{ "id": 3069326, "name": "DONALD L. TOTTEN et al., Appellants, v. THE STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS et al., Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Totten v. State Board of Elections", "decision_date": "1980-03-21", "docket_number": "No. 52888", "first_page": "288", "last_page": "295", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 288" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill.", "id": 8772, "name": "Illinois Supreme Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "341 N.E.2d 264", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "369 Mass. 392", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass.", "case_ids": [ 309804 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/369/0392-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 191", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1532194 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0191-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 Ill. 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5216552 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/333/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 Ill. 512", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5195956 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "518-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/328/0512-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 F. Supp. 692", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3802341 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/395/0692-01" ] }, { "cite": "419 U.S. 477", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6176238 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/419/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 Ill. 2d 321", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5428630 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "326" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/64/0321-01" ] }, { "cite": "45 Ill. 2d 75", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2897157 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "84" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/45/0075-01" ] }, { "cite": "8 Ill. 2d 293", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2716524 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "307" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/8/0293-01" ] }, { "cite": "12 Ill. 2d 98", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2779681 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "105" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/12/0098-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 Ill. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3075233 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "135" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/78/0128-01" ] }, { "cite": "14 Ill. 2d 126", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2769394 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "131" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/14/0126-01" ] }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 136", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5465119 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "139" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "78 Ill. 2d 8", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3073343 ], "year": 1977, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/78/0008-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 577, "char_count": 12203, "ocr_confidence": 0.838, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.42142340488108e-07, "percentile": 0.9447361602935151 }, "sha256": "ee1c6374b22659f2334a65e9c5f38880963ac5aeae8e429db6fd20550b4edc4b", "simhash": "1:dfe4bfea2276d491", "word_count": 1973 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:04:05.574500+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "DONALD L. TOTTEN et al., Appellants, v. THE STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS et al., Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "MR. JUSTICE WARD\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDonald L. Totten and other plaintiffs brought an action in the circuit court of Cook County against the State Board of Elections (the Board) and the Illinois Republican State Central Committee. In it they sought to enjoin the Board from refusing to certify the presidential preferences of candidates for delegate and alternate delegate to the Republican National Convention and to order the Board to permit such preferences to appear next to the names of candidates on ballots to be used in the March 18, 1980, primary election.\nThe circuit court held for the defendants, and we took plaintiffs\u2019 appeal to this court under Rule 302(b) (73 Ill. 2d R. 302(b)). After expedited briefing and oral argument we announced our decision from the bench, affirming the circuit court\u2019s judgment and stating that an opinion would follow.\nPrior to the enactment on July 19, 1979, of House Bill 2618 (Pub. Act 81 \u2014 135), section 7 \u2014 10.3 of the Election Code required candidates for delegate or alternate delegate to a national nominating convention to file with the Board a statement of candidacy and to state the names of their presidential preferences or to declare that they were \u201cuncommitted.\u201d\nSection 7 \u2014 10.3, as amended by House Bill 2618, now provides:\n\u201c(A) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (B) of this Section, a candidate for delegate or alternate delegate to a national nominating convention shall file with the State Board of Elections at the time of filing the statement of candidacy described in Section 7 \u2014 10, a statement declaring the name of his preference for President of the United States or that he is uncommitted.\n(B) The State central committee of a political party may choose to file a statement with the State Board of Elections not less than 30 days prior to the first day for filing the statement of candidacy described in Section 7 \u2014 10, specifying that a candidate for delegate or alternate delegate shall not be required to file an official declaration statement pursuant to this Section.\nIf the State central committee of a political party specifies that any such official declaration statement is not required to be filed by the candidates for delegates and alternate delegates to the national nominating convention of any such political party, then no such declaration statement shall be required to be made.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 46, par. 7-10.3.\nSection 7 \u2014 19, which was also amended, states:\n\u201cNext to the name of each candidate for delegate or alternate delegate to a national noninating convention shall appear either (a) the name of the candidate\u2019s preference for President of the United States or the word \u2018uncommitted\u2019 or (b) no official designation, depending upon the action taken by the State central committee pursuant to Section 7 \u2014 10.3 of this Act.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 46, par. 7-19.\nActing under subsection (B) of section 7 \u2014 10.3 the Republican State Central Committee on August 3, 1979, decided by resolution to run a \u201cblind primary\u201d and not to require candidates to file an official declaration of presidential preferences. The Board interpreted subsections (a) and (b) of section 7 \u2014 19 to be mutually exclusive. The Board judged that subsection (B) of section 7 \u2014 10.3 conferred upon the State central committee of a political party the option of having a so-called blind primary, which, when exercised, would bind the candidates of that party.\nThe plaintiffs note that subsection (B) of section 7 \u2014 10.3 states that a candidate \u201c \u2018shall not be required to file an official declaration statement\u2019 \u201d rather than that a candidate \u201cshall not be permitted ***.\u201d From this they argue that subsection (A) and it are not mutually exclusive. They say that subsection (B) was intended by the legislature to provide independent candidates with a preferable alternative to declaring that they were uncommitted, which they describe as having a \u201c \u2018rather weak, vacillating, unflattering connotation.\u2019 \u201d\nIt is fundamental that the language of a statute is to be given its plain and ordinary meaning so that the legislature\u2019s intendment may be ascertained and given effect. (Dienes v. Holland (1979), 78 Ill. 2d 8, 15; Franzese v. Trinko (1977), 66 Ill. 2d 136, 139.) We do not consider that the plaintiffs\u2019 contention that subsections (A) and (B) were not to be mutually exclusive is valid. The legislature\u2019s use of the language \u201cshall not be required\u201d was not inconsistent with the Board\u2019s interpretation, as subsection (A) imposes on candidates seeking election as delegates the requirement of filing declarations of presidential preference or declarations of being uncommitted.\nIt is also fundamental in statutory construction that each section of a statute is to be examined in relation to all of its other provisions, so that when they are examined as a whole the intendment and meaning of the statute may be ascertained. (Huckaba v. Cox (1958), 14 Ill. 2d 126, 131. See also Winks v. Board of Education (1979), 78 Ill. 2d 128, 135.) Considering section 7 \u2014 19 with section 7 \u2014 10.3 it is clear that subsections (A) and (B) of section 7 \u2014 10.3 are to be interpreted as separate and mutually exclusive alternatives. Section 7 \u2014 19 specifically states that next to the name of a candidate shall appear \u201ceither (a) the name of the candidate\u2019s preference for President of the United States or the word \u2018uncommitted\u2019 or (b) no official designation, depending upon the action taken by the State central committee pursuant to Section 7 \u2014 10.3 of the Act.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThus, under section 7 \u2014 10.3(B), a candidate for delegate is required to file with his statement of candidacy a declaration of presidential preference or a declaration of being \u201cuncommitted\u201d unless the State central committee of the political party exercises the option under section 7 \u2014 10.3(B) for a blind primary, in which case neither declaration will appear on the ballot next to the candidate\u2019s name. This court has said: \u201cThe legislative intent should be sought primarily from, the language used in the statute. When the language of the act is certain and unambiguous the only legitimate function of the courts is to enforce the law as enacted by the legislature. (Weiss Memorial Hospital v. Kroncke, 12 Ill. 2d 98, 105; Belfield v. Coop, 8 Ill. 2d 293, 307.)\u201d Certain Taxpayers v. Sheahen (1970), 45 Ill. 2d 75, 84.\nThe plaintiffs also raise two constitutional objections to section 7 \u2014 10.3. First, they contend that by vesting the State central committee of a political party with \u201cunbridled discretion to choose between two different selection processes\u201d the legislature has improperly delegated its sovereign power of administering the election process to an organization of private persons. To support this, they cite the decision in People ex rel. Rudman v. Rini (1976), 64 Ill. 2d 321, but that decision has no application. Rini involved section 25 \u2014 11 of the Election Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1973, ch. 46, par. 25 \u2014 11), which provided that if a vacancy arose on a county board before a general election the president of the board had authority to give to the county central committee of the incumbent\u2019s political party the power to appoint a successor to what otherwise would be an elected office. In declaring that statute unconstitutional this court held that \u201c[t] he power to appoint public officers is the sovereign power of the State *** [and] cannot be conferred upon a private person or group ***.\u201d 64 Ill. 2d 321, 326.\nNiether section 7 \u2014 10.3 nor section 7 \u2014 19 delegates to the State central committee of a political party authority to appoint public officials or delegates to a national nominating convention. The selection of candidates is left entirely to the electorate. Whether presidential preferences will appear on the primary election ballot or not may be affected by these sections but they certainly do not prevent voters from obtaining this information from the candidates.\nToo, a political party possesses certain inherent rights, founded on the constitutional right of association, which pertain to the party\u2019s internal management. (Cousins v. Wigoda (1975), 419 U.S. 477, 42 L. Ed. 2d 595, 95 S. Gt. 541.) These may be exercised so long as there is no violation of statutory limitations or the constitutional rights of voters. (See, e.g., Lawlor v. Chicago Board of Election Commissioners (N.D. Ill. 1975), 395 F. Supp. 692.) Such rights of a political party are illustrated in section 7 \u2014 8(h) of the Election Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 46, par. 7 \u2014 8(h)), which provides: \u201c[The State central committee] and its officers shall have the powers usually exercised by such committees and by the officers thereof, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Article.\u201d See also Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 46, par. 7 \u2014 14.1 (State central committee empowered to choose between different alternatives of electing delegates to a national nominating convention, i.e., by primary election or State convention); Ill. Rev. Stat., 1978 Supp., ch. 46, par. 7 \u2014 14.2 (State central committee given the authority to choose the method of selecting delegates to national conventions other than nominating conventions).\nThis court in People ex rel. Kell v. Kramer (1928), 328 Ill. 512, when interpreting a similar statutory provision, stated:\n\u201cThe right of political parties to make nominations is not a right enumerated in the constitution but is a political privilege which may be regulated by the legislature, and in absence of such regulation is exercised in accordance with the will of members of the political party concerned, as that will is expressed through rules, customs, conventions or caucuses of such political organization.\u201d (328 Ill. 512, 518-19.)\nSee also People ex rel. Lindstrand v. Emmerson (1929), 333 Ill. 606; Cousins v. Wigoda (1975), 419 U.S. 477, 42 L. Ed. 2d 595, 95 S. Ct. 541; Marchioro v. Chaney (1979), 442 U.S. 191, 60 L. Ed. 2d 816, 99 S. Ct. 2243; Sears v. Secretary of the Commonwealth (1975), 369 Mass. 392, 341 N.E.2d 264.\nThe plaintiffs argue also that as presidential preferences will only appear on the Democratic primary ballot the two parties are, in effect, being treated differently in violation of article III, section 4, of the 1970 Constitution of Illinois, which states in part: \u201cLaws governing voter registration and conduct of elections shall be general and uniform.\u201d Ill. Const. 1970, art. III, sec. 4.\nUnder our constitution, the State Board of Elections is charged with the responsibility of supervising and administering elections and insuring that they will be conducted in a general and uniform manner. The debates of the 1970 Constitutional Convention and other commentary (Ill. Const. 1970, art. III, sec. 4, Constitutional Commentary (Smith-Hurd 1971)) show, however, that the uniformity provision refers to the mechanics of voter registration, residency requirements and other election and voting procedures. It does not address and was not intended to require uniformity of rules governing the management of a political party\u2019s internal affairs.\nThe decision for a blind primary was an alternative available to both the Democratic and Republican parties. That the State central committee of the Republican Party chose this alternative, which was in contrast to the Democratic Party\u2019s decision to allow the designation of candidates\u2019 presidential preferences, does not affect the manner in which the election is held. It is not a matter within the uniformity provision of article III, section 4, of the Illinois Constitution.\nAccordingly, for the reasons stated the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County was affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.", "type": "majority", "author": "MR. JUSTICE WARD" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael Kreloff and Franklin S. Schwerin, of Samuels, Schwerin & Kreloff, of Chicago, for appellants.", "Ross, Hardies, O\u2019Keefe, Babcock & Parsons, of Chicago, for appellee State Board of Elections.", "Andrew M. Raucci and Michael P. McClelland, of Kusper & Raucci, Chartered, of Chicago, for appellee Illinois Republican State Central Committee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "(No. 52888.\nDONALD L. TOTTEN et al., Appellants, v. THE STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS et al., Appellees.\nAnnounced January 28, 1980.\nOpinion filed March 21, 1980.\nMichael Kreloff and Franklin S. Schwerin, of Samuels, Schwerin & Kreloff, of Chicago, for appellants.\nRoss, Hardies, O\u2019Keefe, Babcock & Parsons, of Chicago, for appellee State Board of Elections.\nAndrew M. Raucci and Michael P. McClelland, of Kusper & Raucci, Chartered, of Chicago, for appellee Illinois Republican State Central Committee." }, "file_name": "0288-01", "first_page_order": 346, "last_page_order": 353 }