{ "id": 2906202, "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, vs. Robert Tomashevsky et al.-(Kathie Boudin et al., Appellants.)", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Tomashevsky", "decision_date": "1971-06-24", "docket_number": "No. 42752", "first_page": "559", "last_page": "566", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "48 Ill. 2d 559" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "370 Ill. 244", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2563122 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "248, 249" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/370/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "367 Ill. 454", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2575816 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/367/0454-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 Ill. 499", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2684689 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "508" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/415/0499-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 Ill. 294", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2665432 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "298, 299" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/412/0294-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 Ill. App. 2d 428", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5151054 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "434" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/8/0428-01" ] }, { "cite": "41 Ill. App. 2d 282", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2451827 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "283" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/41/0282-01" ] }, { "cite": "80 Ill. App. 2d 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2562017, 2563066 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "123" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/80/0117-01", "/ill-app-2d/80/0117-02" ] }, { "cite": "384 Ill. 388", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2490631 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/384/0388-01" ] }, { "cite": "2 Ill.2d 258", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 12126232 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/2/0258-01" ] }, { "cite": "344 Ill. 107", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5259513 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/344/0107-01" ] }, { "cite": "256 Ill. 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 4714732 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/256/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 Ill. 208", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5306772 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/400/0208-01" ] }, { "cite": "128 U.S. 289", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3533595 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/128/0289-01" ] }, { "cite": "6 Ill.2d, 463", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2707956 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "466" }, { "page": "466" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/6/0463-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 622, "char_count": 11863, "ocr_confidence": 0.821, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.661444368762222e-07, "percentile": 0.890544390811974 }, "sha256": "ded9a4e2b8935c58af92cbb3647c930ce0f65355688f0b75a919d23e72fe66e0", "simhash": "1:47c3b1a6ed5d4caa", "word_count": 1999 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:14:49.671921+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "The People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, vs. Robert Tomashevsky et al.\u2014(Kathie Boudin et al., Appellants.)" ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. Justice Davis\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis appeal is taken from a purported judgment order of the circuit court of Cook County sentencing the appellants, Kathie Boudin and Jean Yonemura, to five-day jail sentences, respectively, for contempt. Constitutional issues are raised. 43 Ill. 2d R. 603.\nThe appellants were among numerous defendants who had been indicted for the offense of aggravated battery. On November 14, 1969, the appellant, Boudin, appeared before the trial judge to whom the cases were assigned and filed a motion for substitution of judges. The motion was allowed and the case was transferred back to the presiding judge of the criminal division for reassignment. On December 2, 1969, 18 of the defendants appeared before the presiding judge when the case was called.\nThe judge inquired of Robert Tomashevsky, one of the defendants, whether he had a lawyer, a job, or whether he was going to get a job, and what, if any, efforts he had made in that regard. During this very brief conversation, Tomashevsky indicated that he was connected with the Students for a Democratic Society, commonly referred to as S.D.S., whereupon the judge asked, \u201cWho is in charge of the S.D.S. ?\u201d At this point the record indicates that there was laughter in the courtroom and the judge ordered, \u201cLock them all up. I\u2019ll talk to them one at a time. This isn\u2019t a game we\u2019re playing. Lock them up,\u201d and further stated, \u201cCome on, lock them up. Ten days for contempt.\u201d\nAll of the defendants, including the appellants, were thereupon taken to the jail and a hearing was set on the 18 contempt charges for 2 :oo P.M., the same day. It appears from the appellant\u2019s brief that, during the recess between the morning session and the 2 :oo P.M. hearing, a proposed order was prepared which stated:\n\u201c1. The Court finds that during the course of the hearing, the following exchange took place between Judge Power and the defendants:\na. Judge Power asked Robert Tomashevsky, \u2018Are you working?\u2019\nTomashevsky responds, \u2018No.\u2019\nb. Judge Power asked him, \u2018Where do you live?\u2019 Tomashevsky responds, \u2018863 Lili.\u2019\nc. Judge Power asked him \u2018Where do you get your money ?\u2019\nTomashevsky responds, T get $15.00 a week from S.D.S.\u2019\nd. Judge Power asked him, \u2018When are you going to have a lawyer?\u2019\nJeffrey Haas interjects and said he would represent him at this hearing.\ne. Judge Power asked Tomashevsky, \u2018Why don\u2019t you have a job?\u2019\nTomashevsky says, T have too many felonies and I belong to S.D.S.\u2019\nf. Judge Power asked him, \u2018Where have you sought after a job.\u2019\nTomashevsky responds, \u2018As a dishwasher on West Madison Street.\u2019\ng. Judge Power asked him, \u2018Why don\u2019t you go to the Illinois Employment Service?\u2019\nTomashevsky responds, \u2018I\u2019m from New York.\u2019\nh. Judge Power then asked, \u2018Who is in charge of the S.D.S.?\u2019 wherein all 18 defendants before the Court joined in concerted raucous laughter.\u201d\nThe proposed order also stated that the conduct of the defendants, and each of them, \u201cdisturbed the decorum of the court and was calculated to disturb and impede the due administration of justice,\u201d and ordered that the defendants serve a sentence of - days in the county jail. The order was never signed by the trial judge and was never entered of record.\nAt the commencement of the 2:00 P.M., hearing, the court addressed the defendants individually. The primary purpose of each interview appeared to be to determine which of the individual defendants had laughed during the morning session. The proposed order hereinabove referred to was presented to each of the defendants, and each one, in turn, was asked to give his or her response to the document. In response to the court\u2019s questions, 16 of the respective defendants indicated that they either had not laughed, had laughed but had not intended to or didn\u2019t remember whether or not they had laughed. None of them remembered which, if any, of the other defendants might have laughed. The judge was obviously satisfied with the responses made by the 16 defendants, and apparently considered each of them no longer to be in contempt of the court.\nThe appellant Boudin was engaged by the court in a rather lengthy discussion, a portion of which was as follows :\n\u201cDefendant Boudin : It says here that it was calculated to disturb and impede the administration of justice. And I say that it is not what the laughter was all about today.\nThe Court : But you do admit there was laughter ?\nDefendant Boudin : There was laughter.\nThe Court : And that you were involved, is that right ?\nDefendant Boudin : I admit there was laughter in the courtroom.\nThe Court: Weren\u2019t you involved?\nDefendant Boudin : Before I could answer that question, I would have to talk to my attorney.\nThe Court: Well, I\u2019m just asking, did you laugh?\nDefendant Boudin: I couldn\u2019t answer that question before I talked to my attorney.\nThe Court : Do you refuse to answer that question?\nDefendant Boudin: Yes, I refuse to answer that question.\nThe Court : Put her over here.\u201d\nEarlier in the conversation, Boudin twice stated to the court that whatever happened in the courtroom was not designed to dishonor or disturb the court.\nThe court next interrogated the appellant Yonemura. Her request to consult with counsel before answering any questions was also refused. Her answers to the court\u2019s questions were in substance that she did not feel that she should be held in contempt, and that she did not feel that she had disrupted the court. She refused to answer the specific question as to whether or not she had laughed, at which point the trial court found her in contempt.\nSo far as the record discloses, there were no written charges, no written order of contempt or commitment, and no order containing any findings of fact upon which the alleged contempt in this case was based. Such circumstance was further verified by counsel for the appellants and the State in argument.\nIn People ex rel. Andrews v. Hassakis, 6 Ill.2d, 463, at pages 466 and 467, we considered the court\u2019s power to punish for contempt and stated:\n\u201c* * * Punishment for indirect criminal contempt, that is for contumacious acts outside the personal knowledge of the judge, requires the observance of all the elements of due process of law, that is, notice, written charges, and an opportunity to deny and defend such charges before guilt is adjudged and sentence imposed.\n\u201cDirect contempt, that is contumacious acts committed in court in the presence of the judge, and of which he has personal knowledge, may be adjudged and punished in a summary manner, without prior notice, written charges, plea, issue or trial. (In re Terry, 128 U.S. 289; People v. Siegal, 400 Ill. 208.) The act having been committed in the presence of the court, evidence is unnecessary and no record need be made. (People ex rel. Owens v. Hogan, 256 Ill. 496.) But in this State the accused has a right of appeal to review the decision of the trial judge finding him guilty of contumacious acts and a reviewable record must therefore be made by a written order setting forth fully, clearly and specifically the facts out of which the contempt arose so that the reviewing court may determine if the committing court had jurisdiction to enter the order. People v. Rongetti, 344 Ill. 107; People v. Loughran, 2 Ill.2d 258.\u201d\nIn People v. Tavernier, 384 Ill. 388, in considering where the burden of proof lies in the defense of a direct contempt order, at page 393, we stated: \u201cThe cases all recognize the power of courts of record to conduct proceedings for contemptuous acts committed in the presence of the court and to administer punishment in proper cases. This may include a fine or jail sentence, or both. When a court thus instantly punishes without further proof or examination, without plea, trial or issue, it is exercising a power which is not recognized in other proceedings and one which may be arbitrarily used. To safeguard against abuse a review may be had, and since the case is submitted to a reviewing court on the order of commitment, the law imposes upon those who defend the entry of the order the burden of having it contain facts sufficient to show that the court was warranted in entering the order.\u201d\nOur appellate courts have held that the court on review of a direct contempt proceeding may look to the report of proceedings in addition to the contempt order to determine whether the contempt order was correct (In re Dunagan, 80 Ill. App. 2d 117, 123; People ex rel. Morgan v. Mulliken, 41 Ill. App. 2d 282, 283); and they have further held that since the report of the proceedings reflects what actually occurred in open court, the findings in the order of contempt, if in conflict with the report of proceedings, do not control; and that it is only where there is no report of proceedings that the reviewing court will not go behind the order but is bound to assume that the findings are correct. (People v. White, 8 Ill. App. 2d 428, 434.) However, such pronouncements do not mean that a direct contempt commitment can legally exist without a supporting contempt order. Prudence would dictate that the order should be in writing so that the contumacious acts may be set forth fully, clearly and specifically. Thus, the reviewing court could readily determine whether the committing court had jurisdiction to enter the order. It is conceivable that the record could reflect oral findings and an order which would be adequate to support the charge of direct contempt. However, the record in the case at bar, is deficient in this respect.\nThe lines of demarcation between direct and indirect contempt can be, and frequently are, indistinct, in that specific acts may have certain of the attributes of each classification. People v. Gholson, 412 Ill. 294, 298, 299.\nIf laughter in the courtroom constituted the ground for the contempt charge, it is apparent that the trial judge did not have personal knowledge of whether the appellants laughed and therefore he sought to resort to extrinsic evidence to establish such fact. Under the rationale of People ex rel. Andrews v. Hassakis, 6 Ill.2d 463, 466, and 467, the charge against the appellants could not be direct contempt since the trial judge did not have personal knowledge that they had laughed, even though the laughter occurred in the courtroom in his presence. (People v. Howarth, 415 Ill. 499, 508; People v. Berof, 367 Ill. 454, 455 and 456.) If the conduct of the appellants constituted indirect contempt \u2014 contumacious acts outside the personal knowledge of the judge \u2014then all the elements of procedural due process must be observed, including notice, written charges, and an opportunity to deny and defend such charges before guilt is adjudged and sentence imposed. Johnson v. Mississippi, 39 L.W. 4721, June 8, 1971; People v. Hassakis, 6 Ill.2d 463, 466; People v. Rosenthal, 370 Ill. 244, 248, 249.\nThus, since the purported adjudications in this case, if for direct contempt, are supported by neither an order of contempt, nor an adequate record, and, if for indirect contempt, the appellants have not been accorded the requirerrtents of procedural due process, the purported conviction of each of the appellants is hereby found to be void and without force, and the appellants are discharged.\nOrders set aside, and appellants discharged.\nMr. Justice Schaefer took no part in the consideration or decision of this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. Justice Davis" } ], "attorneys": [ "Ronald J. Clark, of Chicago, (Jenner & Block, of counsel,) for appellants.", "William J. Scott, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Edward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (James B. Zagel, Assistant Attorney General, and Robert A. Novelle and Arthur Belkind, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 42752.\nThe People of the State of Illinois, Appellee, vs. Robert Tomashevsky et al.\u2014(Kathie Boudin et al., Appellants.)\nOpinion filed June 24, 1971.\nSchaefer, J., took no part.\nRonald J. Clark, of Chicago, (Jenner & Block, of counsel,) for appellants.\nWilliam J. Scott, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Edward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (James B. Zagel, Assistant Attorney General, and Robert A. Novelle and Arthur Belkind, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People." }, "file_name": "0559-01", "first_page_order": 569, "last_page_order": 576 }