{
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  "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William De Kosta, Defendant-Appellant",
  "name_abbreviation": "People v. De Kosta",
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  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
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    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William De Kosta, Defendant-Appellant."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. JUSTICE DRUCKER\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant was found guilty, after a jury trial, of the offense of reckless conduct. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1967, ch. 38, par. 12 \u2014 5.) Judgment was entered and he was sentenced to a term of nine months in the Illinois State Farm at Vandalia. On appeal defendant\u2019s principal contentions are: (1) that the complaint was insufficient to charge him with reckless conduct; (2) that the impeachment of one of his witnesses was improper; (3) that he was denied a fair trial when the prosecutor \u201csuspended the laws of evidence\u201d; (4) that the trial judge erred when he failed to strike a reference to defendant\u2019s involvement in \u201cother crimes\u201d; (5) that the cross-examination of defendant\u2019s character witnesses was improper; and (6) that the prosecutors used improper evidence in argument to the jury.\nDefendant does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence, which may be summarized. The defendant was charged with reckless conduct stemming from a rock throwing incident which took place on August 6, 1968. At trial, Officer Phillip Hardiman testified that during the evening of August 6, 1968, he observed the defendant as a member of a crowd which had gathered at 147th and Leavitt Streets in Harvey, Illinois. He saw the defendant throw a stone he was holding. The stone struck the right hand side of the windshield of a Ford station wagon where a woman was sitting. The woman appeared to be injured. He also saw the defendant and others throw bricks at a passing taxi and police cars and police officers. He knew the defendant by his face and name prior to the night of August 6th.\nOfficer William Martin also testified that he saw the defendant throwing rocks at passing vehicles. The defendant was but one of many of the crowd throwing rocks. He did not know whether the rocks thrown by the defendant hit anything.\nTwo other officers, Jackson and Graves, testified that they saw defendant in a crowd at 147th Street on August 6, 1968. They saw various members of the. crowd throw rocks and bricks at passing cars. However, neither witness saw the defendant throw any rocks. On cross-examination Officer Jackson was asked by defense counsel if he had discovered whether or not the defendant belonged to any militant group. The officer stated that as far as he knew the defendant was president of a militant organization. On re-direct he testified that defendant was president of the Black Elephants.\nHomer Dye testified for the State that he was injured when a piece of cement came through the windshield of his car as he was driving along 147th Street on August 6, 1968.\nDr. William Jackson testified for the defendant that he was well acquainted with the community in which the defendant resided. He stated that he was \u201cfamiliar with many of the people in the community and in community organizations.\u201d To the best of his knowledge the defendant\u2019s reputation in the community was that of a law abiding citizen; that in his opinion defendant was truthful; and that generally defendant\u2019s reputation is that he is a truthful person.\nLester Crowder testified that he was vice-president of the Black Elephants and that defendant was never associated with the group.\nVirginia Doll was another character witness for the defendant. She is a bartender at the Curve Inn in Dixmoor. She knew the defendant for two years. At the Curve Inn he had a reputation as a law abiding and peaceful citizen.\nThe defendant testified that he \u201cdrifted on down\u201d with a crowd after someone said something was going on down at the A & P. He was in the company of Andrea Hughes. When the crowd began to scatter, Miss Hughes and he did likewise. He could see the flashes of guns and he saw policemen firing. He denied throwing rocks at passing motorists. He ran from the area when he heard the gunfire.\nAndrea Hughes corroborated the defendant\u2019s testimony. She did not see the defendant throw any rocks while she was with him. On cross-examination she denied having said anything in the presence of Officer Martin implicating the defendant in any way with the events of August 6th.\nIn rebuttal, Officer Martin testified that he was present when Andrea Hughes told one Gerald Phelps that on August 6th she \u201chad a good time,\u201d and said \u201cYeah, I threw a brick through a station wagon rear window. Everything was all right till De Kosta and Bowman started shooting.\u201d Officer Hardiman testified in rebuttal that the defendant \u201cwas the same man I saw throwing bricks at passing motorists.\u201d He also testified that he heard shots being fired and that seven policemen were shot during the disturbance.\nOpinion\nDefendant contends that the complaint for reckless conduct is insufficient to charge him with that offense since the complaint does not charge that his actions endangered a specifically named individual. Reckless conduct is defined in Illinois Revised Statutes, 1967, ch. 38, par. 12 \u2014 5, as:\n\u201cA person who causes bodily harm to or endangers the bodily safety of an individual by any means, commits reckless conduct if he performs recklessly the acts which cause the harm or endanger safety, whether they otherwise are lawful or unlawful.\u201d\nThe complaint charged that the defendant \u201con or about August 6th, 1968 at 147th and Leavitt, Harvey, Ill. committed the offense of Reckless Conduct in that he did endanger the bodily safety of passing motorist [sic] by recklessly throwing rocks at the passing motor vehicles in violation of Chapter 38, Section 12 \u2014 5.\u201d\nIn People v. Raby, 40 Ill.2d 392, defendant was charged with the offenses of disorderly conduct and resisting arrest. Illinois Revised Statutes, 1967, ch. 38, par. 26 \u2014 1(a)(1) defines disorderly conduct as:\n\u201cA person commits disorderly conduct when he knowingly:\n(1) Does any act in such unreasonable manner as to alarm or disturb another and to provoke a breach of the peace; * * *.\u201d\nThe complaint in Raby, supra, 339, alleged that the defendant: \u201c* * # on or about 28 June 1965 at Randolph and LaSalle committed the offense of disorderly conduct in that he knowingly did collect in a crowd or body for unlawful purposes or for purposes to the annoyance or disturbance of other persons, in such unreasonable manner as to alarm and to disturb another and to provoke a breach of the peace.\u201d (Emphasis ours.)\nDefendant Raby argued that the disorderly conduct complaint was not sufficiently specific to charge the offense. However, even though the language of the complaint failed to identify a specific person, (\u201cother persons,\u201d \u201cdisturb another\u201d) the court found that the defendant was adequately apprised of the nature of the offense.\nIn People v. Crouch, 29 Ill.2d 485, the defendant was charged with forgery but the indictment did not specify the person intended to be defrauded. In upholding the indictment the court stated at page 488:\n\u201cThe gist of the offense of forgery is the intent to defraud involved in the making of a forged instrument or knowingly uttering the same. The offense is not less inimical to society, nor any more nor less harmful, by reason of the identity of the party defrauded or intended to be defrauded.\u201d\nIn the instant case the gist of the action was reckless conduct \u201cwhich endangers the bodily safety of an individual\u201d and the identity of the person endangered is not an element of the offense.\nThe cases cited by defendant, People v. Smuk, 12 Ill.2d 360, and People v. Greene, 92 Ill.App.2d 201, are not in point since in both cases the victim was named in the charge.\nDefendant also argues that the impeachment of Andrea Hughes was improper. On direct examination Miss Hughes testified that she was in the crowd with the defendant on the night of August 6, 1968, when she heard gunfire; that he led her to cover; and that he did not throw rocks while in her presence. On cross-examination she denied having made certain comments to a Gerald Phelps, in the presence of Officer Martin, concerning the activities of the defendant on August 6th. She insisted that she had said nothing but \u201chi,\u201d and denied knowing who had done the shooting.\nHowever, in rebuttal Officer Martin testified that he was present when Miss Hughes, referring to the night of August 6th, said to Gerald Phelps:\n\u201cYeah, I threw a brick right through a station wagon rear window.\u201d Then she said, \u201cEverything was all right till DeKosta and Bowman started shooting.\u201d\nDefendant claims that this evidence was hearsay testimony and prejudicial to his defense. It is well established that evidence of prior inconsistent statements by a witness is admissible to impeach a witness\u2019 credibility. Such evidence is not admitted as proof of the truth of the witness\u2019 out-of-court statements but to cast doubt on the truth of the testimony of the witness. Such evidence is not hearsay. (People v. Moses, 11 Ill.2d 84; People v. Morgan, 28 Ill.2d 55; People v. Lechner, 60 Ill.App.2d 472; and People v. Smith, 63 Ill.App.2d 369.) The defendant called Andrea Hughes as his witness and vouched for her veracity. Therefore, it was proper for the prosecution to attempt impeachement of the witness\u2019 testimony by her prior inconsistent statements.\nDefendant next contends that he was denied a fair trial when the prosecutor \u201csuspended the laws of evidence.\u201d He argues that Officer Martin\u2019s testimony concerning the assignment instruction Martin received on August 6th was hearsay and therefore inadmissible. Officer Martin testified that his instruction was \u201cto infiltrate tire group and attempt to find out who the main troublemakers were in the group.\u201d We believe that the alleged error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt when this testimony is weighed with the overwhelming proof of defendant\u2019s guilt. Chapman v. California (1967), 386 U.S. 18 and Harrington v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 250.\nDefendant also argues that the trial judge erred when he failed to strike a reference to defendant\u2019s involvement in \u201cother crimes.\u201d During the cross-examination of Officer Hardiman, defense counsel asked him whether he had known defendant before the night of the rock throwing incident. The following colloquy occurred:\n\u201cMR. DIRKSEN: Q. You stated that you knew the defendant before this particular night?\nA. Yes, sir, I did.\nQ. Under what circumstances did you know him?\nA. He was involved in an investigation that was entirely disconnected from this mob action thing. It was his regard to stolen [sic].\u201d\nThe narrative ended after the word \u201cstolen.\u201d No objection or motion to strike was made.\nAlso on cross-examination of that officer and in response to defense counsel\u2019s questioning, the following colloquy occurred:\n\u201cQ. Did you uncover in your investigation that William DelCosta was not a member of any of these groups?\nA. I never said that he was.\nQ. Isn\u2019t it a fact that you didn\u2019t uncover anything about him? That he belonged to no group. He had broken no laws. He had done no wrong?\nA. I would say it was nothing we could prove and arrest him for. We had trouble getting witnesses to testify against him.\u201d\nNo objection or motion to strike was made. The failure to make a proper and timely objection to the admission of evidence, or to move to strike it out after its admission, constitutes a waiver of the right to argue these points for the first time on appeal. People v. Trefonas, 9 Ill.2d 92.\nAdditionally, this evidence and other evidence now objected to was induced by defendant\u2019s interrogation.\nDefendant next claims that the cross-examination of his character witnesses was improper. We have carefully reviewed the record and we have found that the defendant made no objection to the introduction of any of the evidence on which this argument is based. Therefore, this point is waived. People v. Trefonas, supra.\nFinally, defendant contends that the prosecutors used improper evidence in argument to the jury. The defendant made no objection to remarks of the prosecutors during closing argument which defendant now claims were prejudicial. Accordingly the prejudice, if any, was waived. People v. Hampton, 44 Ill.2d 41, and People v. Davis, 126 Ill. App.2d 114.\nJudgment affirmed.\nENGLISH, P. J., and LORENZ, J., concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. JUSTICE DRUCKER"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "Gillis, Gildea & Rimland, of Chicago, (Kenneth L. Gillis, of counsel,) for appellant.",
      "Edward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (Elmer C. Kissane and Michael J. Goldstein, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William De Kosta, Defendant-Appellant.\n(No. 54447;\nFirst District\nApril 2, 1971.\nGillis, Gildea & Rimland, of Chicago, (Kenneth L. Gillis, of counsel,) for appellant.\nEdward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (Elmer C. Kissane and Michael J. Goldstein, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People."
  },
  "file_name": "0691-01",
  "first_page_order": 715,
  "last_page_order": 721
}
