{ "id": 2959707, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. KENNETH FIELDS, Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Fields", "decision_date": "1974-11-27", "docket_number": "No. 46109", "first_page": "516", "last_page": "522", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "59 Ill. 2d 516" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "18 Ill.2d 453", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5328355 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/18/0453-01" ] }, { "cite": "386 U.S. 18", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168882 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/386/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 250", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1771609 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "47 Ill.2d 300", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2904822 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303-304" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/47/0300-01" ] }, { "cite": "399 U.S. 78", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168686 ], "weight": 6, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/399/0078-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 U.S. 470", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6173453 ], "weight": 10, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "474-476" }, { "page": "87-88" }, { "page": "479" }, { "page": "90" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/412/0470-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 Ill. App. 3d 608", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2851601, 2849654 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/12/0608-01", "/ill-app-3d/12/0608-02" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 599, "char_count": 10189, "ocr_confidence": 0.859, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.818489887804269e-07, "percentile": 0.9317454415296027 }, "sha256": "6191272d2f4c122eea45c71ee39b40881ca0cd6e4d5d0a963adac0ca03f1e0aa", "simhash": "1:858ff4a95043d40b", "word_count": 1746 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:30:25.417704+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. KENNETH FIELDS, Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MR. JUSTICE WARD delivered the opinion of the\ncourt:\nThe defendant, Kenneth Fields, was convicted of armed robbery (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 18 \u2014 2) in the circuit court of St. Clair County and was sentenced to serve not less than 15 nor more than 20 years in the penitentiary. The appellate court, with one judge dissenting, reversed his conviction (12 Ill. App. 3d 608), and we granted the People\u2019s petition for leave to appeal.\nOn December 30, 1968, Fred Halvachs, a liquor salesman, made a business call at the Archway Lounge in East St. Louis at about 2:15 p.m. He was talking with the owner, John Coates, when three men and a woman entered the tavern. One of the men put a shotgun in Halvachs\u2019s ribs and the woman took his wrist watch, eyeglasses, brief case and a wallet containing $400. The woman also took Coates\u2019s wallet with an undisclosed amount of money.\nOfficer John Sengheiser of the St. Louis Police Department testified at the defendant\u2019s trial that on December 30, 1968, at about 2:45 p.m. he was stopped at a traffic signal at the intersection of Florissant and North Market Streets in St. Louis. A 1967 Buick automobile with three men passed in front of him. He said all three turned and stared at him, which made him suspicious. The defendant, he said, was seated in the front seat on the passenger side. He compared the license number of the Buick with a \u201cdepartment hot sheet\u201d bearing the license numbers of stolen vehicles and observed that the Buick had been reported stolen. He pursued the car until it turned into an alley and the three men abandoned the auto and fled on foot. The witness returned to his car and about 214 blocks away and five minutes later saw the defendant and another man on a street corner and placed them under arrest for auto theft. He recognized the other man as also having been in the stolen auto. The defendant at the time of his arrest had on a green, sweater-like shirt, green trousers and a green hat and was wearing a brown overcoat. He was breathing heavily, as if he were out of breath. When Officer Sengheiser returned to the abandoned car, he testified, he found Fred Halvachs\u2019s brief case on the back seat. At the police station he searched the defendant and found in a trouser pocket a pen case belonging to Halvachs.\nFred Halvachs testified that he did not see the faces of any of the robbers and could not identify any of them.\nJohn Coates testified that the defendant was one of the robbers and was the one who had a sawed-off shotgun. He said the defendant was wearing a green hat, a green, sweater-like shirt, and green pants and an overcoat of a color he could not remember. He testified that he saw and identified the defendant the following day in a police lineup in St. Louis and later in court at an extradition proceeding. When cross-examined as to the lighting in the lounge at the time of the robbery Coates said that while the lighting was not as good as the lighting in the courtroom it was \u201clighter than most lounges\u201d and \u201cwas good enough\u201d for him to see the defendant. He said the defendant, following the robbery, took time to dismantle the sawed-off shotgun before he left the lounge.\nDefendant testified that he was at his home in St. Louis during the early afternoon on the day of the robbery and that he went out at about 2:30 p.m. to visit a friend. He said that he had walked three blocks when he met Ronald Prince at the corner of 20th Street and St. Louis Avenue. He said that they stood there only a few minutes when Officer Sengheiser arrested them. Defendant testified he had five dollars on him when he was arrested.\nDefendant\u2019s wife, Pauletta Fields, and Dorothy Brenkley, a neighbor, testified that the defendant was at home during the early afternoon and had gone out about 2:30 p.m. on December 30, 1968.\nPrior to trial, the prosecutor filed a motion to produce under the alibi defense statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 114 \u2014 14), which requires a defendant intending to rely on an alibi defense to provide specific information no later than five days before trial as to the place that he maintains he was at the time in question and the names and addresses of witnesses he intends to call to establish his alibi defense. The defendant filed a list naming five persons he said he planned to call to establish an alibi. At the close of the State\u2019s case he made a motion for the production of any statements the State had taken from his alibi witnesses, but the trial court denied the motion. The appellate court held that this was error and reversed the conviction.\nThe People here argue that an accused does not have a right to obtain from the prosecution statements his alibi witnesses may have given the prosecutor. We do not reach this question, because under Wardius v. Oregon (1973), 412 U.S. 470, we must hold our alibi statute to be unconstitutional.\nIn Williams v. Florida (1970), 399 U.S. 78, 26 L. Ed. 2d 446, 90 S. Ct. 1893, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the constitutionality of Florida\u2019s notice-of-alibi statute, which required a defendant intending to rely on an alibi defense to notify the prosecution of the time and the place he claimed to have been, and of the names and addresses of persons he intended to call as witnesses in support of his alibi defense. The court noted, however, that the constitutionality of such a statute might depend on \u201cwhether the defendant enjoys reciprocal discovery against the State.\u201d 399 U.S 78, 82 n.11, 26 L. Ed. 2d 446, 450 n.11, 90 S. Ct. 1893.\nLater in Wardius v. Oregon (1973), 412 U.S. 470, 37 L. Ed. 2d 82, 93 S. Ct. 2208, the court held unconstitutional an Oregon notice-of-alibi statute which precluded a defendant from introducing evidence to support an alibi if he had failed to comply with the notice requirements of the statute.\nIn part the court said: \u201cThe Williams Court was therefore careful to note that \u2018Florida law provides for liberal discovery by the defendant against the State, and the notice-of-alibi rule is itself carefully hedged with reciprocal duties requiring state disclosure to the defendant.\u2019 [Citation.] The same cannot be said of Oregon law. *** Oregon grants no discovery rights to criminal defendants ***. More significantly, Oregon, unlike Florida, has no provision which requires the State to reveal the names and addresses of witnesses it plans to use to refute an alibi defense. ***. [D] iscovery must be a two-way street. The State may not insist that trials be run as a \u2018search for truth\u2019 so far as defense witnesses are concerned, while maintaining \u2018poker game\u2019 secrecy for its own witnesses. It is fundamentally unfair to require a defendant to divulge the details of his own case while at the same time subjecting him to the hazard of surprise concerning refutation of the very pieces of evidence which he disclosed to the State.\u201d (412 U.S. 470, 474-476, 37 L. Ed. 2d 82, 87-88, 93 S. Ct. 2208.) The court concluded: \u201cThus, in the absence of fair notice that he would have an opportunity to discover the State\u2019s rebuttal witnesses, petitioner cannot be compelled to reveal his alibi defense.\u201d 412 U.S. 470, 479, 37 L. Ed. 2d 82, 90, 93 S. Ct. 2208.\nOur alibi-defense statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 114 \u2014 14) must be considered to deny due process in the light of what the Supreme Court said in Wardius. Our statute, which requires an accused to notify the prosecution of the proposed defense, does not provide for discovery of the prosecution\u2019s alibi-rebuttal witnesses. Too, the statute which requires that the prosecution furnish the defense with a list of prosecution witnesses expressly provides that this requirement does not extend to rebuttal witnesses. Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 114-9(c); People v. Holliday, 47 Ill.2d 300, 303-304.\nOur conclusion that the alibi-defense statute is unconstitutional does not, however, require a reversal of the defendant\u2019s conviction. The evidence, including the testimony of John Coates and Officer Sengheiser and the finding of Fred Halvachs\u2019s pen case in the defendant\u2019s pocket, pointed overwhelmingly to guilt. We can therefore declare that requiring the defendant, under a statute we find to be unconstitutional, to notify the prosecution of his alibi defense and witnesses was error that was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (Harrington v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 250, 23 L. Ed. 2d 284, 89 S. Ct. 1726; Chapman v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 18, 17 L. Ed. 2d 705, 87 S. Ct. 824.) We would add that it is clear that the defendant was not harmed by the denial of his motion for the production of the statements taken from the alibi witnesses. The statements were used in their cross-examination without any significant effect and their use could not have affected the trial\u2019s result.\nThe defendant\u2019s additional claim that there was improper final argument by the prosecutor does not provide a ground here for disturbing the conviction. The evidence of the defendant\u2019s guilt was completely persuading, and as this court held in People v. Berry, 18 Ill.2d 453, 458: \u201cWhere it appears that improper remarks do not constitute a material factor in the conviction *** the verdict will not be disturbed.\u201d\nThere were other contentions made by the defendant in the appellate court which it was not necessary for that court, under the disposition it made, to consider. We have examined the contentions and find them to be without merit.\nFor reasons given, the judgment of the appellate court is reversed, and the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nAppellate court reversed; circuit court affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "court:" } ], "attorneys": [ "William J. Scott, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Robert H. Rice, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (James B. Zagel and John F. Podliska, Assistant Attorneys General, both of Chicago, and Clyde Kuehn, Assistant State\u2019s Attorney, of counsel), for the People.", "Paul Bradley, First Deputy Defender, Office of State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, and Howard B. Augustus, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 46109.\nTHE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Appellant, v. KENNETH FIELDS, Appellee.\nOpinion filed November 27, 1974.\nModified on denial of rehearing January 30, 1975.\nWilliam J. Scott, Attorney General, of Springfield, and Robert H. Rice, State\u2019s Attorney, of Belleville (James B. Zagel and John F. Podliska, Assistant Attorneys General, both of Chicago, and Clyde Kuehn, Assistant State\u2019s Attorney, of counsel), for the People.\nPaul Bradley, First Deputy Defender, Office of State Appellate Defender, of Chicago, and Howard B. Augustus, Assistant Appellate Defender, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0516-01", "first_page_order": 526, "last_page_order": 532 }