defendant has forfeited this argument by not raising it at trial, citing People v. O\u2019Neal, 104 Ill. 2d 399, 407 (1984). In that case, the State\u2019s brief to this court challenged the jury instruction on self-defense that was given at trial, basing its objection \u201con an entirely different theory\u201d from the one raised in the trial court. Because the ground on which the instruction was being challenged had not been brought to the attention of the trial court, this court concluded that the State forfeited any right to have this court consider the question on review. O\u2019Neal, 104 Ill. 2d at 407.\nIn the present case, we need not determine whether defendant has forfeited this issue or is merely citing new authority in support of a properly preserved issue because this argument clearly lacks merit. The State did not object to Conroe\u2019s mere use of the word \u201cdisturbance\u201d in a manner that members of his profession typically use the word. Rather, the State objected when defense counsel asked Conroe whether the diagnoses he had made \u201ccould\u201d be characterized as \u201cmental disturbances.\u201d This question clearly called for the witness to express his expert opinion on the question. If the question and answer had been allowed, the next question would likely have been whether, in the doctor\u2019s expert opinion, the effect of these disturbances upon the defendant was \u201cextreme\u201d at the time he committed the murders, thus obtaining an expert opinion regarding the existence of a statutory mitigating factor. If Conroe\u2019s opinion on this matter was not previously disclosed to the State, the objection was properly sustained because he was being asked for his opinion.\nDefendant also argues that Conroe\u2019s written report and deposition adequately disclosed his expert opinion regarding the existence of an extreme mental disturbance at the time defendant committed the murders. His written report stated that the \u201cintense feelings of abandonment following the break-up of the relationship with Ms. Sloop precipitated significant depression with serious suicidal ideation.\u201d In addition, Conroe opined that defendant\u2019s various mental illnesses \u201call affected his ability to control his anger and despair, to maintain rational thinking and to come up with a number of options that would prevent him from harming himself or others.\u201d \u201cHe could not control the intense feelings that overwhelmed him.\u201d In his discovery deposition, Conroe testified that he had no opinion about defendant\u2019s mental condition at the time of the crimes that was not contained in his written report, but reiterated that \u201cthere was a confluence of events that led to his feelings overwhelming him.\u201d\nThe trial court rejected this argument, stating that \u201cit would be impossible to sort out those [opinions] which may have been a subset of a previously-disclosed opinion or not.\u201d Similarly, the court observed that \u201cit would be difficult if not impossible to try to interpret such nondisclosed opinions because the Court would then be in the process of interpreting the disclosures which had been made.\u201d\nWe note that although the existence or nonexistence of this mitigating factor may be supported by expert opinion, a jury may find, based on the facts before it, that a defendant was acting under an extreme mental or emotional disturbance, even in the absence of an expert opinion to that effect or in the presence of a contrary expert opinion. See, e.g., People v. Ramirez, 98 Ill. 2d 439, 467-68 (1983) (finding it proper for State\u2019s expert witness to give opinion as to whether defendant was acting under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the murder, but noting that the jury was free to reject that opinion based on the facts before it). We also note that a diagnosis of some form of mental illness does not necessarily establish the mitigating circumstance of extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time the defendant committed the murders. See People v. Crews, 122 Ill. 2d 266, 283 (1988).\nWith this in mind, we agree with the trial court. Con-roe\u2019s report and deposition testimony contained some statements that might have been consistent with an opinion that defendant was extremely disturbed, mentally or emotionally, at the time of the murders. However, Con-roe made no express statement to this effect in either his written report or his deposition testimony. The trial court properly declined to parse the earlier disclosures to see if they might support such an unexpressed opinion.\nIn sum, we conclude that the trial court properly ruled that the defense failed to disclose the expert\u2019s opinion on this matter and turn to the question of the proper sanction for the discovery violation.\nSanction\nWhen this court has had occasion to consider allegations of discovery violations in capital cases, it has most often been in the context of a defendant\u2019s claim that the State\u2019s violation of the discovery rules entitles him to a new trial. See, e.g., People v. Lovejoy, 235 Ill. 2d 97 (2009); People v. Sutherland, 223 Ill. 2d 187 (2006). We have not had occasion to consider whether a sanction imposed on a capital defendant for a discovery violation is excessive. Thus, the authorities cited by defendant are from our appellate court in noncapital cases.\nDefendant cites People v. Hawkins, 235 Ill. App. 3d 39, 43 (1992), for the proposition that the purpose of sanctions for discovery violations is to compel the party\u2019s compliance with discovery, not to punish him. Further, discovery sanctions should be \u201cfashioned to meet the circumstances of the particular case with the ultimate objective of compelling compliance, not punishing a party for the oversight or the errors of his attorney.\u201d People v. Damico, 309 Ill. App. 3d 203, 212 (1999). Defendant further asserts that the sanction of excluding defense evidence in criminal cases should be applied only in extreme situations, citing People v. Houser, 305 Ill. App. 3d 384, 390 (1999) (trial court abused its discretion by barring necessity defense where defendant timely disclosed intent to raise related defense of compulsion), and People v. Foster, 145 Ill. App. 3d 477, 481 (1986) (exclusion of defense witness as discovery sanction was abuse of discretion where failure to disclose was inadvertent and State had ample opportunity to interview the witness before trial). Finally, defendant argues that if a less drastic sanction is available to redress a discovery violation by the defense, it is an abuse of discretion for the court to impose \u201cthe ultimate sanction of exclusion of evidence,\u201d citing People v. Brooks, 277 Ill. App. 3d 392, 398 (1996) (exclusion of defense witness as discovery sanction was abuse of discretion where sanction deprived defendant of his ability to present a defense), and People v. Jackson, 48 Ill. App. 3d 769, 771-72 (1977) (exclusion of defendant\u2019s eyewitnesses, who were fellow inmates in correctional facility, was abuse of discretion where State was presumed to know identity and location of witnesses within its control). Defendant acknowledges that he has the burden of demonstrating prejudice as a result of the imposition of an improper sanction. Foster, 145 Ill. App. 3d at 481. In general, we agree with these propositions, noting, however, that sanctions imposed in the cited cases were more severe than the mere exclusion of a testifying witness\u2019s answer to a single question.\nOn the merits, defendant argues that the opinion testimony need not have been excluded because the State could have impeached Dr. Conroe on cross-examination for his failure to testify during his deposition that mental disorders may be characterized as \u201cdisturbances.\u201d In the alternative, the trial court could have called a recess, during which the prosecutor could have questioned the witness regarding this newly disclosed opinion. He also argues that the State could not have been surprised that he was relying on Conroe\u2019s testimony to support his assertion of extreme mental or emotional disturbance as a mitigating factor. He accuses the State of making an objection that was \u201cnothing more than a disingenuous \u2018gotcha\u2019 based on Conroe\u2019s failure to explicitly equate disorders with disturbances at his deposition\u201d and insists that the trial court did not consider alternative sanctions, but \u201cmechanically ruled\u201d that the question and answer would be excluded.\nThe State responds that the sanction was appropriate. The witness testified at length regarding the various diagnoses he made and how, in his opinion, these conditions affected defendant\u2019s emotions and judgment at the time of his crimes. Defendant was not prevented from relying on the mitigating factor of extreme mental or emotional disturbance and could have argued to the jury that Conroe\u2019s testimony supported a finding that this factor existed. In addition, the jury was instructed to consider this specific mitigating factor. In the alternative, the State argues that even if the trial court abused its discretion by not ordering a less severe sanction, the error was harmless.\nThe imposition of sanctions for discovery violations is governed by Rule 415(g) (i):\n\u201cIf at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with an applicable discovery rule or an order issued pursuant thereto, the court may order such party to permit the discovery of material and information not previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such evidence, or enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.\u201d 134 Ill. 2d R. 415(g)(i).\nA trial court\u2019s decision as to the appropriate sanction for a discovery violation is subject to review for abuse of discretion. Hood, 213 Ill. 2d at 256. An abuse of discretion exists only where the trial court\u2019s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable, such that no reasonable person would take the view adopted by the trial court. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 182 (2003).\nDefendant acknowledges that, in general, sanctions imposed for discovery violations are reviewed under the abuse of discretion standard, but argues that this standard is too deferential to the trial court where evidence has been excluded for a discovery violation. He cites People v. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d 565, 573 (2003), for the proposition that the sanction of exclusion should be \u201cclosely scrutinized on appeal.\u201d\nIn Scott, defense counsel filed a supplemental answer to discovery on the day of trial, in which she named an investigator for the public defender\u2019s office as a potential witness. Counsel had informed the prosecutor of her intention to call this witness two days earlier and had informed the prosecutor\u2019s co-counsel the previous week. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 567. The investigator, if allowed to testify, would have stated that a key prosecution witness had recanted his previous statement that he had seen the defendant hand the murder weapon to the individual who then shot the murder victim. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 570. The trial court excluded the investigator\u2019s testimony as a sanction for the discovery violation. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 571.\nThe appellate court noted the abuse of discretion standard, but observed that \u201cfew rights are more fundamental than an accused\u2019s sixth amendment right to present witnesses in his own defense.\u201d Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 572, citing Taylor v. Illinois, 484 U.S. 400, 408, 98 L. Ed. 2d 798, 810, 108 S. Ct. 646, 652 (1988). The court stated that exclusion of testimony or evidence is \u201cdisfavored\u201d because it does not contribute to the truth-seeking goal of the trial and, thus, is appropriate only in \u201cthe most extreme situations.\u201d Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 572-73. After considering several factors that a trial court \u201cshould consider in determining whether the exclusion of a witness is an appropriate discovery sanction,\u201d including \u201cthe effectiveness of a less severe sanction, the materiality of the witness\u2019s proposed testimony to the outcome of the case, the prejudice to the other party caused by the testimony, and evidence of bad faith in the violation of the discovery rules\u201d (Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 573), the court found exclusion of the witness to be an abuse of discretion and granted the defendant a new trial (Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 579).\nThe present case is readily distinguishable from Scott. First, the trial court in the present case did not exclude the witness\u2019s testimony altogether, but only one question and his answer to that question. Second, the excluded witness in Scott would have testified that the State\u2019s eyewitness had earlier recanted his account of the shooting while, in the present case, the witness merely would have expressed an opinion on a matter that the jury was capable of determining based on the substance of his earlier testimony and other evidence. Finally, the State would have been severely prejudiced by the admission of the previously undisclosed opinion in the present case, because it was not prepared to rebut the opinion with testimony of its own expert witnesses. Mere cross-examination of the witness about the fact that he had not disclosed the opinion in his written report or during his deposition would hardly have been effective, since the witness could have explained that he had not been asked previously for his opinion on this matter. Effective impeachment would have required the State to be able to present its own witness to rebut Conroe\u2019s opinion. The trial court was not required to interrupt the sentencing hearing to allow the State to obtain such a witness.\nRule 415 clearly contemplates that evidence may be excluded as a sanction for a discovery violation. After consideration of the factors enumerated by the Scott court, we conclude that exclusion of the defense counsel\u2019s question and Conroe\u2019s answer was not an abuse of the court\u2019s discretion, especially considering the court\u2019s knowledge that the expert\u2019s testimony contained information from which defense counsel could argue and the jury could find the existence of the mitigating factor.\nDefendant argues, however, that he was prejudiced by the sanction of exclusion because the trial court instructed the jury to disregard the question and answer, and the jury members \u201cundoubtedly concluded from the court\u2019s admonition that disorders *** could not be considered \u2018disturbances.\u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) He asserts that it is \u201cpossible, if not likely, that one or more jurors concluded that Conroe\u2019s testimony regarding defendant\u2019s various mental illnesses was irrelevant to this statutoiy mitigating factor\u201d and that the \u201ctrial judge essentially told the jurors that disorders cannot be considered disturbances.\u201d (Emphasis in original.)\nThe jury heard testimony from 51 witnesses during 11 days of hearings over a 15-day period. Dr. Conroe\u2019s testimony took almost an entire day. We find it highly speculative that the jury would attach such significance to the admonition to disregard one question and one answer during his testimony. Further, even if one or more of the jurors might have drawn this conclusion, it cannot provide a basis for a finding that the trial court abused its discretion at the time it made the ruling. At that time, the trial court was aware that Conroe had testified to facts and opinions that could support an argument that defendant was extremely disturbed at the time he committed the murders and that defense counsel would have the opportunity, in closing argument, to \u201cconnect the dots\u201d between the substance of Conroe\u2019s testimony and the statutory mitigating factor.\nWe, therefore, conclude that the discovery sanction imposed by the trial court was not an abuse of discretion.\nIneffective Assistance of Counsel\nDefendant argues in the alternative that if there was a discovery violation and if Conroe\u2019s opinion was properly excluded as a sanction for that violation, he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing because defense counsel was ineffective. Specifically, he argues that counsel\u2019s failure to ensure that Conroe \u201cused the term \u2018disturbance\u2019 in his report or at his deposition\u201d was objectively unreasonable and that counsel\u2019s failure was the direct cause of the trial court\u2019s decision to exclude the proffered testimony.\nClaims of ineffective assistance of counsel are evaluated under the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 693, 698, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2064, 2068 (1984), which requires the defendant to demonstrate: (1) that counsel\u2019s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) a reasonable probability that, but for counsel\u2019s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different. People v. Davis, 205 Ill. 2d 349, 364 (2002). We assess counsel\u2019s performance using an objective standard of competence under prevailing professional norms. To establish deficient performance, the defendant must overcome the strong presumption that counsel\u2019s action or inaction was the result of sound trial strategy. People v. Evans, 186 Ill. 2d 83, 93 (1999). As a result, counsel\u2019s strategic choices that are made after investigation of the law and the facts are virtually unassailable. People v. Richardson, 189 Ill. 2d 401, 413 (2000).\nIn support of his argument that counsel\u2019s performance was deficient, defendant relies on this court\u2019s decision in Ramirez, which held that an expert is not precluded from testifying that a defendant was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the crime. This court rejected the defendant\u2019s argument that the expert\u2019s opinion was inadmissible because it embraced an ultimate issue of fact that was for the jury alone to decide. Ramirez, 98 Ill. 2d at 467.\nSubsequent cases, according to defendant, support his assertion that effective defense counsel seek to elicit expert testimony in conformity with the precise language of the statutory mitigating factor. He cites as examples People v. Urdiales, 225 Ill. 2d 354, 402 (2007) (clinical psychologist testified that defendant acted while \u201cunder the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance but not such to constitute a defense to the prosecution\u201d), People v. McNeal, 194 Ill. 2d 135, 145 (2000) (noting that licensed clinical psychologist testified that \u201cdefendant was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the present offenses\u201d), People v. Smith, 176 Ill. 2d 217, 255 (1997) (licensed clinical social worker testified that defendant was suffering \u201can extreme mental and emotional disturbance, possibly a \u2018transient psychotic episode,\u2019 at the time he murdered\u201d the victim), People v. Garcia, 165 Ill. 2d 409, 443 (1995) (Freeman, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part, joined by McMorrow, J.) (forensic psychiatrist testified that while defendant was not legally insane at the time of the murder, she \u201csuffered from a very serious mental disorder and was under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of the crime\u201d), and People v. Seuffer, 144 Ill. 2d 482, 498 (1991) (two expert witnesses for the defense stated that, \u201cin their opinions, the defendant was acting under the influence of an extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time of his offenses\u201d).\nWe note that Seuffer\u2019s death sentence was vacated by this court on the basis of the improper exclusion of a prospective juror. Seuffer, 144 Ill. 2d at 524. In each of the other cited cases, however, the defendant\u2019s conviction and death sentence were affirmed or, in the case of McNeal, his postconviction petition denied, despite the specificity of the expert testimony.\nThus, these cases offer no authority in support of defendant\u2019s argument that counsel\u2019s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness. Defendant has cited no case in which this court has said that defense counsel should or must elicit expert testimony in conformity with the precise language of the statutory mitigating factor.\nThe State does not respond to defendant\u2019s argument regarding counsel\u2019s performance.\nWhile we acknowledge that it is reasonable for defense counsel to present expert testimony that uses the language of the statute to specifically address the mitigating factor of a defendant\u2019s extreme mental or emotional disturbance at the time he committed murder, such evidence is not a prerequisite to the jury\u2019s consideration of the factor.\nThe term \u201cdisturbance\u201d is not defined in the statute and, thus, is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning, both by the court and as it is used in jury instructions. People v. Cardamone, 232 Ill. 2d 504, 513 (2009) (because the applicable statute did not provide definitions for \u201cemotional distress\u201d or \u201cmental anguish,\u201d this court assumed that the legislature intended for the terms to have their plain and ordinary meanings). Further, the statutory phrase \u201cextreme mental or emotional disturbance\u201d is neither a standard psychiatric diagnosis nor a legal term of art.\nA disturbance is \u201can interruption of a state of peace or quiet : an agitating or agitation esp. of the mind or feelings.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 661 (1993). This term is used in everyday speech to describe a difficult neighbor, a hostile coworker, a bitter ex-spouse, or any number of individuals that one might encounter. Thus, a jury could, based on its consideration of both lay and expert witness testimony, conclude that a defendant was in an extreme emotional state brought on by anger, jealousy, fear, grief, or other intense feeling, at the time he committed murder. Such an emotional state could exist with or without the presence of mental illness.\nTherefore, while expert testimony connecting a defendant\u2019s history of mental illness to his mental state at the time he killed might be helpful to the defendant who claims mitigation on this basis, it is not an absolute requirement. For example, in People v. Gacy, 103 Ill. 2d 1, 95 (1984), the defendant argued that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present evidence at the sentencing stage on the statutory mitigating factor of extreme mental or emotional disturbance. Although counsel presented expert testimony at the guilt stage, he chose not to recall any of the expert witnesses at the sentencing stage. Instead, he used their previous testimony, which had been readmitted by stipulation, to argue to the jury that this mitigating factor was present. This court concluded that it was not unreasonable for counsel to choose this approach, perhaps to avoid antagonizing the jurors by presenting testimony that might appear redundant. Gacy, 103 Ill. 2d at 95-96.\nIn the present case, counsel\u2019s failure to obtain and present a specific expert opinion on the statutory mitigating factor was likely inadvertent, rather than a matter of trial tactics or strategy. However, he did present ample evidence, including the remainder of Conroe\u2019s testimony, that provided a basis for him to argue in closing and for the jury to find that the mitigating factor existed. Therefore, despite this misstep, we cannot say that counsel\u2019s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness.\nBecause we conclude that defendant has not met the first prong of the Strickland test, we need not consider the second prong.\nV Prosecutor\u2019s Reference to Other Crime Committed by Defendant\nDuring the State\u2019s case in aggravation, the prosecutor presented evidence that defendant and an accomplice committed a burglary in 1993. Amy Briggs identified defendant as one of the two persons she discovered stealing a VCR when she returned to her boyfriend\u2019s house to retrieve an item she had forgotten. She also testified that it was possible her boyfriend, the victim, owned a gun. Defense counsel objected to this line of questioning regarding the gun and the objection was sustained. The court also instructed the jury that it was to disregard the question and any answer that may have followed it. The court added, \u201cYou should not consider it in any way.\u201d\nLater, Tom Crew, a police witness for the State, testified that defendant\u2019s accomplice in that burglary blamed the burglary on defendant because the crime was defendant\u2019s idea. Crew added that according to the accomplice, \u201cone of the main focuses was to obtain a weapon or a firearm of some kind.\u201d Defense counsel did not object to this testimony.\nLastly, the prosecutor questioned defendant\u2019s juvenile court officer and made a final reference to the gun by asking the following:\n\u201cProsecutor: The defendant committed the burglary with a man by the name of Dustin Wade?\nWood: Okay.\nProsecutor: Wade told police the defendant wanted to get a gun to shoot a police officer.\nDefense Counsel: Objection. Leading.\nCOURT: Sustained.\nProsecutor: The defendant was caught in someone\u2019s home, right? He was caught in someone\u2019s home, right?\nWood: I remember Dustin Wade. I remember there being a burglary, but I do not remember the circumstances.\nProsecutor: And the defendant was trying to steal a gun, right?\nDefense Counsel: Objection. Leading.\nCOURT: Sustained.\u201d\nDefendant argues that these three references to the burglary of the victim\u2019s gun unfairly prejudiced defendant by suggesting that defendant was a violent person. He argues that the remark that suggested defendant wanted to shoot a police officer was particularly inflammatory and denied defendant a fair trial. We disagree.\nWe first note that the State does not specifically argue that the prosecutor\u2019s questions at sentencing were proper. Rather, it assumes arguendo that the references to defendant\u2019s purported motive for the burglary were improper. We also make this assumption, which favors defendant, and conclude that even if the prosecutor\u2019s questions were improper, they did not deny defendant a fair trial.\nEvery defendant has the right to a trial free of improper prejudicial comments or arguments by the prosecutor. People v. Simms, 192 Ill. 2d 348, 396 (2000). This right is of constitutional magnitude. Therefore, we review de novo the question of whether a prosecutor\u2019s statements denied the defendant a fair trial. People v. Burns, 209 Ill. 2d 551, 560 (2004). Although a defendant is entitled to a trial free of improper comments, not every improper question or comment requires reversal. Instead, \u201c \u2018the act of promptly sustaining the objection and instructing the jury to disregard such argument has usually been viewed as sufficient to cure any prejudice.\u2019 \u201d People v. Childress, 158 Ill. 2d 275, 298 (1994), quoting People v. Baptist, 76 Ill. 2d 19, 30 (1979).\nIn this case, most of the State\u2019s allegedly improper questions were met with immediate objections from defense counsel. During the State\u2019s questioning of the burglary victim\u2019s girlfriend, defense counsel objected to the question whether the victim owned a gun. The objection was immediately sustained and the trial court went so far as to offer a verbal instruction that the jury was not to consider the question or answer in any way. Later, during the State\u2019s questioning of defendant\u2019s juvenile court officer, defense counsel again objected to both references to a gun. Both objections again were immediately sustained.\nThe only mention of a gun that went uncured by the trial court was made during the State\u2019s questioning of police officer Tom Crew, who indicated that part of the motivation for the burglary was to obtain a gun. This, too, however, weighs against defendant, as the failure to object denied the court the opportunity to cure the error. Counsel cannot gain the advantage of obtaining a reversal through his own failure to act. People v. Carlson, 79 Ill. 2d 564, 577 (1980).\nEven had counsel objected to Crew\u2019s statement, we conclude that defense counsel\u2019s objections, and the trial court\u2019s response to those objections, adequately cured any prejudice to defendant. Any prejudice to defendant was minor, when the references are viewed in the context of the sentencing hearing as a whole. These references to stealing a gun, including the question that went unchallenged by defense counsel, constituted a small part of the State\u2019s case in aggravation. During the sentencing phase, the State focused primarily on the circumstances of the crime itself. Specifically, the State focused on the number of victims and the cold and calculated manner in which defendant committed the crime. It emphasized the deceit defendant used to get the adults out of the Sloop house. The State also focused on refuting the mitigating factors defendant presented. After the objections on the issue were sustained, the State did not mention in argument that the defendant wanted to steal a gun. Overall, the evidence and circumstances of the crime and the arguments based on this evidence overshadowed the isolated references to defendant\u2019s desire to steal a gun. As a result, we cannot say that such references were so prejudicial that they could not be cured by a sustained objection and instructions from the court. Therefore, we hold that defendant was not denied a fair trial on the basis of the State\u2019s improper questions.\nVI. Prosecutor\u2019s Remarks in Closing Argument Regarding Mitigation Evidence\nDuring the sentencing phase of defendant\u2019s trial, defendant sought to demonstrate that he would \u201cpositively adapt to the structured environment of incarceration\u201d and would not be a threat to others. Defendant relied primarily on the testimony of psychologist Mark Cunningham. Dr. Cunningham concluded, after reviewing defendant\u2019s records and interviewing several corrections officers, that \u201cthere is a very low likelihood that Dan Ramsey would commit an act of serious violence or seriously injure someone while confined for life.\u201d\nIn closing, the State responded to defendant\u2019s mitigation argument with the following:\n\u201cBut the instructions say that you must also consider the-evidence in mitigation, and .we ask that you do that, that you do your duty and consider the evidence in mitigation. And I want to talk to you about the evidence that you\u2019ve heard in mitigation in this case. What evidence has the defendant presented? Well, you heard from Dr. Cunningham. Recall that Dr. Cunningham testified that in his opinion, the defendant would not likely commit any acts of violence in prison. And I ask you: Is that relevant to doing justice in this case? How is that relevant to what the appropriate sentence of the defendant should be or to his actions in this case or to any issue that you have to decide in this case? And isn\u2019t that the purpose of prison, to prevent violence. Anyway, we know that the defendant is not the type of out-of-control, impulse-driven killer who is likely to act out in those types of settings. No, he\u2019s cold, calculating, cold-blooded, manipulative, kills to meet his needs. We suggest that Dr. Cunningham\u2019s evidence is not entitled to much weight here.\u201d\nThe prosecutor also suggested that the testimony of defendant\u2019s jail guard and community service supervisor were also \u201cnot entitled to much weight here.\u201d Defendant argues that these comments were misstatements of the law and prevented jurors from considering Dr. Cunningham\u2019s testimony as evidence in mitigation.\nDefendant acknowledges that he failed to preserve this issue for review, as he did not object to the prosecutor\u2019s argument at trial. However, defendant asks this court to review the issue for plain error. A reviewing court may consider unpreserved error when a clear or obvious error occurs and (1) the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant\u2019s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565. In this case, defendant argues a clear and obvious error occurred and both that the evidence was closely balanced and that the error was of such magnitude as to deny defendant a fair sentencing hearing.\nOur first step is to assess whether a clear or obvious error occurred. When determining the propriety of a prosecutor\u2019s closing argument, a reviewing court must evaluate the comments in the context in which they were made. People v. Burgess, 176 Ill. 2d 289, 319 (1997). Defendant\u2019s argument focuses on the prosecutor\u2019s comments as a misstatement of the law. Defendant contends that because a defendant\u2019s ability to adjust to life in prison is widely accepted evidence in mitigation, the State improperly suggested that this evidence was not relevant and should not be considered.\nIt is well settled that an attorney may not misstate the law in closing argument. People v. Woolley, 178 Ill. 2d 175, 209-10 (1997). However, taken in context, the prosecutor\u2019s comments in this case do not constitute a misstatement of the law. The prosecutor did ask whether defendant\u2019s ability to adapt to prison life was \u201crelevant\u201d to whether defendant should receive the death penalty. In referring to relevance, however, it is clear the prosecutor was not suggesting Dr. Cunningham\u2019s testimony was legally irrelevant or inadmissible, or that it should not be considered as evidence in mitigation. Rather, the prosecutor was suggesting that given the nature of the crime and the fact that there were multiple victims, defendant\u2019s evidence in mitigation was not substantial and was insufficient to overcome the much stronger evidence in aggravation.\nIn fact, the prosecutor prefaced his remarks regarding Dr. Cunningham\u2019s testimony by saying \u201cthe instructions say that you must also consider the evidence in mitigation, and we ask that you do that, that you do your duty and consider the evidence in mitigation.\u201d The prosecutor later suggested that Dr. Cunningham\u2019s testimony was not entitled to much weight. He also suggested that evidence from defendant\u2019s jail guard and community service supervisor were entitled to little weight. Throughout his closing argument, the prosecutor emphasized the weight that should be given to defendant\u2019s evidence in mitigation. Although the State, as would be expected, asked the jury to give little weight to this evidence, it nonetheless acknowledged that the evidence must be considered. Contrary to defendant\u2019s assertion that the State removed defendant\u2019s mitigation evidence from the sentencing equation, the prosecutor in this case asked only that the jury put a smaller value on defendant\u2019s evidence in that equation.\nMoreover, the jury was instructed that it was to weigh all the evidence received in both parts of the death penalty hearing. The court instructed the jury that in considering the evidence it must weigh any aggravating and mitigating factors. The jury heard Dr. Cunningham\u2019s testimony and the rest of defendant\u2019s evidence. Counsel for defendant suggested this evidence should carry great weight with the jury, while the prosecutor suggested the jury should give this evidence little weight.\nHad the jury been instructed not to consider evidence of his ability to adapt to prison life as mitigating evidence, it would constitute error. However, in this case, the comments, taken in context, did not undermine the court\u2019s instruction to weigh all of the evidence in aggravation and mitigation. It was not error for the court to allow the prosecutor\u2019s comment. Because we find there was no error, we need not address the remaining parts of plain-error review.\nVII. Prosecutor\u2019s Remarks in Closing Argument Regarding Evidence in Aggravation\nNext, defendant argues that the State violated the trial court\u2019s discovery sanction order by arguing that defendant committed the murders in order to prevent the victims from being witnesses against him.\nIn July 2006, defendant requested notice from the State of the statutory aggravating factors upon which the State would rely. The State failed to respond by the court-imposed deadline in December of that year. Defendant sought to have the State sanctioned by not allowing it to seek the death penalty. The trial court declined to grant this request. The court did so because it found the State was nonetheless in substantial compliance with Rule 416. The court concluded that defendant suffered no prejudice or surprise as a result of the State\u2019s violation of the rule, as he had been on notice since the very start of the trial that the State would be seeking the death penalty and that the State would argue several statutory and nonstatutory factors.\nHowever, although the court denied defendant\u2019s request, the court did restrict the State only to those aggravating factors originally disclosed prior to defendant\u2019s first trial. The statutory aggravating factors originally disclosed were that the defendant (1) committed multiple murders, (2) committed a murder in the course of another felony and (3) committed a murder in a cold and calculated way. The State had also disclosed several nonstatutory aggravating factors. The State argued that the young age of the victims, the \u201cexecution\u201d manner of the murders, the unprovoked nature of the offenses, the defenselessness of the victims, defendant\u2019s prior criminal history and defendant\u2019s lack of remorse were all aggravating factors.\nDefendant is not challenging this remedy fashioned by the trial court. Rather, defendant is challenging an alleged violation of the court\u2019s order restricting the State\u2019s available arguments. Specifically, defendant alleges that the State argued the following statutory aggravating factor:\n\u201c(b) Aggravating Factors. A defendant who at the time of the commission of the offense has attained the age of 18 or more and who has been found guilty of first degree murder may be sentenced to death if:\n(8) the defendant committed the murder with intent to prevent the murdered individual from testifying or participating in any criminal investigation or prosecution or giving material assistance to the State in any investigation or prosecution, either against the defendant or another; or the defendant committed the murder because the murdered individual was a witness in any prosecution or gave material assistance to the State in any investigation or prosecution, either against the defendant or another; for purposes of this paragraph (8), \u2018participating in any criminal investigation or prosecution\u2019 is intended to include those appearing in the proceedings in any capacity such as trial judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, investigators, witnesses, or jurorsf.]\u201d 720 ILCS 5/9 \u2014 1(b)(8) (West 2006).\nThroughout the State\u2019s closing statement, the prosecutor expressly argued that defendant killed L.M. and Lonna to prevent them from being witnesses against him. Defendant argues that, with this part of the State\u2019s closing, the State violated the trial court\u2019s order limiting argument to those aggravating factors originally disclosed in 1997. Defendant argues he is entitled to a new sentencing hearing as a result of this violation.\nDefendant first acknowledges that he failed to properly preserve this issue for appeal. No objection was made at trial to the State\u2019s statements and defendant failed to raise the issue in a posttrial motion. Thus, defendant argues the issue should be reviewed for plain error. As noted above, a reviewing court will only reverse for plain error when a clear or obvious error occurs and (1) the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error, or (2) the error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the defendant\u2019s trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of the evidence. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565.\nWe first consider whether a clear or obvious error occurred. If the prosecutor\u2019s comments constitute an argument for the statutory aggravating factor in section 9 \u2014 1(b)(8) of the Criminal Code, then the State violated the trial court\u2019s order. Under that scenario, we would then consider whether defendant is entitled to a new sentencing hearing based on the closeness of the evidence or the seriousness of the error. However, the State\u2019s argument is that it did not improperly argue a statutory aggravating factor. The State contends that no clear or obvious error occurred because the trial court\u2019s order imposed limitations only on the available statutory aggravating factors and did not limit nonstatutory aggravating evidence. The State also argues that the statements made during closing argument referred to conduct that does not qualify for the statutory aggravating factor specified in subsection (b)(8) and, therefore, did not improperly argue an additional statutory aggravating factor. Rather, the prosecutor\u2019s comments provided the basis for a nonstatutory aggravating factor. Thus, for defendant to prevail, either we must conclude that the prosecutor improperly argued an undisclosed statutory aggravating factor or, in the alternative, we must reject the State\u2019s argument that the trial court\u2019s order limiting the aggravating factors to be argued during the sentencing phase did not also preclude additional nonstatutory factors.\nThe State\u2019s argument on this issue rests on there being a significant distinction between the argument that defendant was motivated to kill his victims by a desire to prevent them from later serving as witnesses and an argument based on the statutory factor covering that very motivation. The State argues it can argue the former without arguing the latter if the motivation and circumstances of the crime do not meet the technical requirements of the statutory factor codified in subsection (b)(8).\nThe State distinguishes People v. Adams, 109 Ill. 2d 102 (1985). In that case, the prosecutor made several references which expressly argued application of subsection (b)(8). In the first phase of the sentencing trial, the prosecutor stated, \u201cI would ask you to sign the verdict finding the aggravating factors stating that Adams not only committed murder and armed robbery but he committed in the fashion that the Legislature has said if you do it that way with the intent, if you are the person who did it, if you do it to knock off a witness, then you qualify for the death penalty.\u201d (Emphasis omitted.) Adams, 109 Ill. 2d at 125-26. In the second phase, the prosecutor was more direct, stating \u201cthere\u2019s another factor and another way that Adams qualified for falling into the category of the death penalty, and that was that the murdered individual was a witness in the prosecution or was an eyewitness or possessed other material evidence against the Defendant.\u201d Adams, 109 Ill. 2d at 128.\nIn Adams, this court concluded, based on People v. Brownell, 79 Ill. 2d 508, 525-26 (1980), that subsection (b)(8) could not be used as an aggravating factor permitting the State to \u201cregard the slain person not only as the victim of murder but also as a witness to the crime of his own murder as well.\u201d Adams, 109 Ill. 2d at 127.\nIn this case, as noted above, the State argued in closing that defendant executed L.M. \u201cto prevent her from being a witness against him.\u201d The record does reflect that defendant told police he was afraid L.M. would \u201ctell on him.\u201d However, the State argues that this statement should not be construed as a suggestion by the State that subsection (b)(8) applies. Specifically, the State notes \u201cit is implausible that defendant killed L.M. with the intent to silence her from talking to police that is required under subsection (b)(8).\u201d (Emphasis in original.) We agree with the State that Adams would have prevented the State from seeking and arguing an instruction based on the statutory aggravating factor of killing a witness, as L.M. was a witness only to the crimes being perpetrated by the defendant at that time \u2014 her rape and murder. Likewise, at trial the State suggested that Lonna was killed because \u201c[t]his defendant can\u2019t have any witnesses. He had just shot Rachel, and 12-year-old Lonna knows him. She begged for her life. She could also be a witness, and he can\u2019t have that. So he executed her, too.\u201d Again, under Adams, the only crimes to which Lonna was a witness were those crimes being committed by the defendant at that time, including her own murder.\nThe State, therefore, recognizes that section (b)(8) could not have applied and that arguing this statutory factor would have been improper. However, as the State suggests, arguing that defendant did not want to leave any witnesses is not the same as arguing the statutory factor. Importantly, unlike the prosecutor in Adams, the State here made no reference to subsection (b)(8) or to the legislature having decided this factor was important. As far as the jury was concerned, defendant\u2019s motivation to leave no witnesses had no imprimatur from the legislature and the jury could choose, or choose not, to assign aggravating weight to that motivation. Thus, although the State was not entitled to argue the statutory aggravating factor codified in subsection (b)(8), both by the factor\u2019s own terms and by the limits placed upon the State by the trial court, the State was entitled to argue the facts and circumstances of the case as a nonstatutory aggravating factor.\nBy way of analogy, subsection (b)(7) is an aggravating factor based on the age of the victim and the cruelty leading to the victim\u2019s death. However, if a victim in a particular case were over 12 years old, the State is not precluded from arguing, as a nonstatutory factor, that the victim was young and that his death resulted from cruel, brutal and heinous behavior. Indeed, in this case, the jury was not instructed to consider the statutory factor codified at subsection (b)(7). Nonetheless, the State emphasized that Lonna was 12 years old and that defendant coldly executed her after she begged for her life.\nAlthough we agree that the State did not improperly argue an additional statutory factor, we must still ask whether the trial court\u2019s order also prevented the State from arguing additional nonstatutory factors. The State argues that the context of the discussion regarding the discovery violation suggests that the court\u2019s order prohibited the State only from arguing additional statutory factors. The State also asserts that a defendant is not entitled to disclosure of nonstatutory aggravating factors and that, therefore, even if the court intended to prohibit additional nonstatutory aggravating factors, it was improper for the court to enter such an order.\nDefendant\u2019s original motion for discovery, which the trial court granted, asked the court to compel discovery of aggravating factors pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 416. Defendant asked that he be informed \u201cwhich statutory and non-statutory aggravating factors the State intends to rely upon.\u201d However, although defendant\u2019s motion asked for disclosure of both types of aggravating factors, Rule 416 requires the State to file a \u201cNotice of Intent to Seek or Decline Death Penalty,\u201d which \u201cshall also include all of the statutory aggravating factors enumerated in section 9 \u2014 1(b) of the Criminal Code of 1961.\u201d (Emphasis added.) 188 Ill. 2d R. 416(c). Thus, the rule itself does not expressly require disclosure of nonstatutory aggravating factors.\nThe discussion of defendant\u2019s motion seeking to bar the State from seeking the death penalty also fails to support defendant\u2019s argument and instead suggests that only disclosure of statutory aggravating factors was required. Counsel for the defendant suggested to the court that \u201cthe issue that the defendant has raised is whether there is compliance with Rule 416.\u201d Later, after the State had provided the court with its original notice of intent, filed in 1996, defense counsel again referenced Rule 416, noting \u201c[Rule] 416 says \u2018the State shall\u2019 in two places and puts the burden and requirement on the State.\u201d Counsel noted defendant \u201cfiled a motion *** requesting that [the State] give us those aggravating factors as they are required to do by rule.\u201d Counsel\u2019s argument was centered on its claim that the State had failed to conform to the rule.\nThe trial court acknowledged this fact, specifically noting \u201cthe issue in this matter is whether the State complied with the requirements of Supreme Court Rule 416 in disclosing to the defendant the statutory aggravating factors which it intends to prove in the sentencing phase of this proceeding.\u201d The State\u2019s argument acknowledged that there had been a technical violation of Rule 416 in that it had not complied with the court\u2019s order to again provide disclosure of the statutory aggravating factors. Still, the State argued that the \u201cspirit and the letter of 416 were complied with ten years ago\u201d and that there was no danger of unfair surprise to defendant.\nAfter considering the parties\u2019 arguments, the court found that \u201cthere has been a failure to make a written disclosure pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 416(c).\u201d As noted above, however, the court concluded that there was substantial compliance with the rule because the State had, prior to defendant\u2019s first trial, provided written disclosure of aggravating factors and had, prior to the second trial, orally indicated it would be seeking the death penalty. In fashioning a remedy when there is substantial compliance with the rule, the court noted that the purpose of the rule is to avoid unfair surprise. Concluding that there had been no surprise to defendant, the court declined to grant defendant\u2019s motion in full. Instead, it allowed the State to seek the death penalty, but required it to comply with Rule 416(c) by the end of the day and prohibited the State from adding \u201caggravating factors\u201d that were not originally disclosed.\nAlthough the court\u2019s order did not expressly limit the aggravating factors to be disclosed, we conclude that given the framing of the issue by the court and both parties, the court\u2019s order instructed the State to bring itself into compliance with Rule 416. Rule 416 requires only disclosure of statutory aggravating factors. Although the State, prior to the first trial, did opt to inform the defendant of the nonstatutory aggravating factors it intended to argue, Rule 416 does not compel the State to do so. Therefore, the fact that the State did not disclose this additional argument as a nonstatutory aggravating factor cannot be a ground upon which we can grant defendant relief.\nAs we conclude that the trial court\u2019s order limiting the State\u2019s use of additional aggravating factors applied only to statutory factors, we need not address the State\u2019s second argument that any order limiting nonstatutory aggravating factors was improper.\nBecause the State\u2019s arguments were proper, we also conclude that no clear or obvious error occurred and, therefore, we need not address the rest of defendant\u2019s plain-error argument.\nVIII. Supreme Court\u2019s Duty to Conduct Independent Review of Death Sentence\nWe find no basis for reversal of defendant\u2019s sentence in the issues he has raised before this court. However, \u201c[wjhen requested to do so, this court reviews the evidence in a capital sentencing hearing to determine whether death is the appropriate penalty, even in the absence of trial error.\u201d People v. Thompson, 222 Ill. 2d 1, 36 (2006). If we find that the sentence of death is fundamentally unjust, given the facts of the particular case, we may overturn the sentence and order the imposition of imprisonment. 720 ILCS 5/9\u2014l(i) (West 2008).\nAfter careful consideration of the evidence adduced, we find no fundamental injustice in this case and concur in the jury\u2019s determination that death is the appropriate penalty.\nCONCLUSION\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm defendant\u2019s conviction and death sentence. We direct the clerk of this court to enter an order setting Tuesday, January 11, 2011, as the date on which the sentence of death shall be carried out. Defendant shall be executed in the manner provided by law. 725 ILCS 5/119 \u2014 5 (West 1996). The clerk of this court shall send a certified copy of the mandate in this case to the Director of Corrections, the warden of Tamms Correctional Center, and the warden of the institution where defendant is confined.\nAffirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GARMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Charles M. Schiedel, Deputy Defender, and Charles W Hoffman, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Lisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Jim Drozdz, State\u2019s Attorney, of Carthage (Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Leah Myers Bendik, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 105942.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellee, v. DANIEL RAMSEY, Appellant.\nOpinion filed October 7, 2010.\nRehearing denied January 24, 2011.\nMichael J. Pelletier, State Appellate Defender, Charles M. Schiedel, Deputy Defender, and Charles W Hoffman, Assistant Appellate Defender, of the Office of the State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, for appellant.\nLisa Madigan, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Jim Drozdz, State\u2019s Attorney, of Carthage (Michael A. Scodro, Solicitor General, and Michael M. Glick and Leah Myers Bendik, Assistant Attorneys General, of Chicago, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0342-01", "first_page_order": 356, "last_page_order": 465 }