{ "id": 5285498, "name": "Bruno G. Kobus, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The Formfit Co., a Corporation, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Kobus v. Formfit Co.", "decision_date": "1965-03-01", "docket_number": "Gen. Nos. 49,461, 49,526", "first_page": "449", "last_page": "472", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "56 Ill. App. 2d 449" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "150 NE2d 134", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "13 Ill2d 431", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2773525 ], "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/13/0431-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 NE2d 521", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "47 Ill App2d 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5268767 ], "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/47/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 NE2d 756", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "45 Ill App 2d 441", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5241101 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/45/0441-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 F2d 763", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 439088 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/328/0763-01" ] }, { "cite": "188 NE2d 497", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ill App2d 413", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2455383 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/39/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 NE2d 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "40 Ill App2d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5252238 ], "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/40/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "209 F Supp 424", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 91393 ], "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/209/0424-01" ] }, { "cite": "186 NE2d 57", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill App2d 457", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5257551 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/37/0457-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 NE2d 270", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill App2d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5257435 ], "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/37/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "295 F2d 667", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 221543 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/295/0667-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 NE2d 687", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill App2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5234414 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/33/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill 582", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5549644 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/181/0582-01" ] }, { "cite": "202 NE2d 498", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "31 Ill2d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2834574 ], "year": 1964, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/31/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 NE2d 5", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "25 Ill App2d 272", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5784975 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/25/0272-01" ] }, { "cite": "165 NE2d 346", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ill App2d 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5209873 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/24/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "273 F2d 172", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1959955 ], "year": 1959, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/273/0172-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 F2d 726", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 703720 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/277/0726-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 NE2d 235", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ill App2d 252", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5208503 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/24/0252-01" ] }, { "cite": "167 F Supp 609", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 449925 ], "year": 1958, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/167/0609-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 NE 236", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1913, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "264 Ill 156", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 6045131 ], "year": 1913, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/264/0156-01" ] }, { "cite": "182 Ill App 487", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2830454 ], "year": 1913, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/182/0487-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 F Supp 81", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 4283594 ], "year": 1957, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/154/0081-01" ] }, { "cite": "132 NE2d 454", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 Ill App2d 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5152672 ], "year": 1956, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/9/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 NE 739", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1923, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "310 Ill 331", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5108235 ], "year": 1923, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/310/0331-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 Ill App 406", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2924798 ], "year": 1918, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/207/0406-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 Ill App 599", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 2910277 ], "year": 1915, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/189/0599-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 NE2d 785", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 Ill2d 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2788626 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/22/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "94 NE 551", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "year": 1911, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "249 Ill 210", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5644457 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1911, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/249/0210-01" ] }, { "cite": "180 NE2d 731", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "34 Ill App2d 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5238042 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/34/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "198 NE2d 521", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "47 Ill App2d 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5268767 ], "year": 1964, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/47/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "328 F2d 763", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 439088 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "765" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/328/0763-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 NE2d 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "40 Ill App2d 347", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5252238 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "351" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/40/0347-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 NE2d 785", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "22 Ill2d 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2788626 ], "year": 1961, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/22/0305-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1361, "char_count": 40183, "ocr_confidence": 0.531, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.3378119319455805e-07, "percentile": 0.6304761397286096 }, "sha256": "0bba753a011c0676f096ca02e01f287300a4a61cec2f2b665070ad525ca7f0a3", "simhash": "1:70d03581ccafd4db", "word_count": 6735 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:48:18.150379+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "MURPHY, J., concurs." ], "parties": [ "Bruno G. Kobus, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The Formfit Co., a Corporation, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "ME. JUSTICE KLUCZYNSKI\ndelivered the opinion of the court.\nPlaintiff, Bruno Kobus, appeals from the entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant, the Form-fit Company, in his action to recover damages for personal injuries allegedly occasioned by a wilful violation of the Hlinois Structural Work Act (Ill Rev Stats 1961, c 48, \u00a7\u00a7 60-69), comm only referred to as the Scaffold Act.\nThe original complaint joined as defendant the Formfit Company, owner of the premises where the construction work and alleged injuries took place, C. W. Johnson, a heating contractor, and BobertsLang-Gray, Inc., a mason contractor. Summary judgments were entered for the contractors and no appeal was taken from those orders.\nPlaintiff\u2019s amended complaint alleged that on August 10, 1959, defendant was the owner of certain premises located at 5150 W. Eoosevelt Eoad in Chicago, and was in the process of erecting and constructing an addition to the building located there; that defendant \u201cacting as its own general contractor, did hire and engage certain contractors and subcontractors to perform the work under the direction and control of defendant; that plaintiff, a sheet metal worker, was employed by Airway Heating & Ventilating Systems, Inc., the contractor engaged in installing the heating system in the building; and that plaintiff, while engaged in installing air duets was required to make use of a scaffold from which, he fell and sustained severe injuries.\u201d\nIt was further alleged that defendant, while in control of the work and the premises through its agents, wilfully committed one or more of the following violations of section 60 of the Structural \"Work Act, directly and proximately causing the injuries complained of: (a) failed to provide proper safeguards and other protection in and around the scaffold; (b) failed to provide plaintiff with safe supports for the scaffold; (e) failed to erect and construct the scaffold in a safe, suitable and proper manner; (d) permitted the scaffold to be in use while not constructed in a safe manner, and while it did not give proper and adequate protection to the life and limb of plaintiff; and (e) failed to provide guards or rails in and around the scaffold.\nDefendant\u2019s answer to the amended complaint admitted that it was the owner of the premises but denied inter alia that it was \u201cacting as its own general contractor,\u201d or that \u201cit was in control of any work being performed on the premises.\u201d\nIn its amended motion for summary judgment defendant alleged in substance that plaintiff was an employee of Airway, one of the contractors performing construction work on the building addition to its factory; that it did not furnish or provide Airway with any material or supplies to be used in the performance of their contract; that it did not furnish any ladders or scaffolds for use by Airway or any other contractor on the premises; that it did not furnish any superintendents or supervisory employees to work with Airway in the performance of the contract; and that the scaffold from which plaintiff allegedly fell was owned and erected at the jobsite by Airway employees, who were tinder the supervision and followed the instructions of George Ulbrick, an employee of Airway.\nThe affidavit of R. E. Foster, assistant manager of operations of Formfit, filed in support of defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment, was in substantial agreement with the averments of the motion. In further support of the contention that it was not in charge of the work, defendant attached to its motion the discovery depositions of George Ulbrick, a foreman, and Frank Ulbrick, a superintendent of Airway. In opposition to the motion, plaintiff filed the discovery deposition of Sidney C. Finek, the architect employed by defendant.\nGeorge Ulbrick, in his deposition, after describing the type of scaffold which was one usually used by sheet metal men, testified that the scaffolding was owned and erected by Airway; that the employees of Airway received no instructions from the defendant regarding the scaffold or how to put up the ventilating, and that defendant did not furnish Airway with any materials or supplies. Frank Ulbrick testified in his deposition that plaintiff was under the control of the Airway foreman.\nIn substance, the discovery deposition of Sidney C. Finck, submitted by plaintiff in opposition to the motion for summary judgment, indicated that he prepared the plans and specifications, took bids, and discussed the contracts with the owner, and then contracts were prepared between the owner and the contractors, and \u201cwe observed the construction until it was completed.\u201d Continuing, he testified that periodic inspections were made at the work site either by him or someone from his office, two or three times a week, for a half to two hours at a time.\nHe denied that he had ever had occasion to give any directions to the foreman or anyone working in the area, but that dissatisfaction with tbe work done would be reported directly to the contractor. He did not remember finding tbe quality of any of tbe work done to be lacking. Periodic construction reports were prepared by bim and contractors would sometimes assemble in bis office and would be informed wben \u201cto take care of their portion of tbe work, to fit in with each other.\u201d\nTbe American Institute of Architects short form for construction contracts used by defendant and Airway was introduced into evidence. By its terms Airway was described therein as tbe contractor, and Formfit as owner. Tbe contractor undertook to furnish labor and materials and perform work for ventilation as shown on drawings and specifications prepared by Sidney C. Finck, architect. Progress payments were to be made only on certificates signed by tbe architect for \u201csatisfactory progress of tbe work.\u201d\nAmong tbe general provisions of tbe contract there appears tbe following: tbe contractor shall permit and facilitate tbe inspection of work by tbe owner and bis agents and public authorities at all times; tbe owner may order changes in tbe work, tbe contract sum being adjusted accordingly; tbe contractor shall re-execute any work that fails to conform to tbe requirements of tbe contract appearing during tbe process of tbe work; tbe owner has tbe right to let other contracts in connection with tbe work; tbe architect shall have general supervision of tbe work, and is authorized to stop tbe work if necessary to insure its proper execution, and shall certify to the owner wben payments under tbe contract are due and tbe amounts to be paid.\nOn tbe basis of tbe pleadings, depositions and affidavits filed, tbe trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment. In urging reversal, plaintiff\u2019s theory on appeal is that \u201can owner is \u2018in charge of\u2019 the work being performed within the meaning of section 9 of the Scaffold Act, where the owner acts as its own general contractor, engages an architect to select the various contractors, maintains liaison with said contractors through the said architect who, on behalf of the owner, coordinates the work being done, receives progress reports, reserves the right to make alterations or corrections in the work, and reserves other powers of supervision.\u201d Plaintiff further suggests that as the other contractors involved in the construction have already been dismissed, affirmance of the judgment below would result in the anomalous situation of a sizeable construction project with no one in overall charge.\nDefendant contends that the affidavits and depositions filed in support of and in opposition to its motion for summary judgment create no triable issue of fact on the question of defendant\u2019s having charge of the work involving an alleged violation of the Scaffold Act.\nInasmuch as the controlling facts in this case are not in dispute, and the controversy is over the proper interpretation of the Scaffold Act, the question presented for decision is essentially one of law. The relevant portions of the statute involved in this litigation provide:\n\u00a7 1. ... all scaffolds, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, . . . erected ... by any person, firm or corporation in this State for use in the erection, repairing, alteration, removal or painting of any . . . building . . . shall be erected and constructed in a safe, suitable and proper manner, and shall be so erected and constructed, placed and operated as to give proper and adequate protection to the life and limb of any person or persons employed or engaged thereon. . . .\n\u00a7 9. Any owner, contraetor, sub-contractor, foreman or other person having charge of the erection, construction, repairing, alteration, removal or painting of any building ... or other structure within the provisions of this act, shall comply with all the terms thereof, and any such owner, contractor, sub-contractor, foreman or other person violating any of the provisions of this act shall upon conviction thereof be fined not less than $25, nor more than $500 or imprisoned for not less than three months nor more than two years or both fined and imprisoned in the discretion of the court. . . . For any injury to person or property, occasioned by any wilful violations of this act, or wilful failure to comply with any of its provisions, a right of action shall accrue to the party injured, for any direct damages sustained thereby.\nThe scope and extent of an owner\u2019s liability under the Act has been the subject of controversy since the first decided case, Claffy v. Chicago Dock & Canal Co., 249 Ill 210, 94 NE 551 (1911). \u201cAlthough the statute was originally enacted in 1907, and amended slightly only once, problems arising from litigation in Illinois have only recently been of major consequence.\u201d Strodel, Illinois Scaffold Act Liability, 50 IBJ 1092 (1962).\nThe recent Supreme Court decision of Gannon v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. R. Co., 22 Ill2d 305, 175 NE2d 785 (1961), cited by both parties in support of their position, is perforce determinative of the issues presented here. That decision, however, left the phrase \u201chaving charge of\u201d as found in section 9 open to further judicial inquiry and consideration. In order to properly determine the implications of Cannon as they relate to the instant litigation, we think it necessary to first briefly sketch some of the authorities upon which it is based.\nIn Claffy, which purported only to construe section 7 of the Act, relating to the duty of owners or contractors to enclose shafts for elevating machines or hoisting apparatus, the court after stating that the duty to comply with section 7 is imposed upon both the owner and contractor, held the owner liable on the basis that the evidence indicated that it retained control and supervision over the premises involved. In the subsequent cases of Mindrop v. Gage, 189 Ill App 599 (1915) and Breton v. Levinson, 207 Ill App 406 (1918) section 9 was interpreted as imposing civil liability only upon an owner \u201chaving charge of\u201d the erection of the structure. The court in both cases distinguished Claffy in that the quoted language did not modify \u201cowner\u201d in section 7, as it does in section 9, and that the evidence there indicated the owner had not parted with control over the premises.\nThen, in John Griffiths & Son Co. v. National Fireproofing Co., 310 Ill 331, 141 NE 739 (1923), the validity of an agreement whereby a subcontractor agreed to indemnify the principal contractor against any liability for injury caused by the subcontractor\u2019s negligence was sustained as not being contrary to public policy of prohibiting indemnification against illegal acts. The court announced at page 335 in language later rejected as nonessential and gratuitous, that\nThe act of 1907 imposes upon the contractor and the owner, as well as upon sub-contractors, foremen or others engaged in the work, the duty of complying with the provisions of the act so far as the civil liability is concerned. (Claffy v. Chicago Dock Co., 249 Ill 210.) . . . Since the enactment of this law the owner of the property and every contractor and sub-contractor are equally bound by the act to comply with its provisions, and in case of willful (sic) failure are liable to the party injured for any direct damages sustained by reason of such failure.\nWithout discussing the above authorities the court in Taber v. Defenbaugh, 9 Ill App2d 169, 132 NE2d 454 (1956) denied relief to a widow on the basis that the evidence, having failed to establish whether the decedent was a laborer or an independent contractor employed by defendant, thus failed to place the owner \u201cin charge of\u201d the construction of the building.\nIn Schmid v. United States, 154 F Supp 81 (1957), plaintiff, a carpenter employed by an independent contractor was denied recovery in his suit against the government for injuries sustained in a fall from a scaffold erected by the contractor. The district court, after interpreting Claffey as predicating liability only on an owner who retains control of the premises, and finding the above quoted language in Griffiths unnecessary to the decision, went on to read section 9 as imposing liability for injuries caused by failure to comply with the Act in the disjunctive, and that the words \u201chaving charge of\u201d were not used by the legislature with the intention that they be idle, but to impose liability only on those persons enumerated who were actually \u201cin charge of\u201d the project. The court further held that daily inspection of the project by the government was not sufficient to place it \u201cin charge of\u201d the work, and that the evidence failed to show the essential elements found necessary to create liability because \u201c(T)he government had no control over the hiring or firing of the workmen. They had no control over the method in which the construction work or repair work was being done, . . .\u201d\nWhile motion for new trial in the Schmid case was pending our Supreme Court decided the case of Kennerly v. Shell Oil Co., 13 Ill2d 431, 150 NE2d 134 (1958). That case involved an action by an employee of an independent contractor against the owner of the property under construction. The scaffold was built by other employees of the contractor in the course of certain construction work. After rejecting the contention that the statute imposed liability only upon persons having charge of the work, the court noted that the \u201cScaffold Act deals with highly dangerous activities. It has been regarded from the outset as intended to fix an independent, nondelegable duty of compliance upon the owner of the property and upon each contractor and subcontractor engaged in the work.\u201d Thus, relying on Claffy and Griffiths, the court held the owner liable irrespective of whether he was \u201cin charge of\u201d the work performed, and that as to the duties imposed upon the owner and the contractor, \u201ceach is independent of the duty of the other, and neither can escape his statutory liability by pointing to the other\u2019s breach of duty.\u201d\nIn its opinion, and in reliance on the case of Schultz v. Henry Ericsson Co., 182 Ill App 487, aff\u2019d 264 Ill 156, 106 NE 236 (1913), the court construed the term \u201cwilful violation\u201d to mean knowing violation, so that an owner is liable where the dangerous condition is known to him or when, in the exercise of reasonable care, the existence of the dangerous condition could have been known to him.\nSubsequent cases applying the Kennerly decision have held that control of the structural activities is not a relevant factor (Pankey v. Hiram Walker & Sons, Inc., 167 F Supp 609 (1958)), and that the effect of the act was to impose an absolute, and independent, nondelegable duty of compliance beyond the doctrine of respondeat superior, and irrespective of whether control has been given to an independent contractor.\nIn Braden v. Shell Oil Co., 24 Ill App2d 252, 164 NE2d 235 (1960), the owner was held to he in charge of the work even though it, in fact, gave complete charge and control of the premises to an independent contractor. In Bounougias v. Republic Steel Corp., 277 F2d 726 (7th Cir 1960), the court stated that Kennerly, contrary to the Schmid case, interpreted section 9 in the conjunctive, so as to impose liability on the owner as well as on the other designated persons. And in Schmid v. United States, 273 F2d 172 (7th Cir 1959), the court, after noting that \u201cwhile the government retained general supervision of the construction project, it reserved no degree of control over the details of performance of the Construction Company under the contract,\u201d held that as owner, the government knew that the scaffolds were being used, and it could not escape the mandatory duty that the statute imposes by closing its eyes to their condition. See also, Moroni v. Intrusion-Prepakt, Inc., 24 Ill App2d 534, 165 NE2d 346 (1960).\nIn contrast to Kennerly, the Appellate Court in Gannon v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. Ry. Co., 25 Ill App2d 272, 167 NE2d 5 (1960) held, on facts identical to those in Kennerly, that plaintiff, an employee of an independent contractor engaged by defendant-owner to erect a dock on its premises, where the scaffold and the erection of the dock was under the contractor's control, could not recover from the owner because the owner was not \u201cin charge of\u201d the work.\nIn reviewing the Appellate Court decision our Supreme Court reconsidered the interpretation it had given to the Act in Kennerly, and concluded that the phrase \u201chaving charge of\u201d modified \u201cowner\u201d as well as others enumerated and that only owners in charge of the work could be held liable for a wilful or knowing violation, which \u201cin the nature of things . . . can be perpetrated only by persons directly connected with the operations, and not by virtue of mere ownership of the premises.\u201d In rejecting the ratio decedendi of the Kennerly decision, as well as the cases upon which it was based, Claffy, Griffiths, and Schultz, the Supreme Court followed the reasoning suggested in the earlier Schmid case, as representing the better statement of the law, and quoted from that decision at page 88:\nIt was not the intention of the legislature that the owner should be liable regardless of who was in charge of the work, but to hold the person in charge of the work responsible regardless of whether it was the owner, contractor, sub-contractor, foreman or other person having charge of the building project. This can be the only logical conclusion. If the legislature intended otherwise, certainly more appropriate and clearer and less ambiguous language could have been used.\nAs we read the Gannon decision, it did more than merely modify a technical reading of the Scaffold Act. The approach suggested by that opinion undermined the very basis upon which the Kennerly decision was predicated. The statutory purpose enunciated in the Schultz case, of preventing injuries to persons employed in a dangerous and extra hazardous occupation, was adopted in Gannon to the extent that the doctrines of assumed risk and contributory negligence were to have no application to the Act, but the court rejected the liability-without-fault concept incorporated into the Act in Kennerly by reinstating the common law defense of independent contractor. Thus, by requiring liability to be imposed for a violation of section 1 of the Act only on those enumerated who had charge of the work, \u201cwilful\u201d was read to mean knowing to the extent that knowledge of the dangerous condition of the scaffold can be imputed only to those who are in control and supervision of the work, and not merely on the basis that the owner knew that scaffolds were to be used.\nWhile the Supreme Court did hold in Garmon that under the circumstances presented \u201cit was at most a disputed question of fact whether the owner could be deemed to be in charge of the construction within the meaning of the Act,\u201d the order of the Appellate Court remanding the cause for new trial was reinstated by it, pursuant to section 92(1)(e) of the Civil Practice Act, because of the \u201cpossible hardship upon plaintiff in proceeding with this litigation, apparently in reliance upon the Kennerly case and the unqualified dictum in the earlier Gannon case.\u201d As stated recently in Tankersley v. Peabody Coal Co., 31 Ill2d 496, 505, 202 NE2d 498 (1964), \u201cwhere a case is tried on an erroneous or mistaken theory of law the judgment should be reversed and the case sent back for a new trial. Iroquois Furnace Co. v. Wilkin Mfg. Co. 181 Ill 582.\u201d Thus, resubmission of the cause for new trial for the purpose of achieving substantial justice between the parties, indicates that Gannon cannot be considered as controlling the question of the legal sufficiency of the evidence.\nSubsequent decisions based on Gannon have imposed liability where the circumstances indicated that the owner or subcontractor was directly responsible for erecting or furnishing the scaffold, or had failed to part with control over the construction project. Thus, as the Supreme Court stated, the Act as interpreted still provides a very real remedy.\nIn Lawler v. Pepper Const. Co., 33 Ill App2d 188, 178 NE2d 687 (1961) the defendant-subcontractor constructed the scaffold from which plaintiff, an employee of another contractor, was caused to fall. In Miller v. B. F. Goodrich, 295 F2d 667 (7th Cir 1961), the defendant-owner demanded that it be permitted to furnish supervisory personnel on the painting job, and one of its employees acted as foreman of the painting crew, instructing them on the manner in which the work was to be performed. In Oldham v. Kubinski, 37 Ill App2d 65, 185 NE2d 270 (1962), the defendant-contractor had undertaken by contract to furnish all equipment and operators. Plaintiff, an employee of a subcontractor, fell from a loader shovel, held to be a part of the scaffolding, which had been supplied by defendant, and which was operated by one of defendant\u2019s employees. In Yankey v. Oscar Bohlin & Son, Inc., 37 Ill App2d 457, 186 NE2d 57 (1961), the prime contractor supplied a job superintendent, and its employee directed the operation of a crane, the malfunction of which caused the injury. And in Skinner v. United States, 209 F Supp 424 (1962) the government exclusively retained, and in fact, controlled the operation of a hangar door, part of the scaffold against which plaintiff, a painter employed by an independent contractor rested his ladder, and from which he fell when a government employee caused the hangar door to move.\nOn the other hand, Gannon has been uniformly interpreted to mean that where the owner exercised neither control over the scaffolds and ladders used in the work on its premises, nor over the manner in which the work was done, he could not be deemed to have charge of the work. Loveless v. American Tel. & Tel. Co., 40 Ill App2d 347, 189 NE2d 679 (1963); Melvin v. Thompson, 39 Ill App2d 413, 188 NE2d 497 (1963); Cannon v. United States, 328 F2d 763 (7th Cir 1963); Rovekamp v. Central Const. Co., 45 Ill App 2d 441, 195 NE2d 756 (1964).\nIn Loveless, as in Gannon and the instant case, there were engineering and architectural plans for the work, and frequent inspections of the work by defendant. The contract between the owner and contractor provided that the contractor would have full control and direction over the mode and manner of doing the work. The owner had the right to inspect all work done and material furnished under the contract, and could condemn or reject any or all work or materials if, in the opinion of an inspector or engineer of the owner, the same was not in accordance with the drawings and specifications. Testimony of the contractor, his foreman, and supervising engineer for defendant was to the effect that the contractor had sole charge of the construction and the owner\u2019s engineers or inspectors had no control or supervision over the method or means of construction. Furthermore, if an inspector or engineer of the owner saw or observed a violation of a statutory requirement he could, through proper channels, have the job closed until the statutory duty was complied with, and if a representative of the owner had observed a scaffold which he believed was not being constructed properly or had any question about, he could discuss the matter with the superintendent of the contractor. He, however, did not have any authority over the men of the contractor to change the way they were building it.\nIn affirming the granting of judgment notwithstanding the verdict for the defendant-owner in a suit brought by a carpenter employed by the independent contractor, the court concluded from the evidence, and the import of the Gannon decision, that \u201c(T)he mere fact that the defendant might, through notice or otherwise, call attention to and correct a violation of the law, does not, of itself, involve any degree of control or supervision.\u201d It is clear that insofar as the owner did not control or reserve the right to control the work being done by the independent contractor, the owner was not held to be in charge of the work involving a wilful violation of the statute.\nLikewise, in affirming summary judgment entered for a defendant-owner who had hired a commercial painter, this court, in Melvin v. Thompson, 39 Ill App2d 413, 188 NE2d 497, held that the right of an owner \u201cto require compliance with a contract and to insure the quality of work done was as agreed . . . could not he considered hy reasonable men to have been \u00a3in charge of\u2019 the work, as required for owner liability under the terms of the Scaffold Act.\u201d\nAnd, in Cannon v. United States, 328 F2d 763 (1963), an employee of an independent painting contractor brought suit against the government for injuries sustained in a fall from a scaffold erected by his employer. To avoid the thrust of Gannon, plaintiff relied upon the contract between the government and the contractor, whereby the work would be conducted under the general direction of the contracting officer and was subject to inspection, and that the contracting officer could require the contractor to remove incompetent, careless or insubordinate employees in urging that the government, as owner, had reserved the right to control and supervise the work.\nIn rejecting this argument, substantially similar in nature to that urged by plaintiff here, that court interpreted Gannon as requiring much the same evidence as had the courts in the earlier Schmid and Taber cases, namely, that the government control the method in which the work was carried on, and the hiring and firing of the contractor\u2019s workmen. Having found these essential elements wanting, and inspection of the work not controlling, the owner was held not to be in charge of the work.\nThe decision in the recent case of Palier v. Dreis & Krump Mfg. Co., 47 Ill App2d 334, 198 NE2d 521 (1964), though relied upon by plaintiff here, is in agreement with the foregoing reading of the statute. There, in reversing a summary judgment entered in favor of the defendant-owner, the court relied upon the deposition of Byrnes, a licensed contractor, and assistant to defendant\u2019s president, in which he stated that he supervised the construction, and that the contractor\u2019s steward \u201chad to take orders from him if he wanted things done in a certain way and that while he did not order any changes on the job, it was because the job was running smoothly. He had full authority to order any changes that he may have wanted.\u201d The question of control and supervision of the work having been raised by the fact that the contractor\u2019s steward took his orders as to how the work was to he done from the owner\u2019s agent, the court properly reversed the cause for trial.\nBefore turning our attention to the instant cause, we think it necessary in considering the overall impact of the Gannon decision to focus our attention upon an ancillary matter, not presented for decision here, recently discussed in Rovekamp v. Central Const. Co., 45 Ill App2d 441, 195 NE2d 756 (1964), where it was held that in an action brought under the Scaffold Act, the rule forbidding contribution between tort-feasors would not be applicable where one is an active and primary wrongdoer and the other hears but a passive or secondary relationship to the cause of injury.\nThe question squarely presented and decided was whether the Gannon decision had changed the rule enunciated in Moroni v. Intrusion-Prepakt, Inc., 24 Ill App2d 534, 165 NE2d 346, decided at a time when Kennedy represented the prevailing law, which involved an appeal from an order dismissing a third party complaint filed by the owner against the contractor who erected the scaffold from which plaintiff, his employee, fell and was injured.\nThe court in Rovekamp, though following the Moroni decision, recognized the seeming dilemma \u201cmore formidable in appearance than ... in substance\u201d of whether a defendant, found to be liable under the Gannon rationale for having been in charge of the work, and thus having committed a wilful or knowing violation of the statute, could nevertheless obtain indemnity. As the court stated: \u201cHow can there be degrees of fault\u2014active or passive fault between parties who are wilful?\u201d And particularly where the wrongdoers by the Act would be in pari delicto.\nIn disposing of the argument thusly presented, that court at page 449 concluded:\nWho is more culpable, a party who supervises and coordinates the overall project, or a party who is responsible for the scaffolding and the particular work which produced the injury? Both are in charge of the work, to be sure, but of different phases of the work. Neither can escape liability to the plaintiff\u2014thus the purpose of the Act is accomplished\u2014but the lesser delinquent, if held accountable by the plaintiff can transfer its statutory liability to the active delinquent, whose dereliction from duty brought about plaintiff\u2019s injury.\nUnlike Rovekamp, the question presented by this appeal is whether the owner was a wrongdoer at all. Keeping in mind that the Gannon decision abrogated the liability-without-fault concept existing prior thereto, whether an owner or other person enumerated in section 9 is to be held responsible for erecting scaffolding in a \u201csafe, suitable and proper manner\u201d depends upon whether he had charge of the work involving the violation, and the fact that the owner knew that scaffolds would be used on the project does not obligate him to see that they are constructed in a safe manner.\nThus, to hold liable an owner \u201chaving charge of\u201d the work for a wilful or knowing violation of the terms of the Act, it must be demonstrated that he controlled and supervised the manner and method in which the work was being done. Turning our attention to the facts presented by the record before us, we find them much the same as introduced, but found insufficient in Loveless, Cannon, and the earlier Schmid case, to establish the essential element that the owner was in charge of the work. Plaintiff\u2019s theory, though phrased differently, is in substance identical to those previously rejected, and is therefore, similarly treated here.\nIt is admitted that the Airway employees received their instructions as to how the work was to be done from their foreman. The conduct of the architect in inspecting the work as it progressed was an extension of the rights retained by the owner through the various clauses in the contract with Airway, the sole purpose of which was to permit the owner to ascertain whether the quality of the work being done was in substantial compliance with the plans and specifications called for by the contract. Such conduct on the part of the owner and his agent, standing alone, cannot reasonably be deemed to have placed the defendant \u201cin charge of\u201d the work, within the meaning of the Act.\nPlaintiff, nevertheless, contends that someone must be in charge of the overall project, and that it can be reasonably inferred from the evidence that the only person who could have and did coordinate the entire project is the owner who, for purposes of the construction work, became the general contractor. To construe the statute as plaintiff suggests would mean that every owner, regardless of his connection with the work would be subject to civil liability by virtue of mere ownership. An argument based on such a nondelegable theory has no basis in the statute and, as the Gannon decision indicated, distorts the purpose of the Act \u201cin order to insure double remedy, and authorize by indirection what the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act prohibits by a direct action\u201d and is, therefore, rejected here.\nWe do not believe that the result obtained by the foregoing analysis leads to a false or mechanical rule by which conduct in relation to the duties imposed by the Act is measured, nor does it deny plaintiff the right to have issues of fact presented to the jury for their determination. It should be kept in mind that evidence must always be viewed in relation to its legal sufficiency as determined by appropriate judicial investigation. Here, there is no evidence, taken in a light most favorable to plaintiff, which indicates that defendant either controlled the manner or method in which the work involving the violation was to be done, or received the right to do so.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we hold that there is presented here no genuine issue of fact as to defendant\u2019s \u201chaving charge of\u201d the work involving an alleged \u201cwilful\u201d violation of the Scaffold Act and, therefore, the order of the trial court entering summary judgment for defendant is hereby affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nMURPHY, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "ME. JUSTICE KLUCZYNSKI" }, { "text": "BURMAN, P. J.,\ndissenting:\nI am of the opinion that this action should not have been determined by summary judgment since the record clearly presents a genuine issue of material fact for a jury as to whether the defendant was \u201cin charge of\u201d the work under the provisions of the Scaffold Act and under Gannon v. Chicago, M., St. P. & P. Ry. Co., 22 Ill2d 305, 175 NE2d 785, and the subsequent cases.\nI do not believe that Gannon and tbe cases decided since Gannon require the narrow construction of tbe Scaffold Act adopted by tbe majority, that is that an owner-contractor has no duty with respect to scaffolds unless be actually supplies or erects them and in fact controls \u201ctbe manner or method in which tbe work involving tbe violation was to be done.\u201d Gannon itself only held that tbe legislature intended to impose liability for wilful violation of tbe statute on those who are in charge of tbe work, but that case did not define \u201cin charge of.\u201d Moreover, if tbe defendants in Gannon could only have incurred liability if they erected tbe scaffold or controlled tbe manner or method of tbe specific work involved, there could have been no point in remanding tbe case for a new trial.\nNor did tbe subsequent interpreting cases adopt such a narrow view of tbe act. In Loveless v. American Tel. and Tel. Co., 40 Ill App2d 347, 189 NE2d 679, tbe owner was not charged as being tbe contractor nor was tbe case determined by summary judgment. Tbe court there simply held that in tbe absence of evidence that tbe owner at any time bad charge of tbe construction involving violation of tbe Scaffold Act, tbe mere fact that tbe owner might \u201cthrough notice or otherwise, call attention to and correct a violation of tbe law, does not, of itself, involve any degree of control or supervision.\u201d (40 Ill App2d at 351.) Cannon v. United States, 328 F2d 763, likewise did not involve a summary judgment nor was tbe government-owner charged to be tbe contractor. Tbe court held that tbe fact that tbe owner \u201cbad an inspector who, from time to time, inspected tbe various painting jobs on tbe Depot, did not place tbe United States \u2018in charge of\u2019tbe painting work.\u201d (328 F2d at 765.) In Palier v. Dreis & Krump Mfg. Co., 47 Ill App2d 334, 198 NE2d 521, tbe court reversed a summary judgment because tbe deposition of tbe assistant to tbe defendant\u2019s president, to the effect that he had authority to order any changes in the work, raised a disputed question of fact that the defendant was in charge of. The court so held although there was no showing that the defendant either supplied or constructed the scaffold.\nIn my opinion, if the Scaffold Act were to receive the narrow construction adopted by the majority, instead of a more liberal construction, then the Act will be stripped of its reason and purpose in a significant class of cases. Where a workman is injured on a scaffold which was erected by his employer, he would have no Scaffold Act remedy against the owner or anyone other than his employer because under the holding of the majority, those parties were not in control of the work since they did not supply or construct the scaffold. The only action possible against these parties would be a common-law negligence action in which, unlike actions under the Scaffold Act, the defenses of assumption of risk and contributory negligence are applicable. As against his employer, the one person who is in control of the work because he constructed the scaffold, the workman, generally has only a claim for compensation under the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act which is his sole and exclusive remedy. He then has no action against others who may have been in charge of the work and wilfully violated the Act. I do not believe that when the legislature passed the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act it intended thereby to nullify the extra safeguards which the Scaffold Act was intended to give for this hazardous occupation.\nFurthermore I believe that the pleadings, the affidavit and the depositions in the instant case disclose a question of fact for the jury and that it was therefore improper to grant summary judgment. The purpose of summary judgment is to permit the court to determine only if there is any genuine issue of fact, not to permit it to try issues of fact. Kruse v. Stream-wood Utilities Corp., 34 Ill App2d 100, 180 NE2d 731. On the record in the Gannon case, the court found that it was a question of fact for the jury whether the owner had charge of the work. In the case at bar the plaintiff alleged that the defendant, as the owner of the involved premises, was in the process of erecting and constructing an addition to its property and that the defendant was acting as its own general contractor and that the contractors and subcontractors were under the direction and control of the defendant. In its answer the defendant admitted to being the owner of the premises, hut denied that it was acting as its own general contractor or that it was in control of any work performed on the premises. The deposition of the defendant\u2019s architect shows that he not only prepared the plans, drawings and specifications, hut that he regularly reported to the defendant and selected and hired the contr\u00e1ctors. He admitted that there was no overall supervisor on the job other than himself. He stated that he was on the project regularly, either personally or through someone in his office. He distributed to each contractor on the job his portion of the work schedule and he fitted each contractor\u2019s work in with the others. Of special importance is the fact that the defendant\u2019s contract with the subcontractor, \u201cAirway,\u201d provided that \u201cthe architect shall have general supervision of the work.\u201d\nThe act of summarily disposing of the issue as to whether the defendant was in charge of the work solely on the basis of the pleadings, an affidavit and several dispositions does violence to the right of trial by jury. Even if the evidence adduced by the dispositions were the only testimony offered by the parties, which we have no right to conjecture, still whether the defendant was in charge of the work would he a question of fact for the jury.\nFor all of the foregoing reasons, I think that it was error to grant summary judgment for the defendant. The cause should be reversed and reinstated for trial on the merits.", "type": "dissent", "author": "BURMAN, P. J.," } ], "attorneys": [ "Norman Peters and John G. Phillips, of Chicago (Sidney Z. Karasik, of counsel), for appellant.", "Hinshaw, Culbertson, Moelmann & Hoban, of Chicago (John L. Kirkland and D. Kendall Griffith, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Bruno G. Kobus, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. The Formfit Co., a Corporation, Defendant-Appellee.\nGen. Nos. 49,461, 49,526.\nFirst District, First Division.\nMarch 1, 1965.\nNorman Peters and John G. Phillips, of Chicago (Sidney Z. Karasik, of counsel), for appellant.\nHinshaw, Culbertson, Moelmann & Hoban, of Chicago (John L. Kirkland and D. Kendall Griffith, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0449-01", "first_page_order": 461, "last_page_order": 484 }