{ "id": 8499332, "name": "Gault H. Holt, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. A. L. Salzman & Sons, a Corporation, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "Holt v. A. L. Salzman & Sons", "decision_date": "1967-09-20", "docket_number": "Gen. No. 49,430", "first_page": "306", "last_page": "323", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "88 Ill. App. 2d 306" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "226 NE2d 630", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill2d 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2865152 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "178 NE2d 687", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill App2d 188", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5234414 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "195" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/33/0188-01" ] }, { "cite": "211 NE2d 247", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill2d 316", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2883616 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/33/0316-01" ] }, { "cite": "69 NE2d 899", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "395 Ill 389", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2468816 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/395/0389-01" ] }, { "cite": "42 Colum L Rev 1147", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Colum. L. Rev.", "year": 1942, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "211 NE2d 253", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill2d 326", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2886822 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/33/0326-01" ] }, { "cite": "7 Ill2d 545", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2712292 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/7/0545-01" ] }, { "cite": "177 NE2d 209", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "22 Ill2d 606", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2788808 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "610" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/22/0606-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 NE2d 717", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "14 Ill App2d 5", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5172966 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/14/0005-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 Ill App 184", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5587844 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "186-187" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/251/0184-01" ] }, { "cite": "32 NE 271", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "143 Ill 367", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "164 F2d 725", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1208769 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/164/0725-01" ] }, { "cite": "205 Ill App 310", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5407107 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/205/0310-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 F2d 377", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1404731 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "378" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/138/0377-01" ] }, { "cite": "122 F2d 746", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 458565 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/122/0746-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1189, "char_count": 28610, "ocr_confidence": 0.598, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.248489657041869e-07, "percentile": 0.6095152651756917 }, "sha256": "ce5e7f5bee0e257c67efe366ca9bf6e83278dea06fb0f618c0629cb04f8ccf18", "simhash": "1:d6fa67e1c48cd702", "word_count": 4708 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:30:53.338783+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "EBERSPACHER and MORAN, JJ., concur." ], "parties": [ "Gault H. Holt, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. A. L. Salzman & Sons, a Corporation, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "GOLDENHERSH, J.\nDefendant, A. L. Salzman & Sons, a corporation, appeals from judgments entered in the Circuit Court of Cook County in favor of plaintiffs, Gault H. Holt, Fred Fanter and George Cady in the amounts of $16,250, $5,000, and $26,250, respectively, in their suits to recover for personal injuries. Plaintiffs, who are sheet metal workers, were engaged in laying metal sheets on the joists of a building then being constructed, when the joists collapsed, and plaintiffs fell and were injured.\nOriginally, in addition to the defendant, A. L. Salzman & Sons, Milton H. Callner, d/b/a Milton H. Callner & Company, Milton H. Callner, Inc., a corporation, Ceco Steel Products Corporation, and LaSalle National Bank, as Trustee under Trust No. 13411, were named as parties defendant. Neither the record nor the abstract shows when and in what manner the defendant, LaSalle National Bank, was dismissed from the case. On October 3, 1962, the court entered an order nunc pro tunc as of October 1,1962, which provided:\n\u201cThis matter coming before the court on motion of the plaintiffs, the court being fully advised in the premises,\n\u201cIt Is Hereby Ordered that these consolidated causes be, and hereby are, dismissed without costs and with prejudice as to Milton H. Callner, d/b/a Milton H. Callner & Company, Milton H. Callner, Inc., a corporation, and Ceco Steel Products Corporation, a corporation, only; and without prejudice to the causes of action proceeding as against A. L. Salzman & Sons, Inc., a corporation.\u201d\nPlaintiffs were then given leave to file, and filed instanter, their fourth amended complaint, naming the defendant, A. L. Salzman & Sons, a corporation, as the sole party defendant. The case proceeded to trial and the jury returned verdicts in favor of the plaintiffs in the amounts of $25,000, $7,500 and $40,000, respectively.\nIn its answer, and again in its post-trial motion, defendant alleges, and plaintiffs admit, that the defendants who were dismissed from the case have paid plaintiffs a total of $25,000. Upon denying the post-trial motion the court entered judgments in the above amounts, the figures being computed by reducing each verdict by the amount received by the plaintiff from the dismissed defendants.\nDefendant contends that the payments by the dismissed defendants and the dismissal, with prejudice, of the cases against them, constituted a release of those defendants, and served to release all joint tortfeasors. Although the parties refer to \u201cCovenants to Terminate Litigation\u201d executed by plaintiffs in connection with the payments, no such documents appear in the record.\nIn support of its argument defendant cites Aiken v. Insull, 122 F2d 746 (CA 7th), Bryan v. Creaves, 138 F2d 377 (CA 7th) and Petroyeanis v. Pirola, 205 Ill App 310. That Aiken and Bryan are clearly distinguishable from this case is best demonstrated by the opinion written by Judge Kerner (also the author of Aiken) in Essington v. Parish, 164 F2d 725, wherein at page 729, he said: \u201cHowever conflicting the authorities may be in respect to the proper construction of the instruments here involved, we think the law is now settled in Illinois that the substance of the agreement is the controlling factor, and that the essential fact to be determined is \u2018what was the intention of the parties.\u2019 Illinois looks to all the circumstances to determine whether or not the transaction was intended as, and was in substance, a settlement and satisfaction, or merely an agreement not to sue, and that, as was held in City of Chicago v. Babcock, supra, 143 Ill 367, 32 NE 271, is a question of fact. The Aiken v. Insull and Bryan v. Creaves cases, supra, are not opposite. In the Aiken case this court held that in substance (actual intent) as well as in form (language employed) the instrument constituted a release, while in the Bryan case, supra, 138 F2d 377, 378, the agreement recited that they (the parties) were \u2018 \u201cdesirous of composing and compromising their differences\u201d and that the contract should constitute \u201ca full settlement of claims between the parties hereto, accruing up to this date\u201d \u2019.\u201d With respect to Petroyeanis, we can add nothing to the language found in Van Meter v. Gurney, 251 Ill App 184, 186-187, and quoted in Hulke v. International Mfg. Co., 14 Ill App2d 5, 142 NE2d 717.\nApplying the rule as stated in Essington that the \u201cessential fact to be determined is \u2018what was the intention of the parties,\u2019 \u201d we hold that the order entered by the trial court shows clearly and unequivocally that it was the intention of the parties not to release plaintiffs\u2019 claims, but to terminate the pending litigation and desist from further proceedings, and the entry of the order of dismissal did not serve to bar plaintiffs\u2019 claims against the defendant.\nPlaintiffs\u2019 fourth amended complaint is in two counts. In Count I they allege that defendant is a corporation engaged in the business and profession of architecture, that it was engaged by the dismissed defendants Callner to draw plans, specifications and drawings for a building and to \u201ccheck, revise and approve\u201d plans, specifications and drawings prepared by the dismissed defendant, Ceco Steel Products Corporation, and did so, that for the purpose of approving the work prior to payments to the subcontractor it was also engaged to check and inspect the performance of certain portions of the work including the erection of certain joists, and that plaintiffs were injured as the result of the collapse of the joists. This count charges defendant with 17 acts of negligence which will be enumerated and discussed to the extent necessary to this opinion. Plaintiffs also allege their freedom from contributory negligence.\nIn Count II plaintiffs allege that the defendant wilfully failed to provide and design proper, sufficient and adequate bar joists and bridging, failed to provide for the erection of said joists and bridging in a safe manner, failed in their plans, specifications and drawings to provide for proper and adequate stays, supports, joists and bridging, that it wilfully approved or designed plans for the joists without provision for proper intermediate supports, and wilfully approved or designed plans for joists which were inadequate to bear, in addition to the dead load, a live load of 50 pounds for every square foot, and that the foregoing constitute wilful violations of the Structural Work Act (c 48, \u00a7\u00a7 60-69, Ill Rev Stats).\nThe evidence shows that Milton H. Callner, individually, or one of the Callner corporations, owned a parcel of land upon which a one-story commercial building was being erected. One of the Callner corporations acted as general contractor, and the Callner organization also had an architect in its employ. Defendant, a corporation engaged in the practice of architecture, was consulted by Callner, and there is no dispute that it prepared a substantial portion of the plans for the building, including the general layout and the plans for the columns, joists and roof decking. Defendant contends that Callner\u2019s employee-architect was the architect on the project, that its assignment was merely to do the \u201coverflow\u201d drawings, and it had no responsibility for seeing that the building was constructed in accordance with the plans and specifications. The record reflects neither a written contract between the defendant and Callner, nor any contract between the Callner-owner entity and the general contractor.\nCallner entered into a contract with one Paul Arra to erect steel beams and bar joists which Callner had purchased from Ceco Steel Products Corporation, and to erect a steel roof deck with materials purchased from the same source. Defendant furnished Callner with architectural plans without details or specifications, and Arra employed a structural engineer to prepare the detailed plans. These detailed plans were delivered to Callner, and the evidence shows that the purchase order to Ceco Steel Products Corporation was based upon these detailed plans approved by defendant in its capacity as architect.\nThe contract between Callner and Arra which was prepared by defendant, required Arra to perform the work in accordance with plans \u201cprepared by A. L. Salzman & Sons, Architect,\u201d and the provisions for payment, in two instances, provide for final payments to be made \u201cafter completion of such work and approval by the Architect.\u201d\nThe testimony shows that in erecting the building, the distance between the columns was to be 44 feet, and the span between the horizontal steel beams upon which the roof deck was to be constructed, was 20 to 21 feet. The joists are described as being fabricated of steel bars with open steel angles between the bars.\nThe top of the joist is referred to as a flange and the bottom as the chord.\nThe plans called for the steel bar joists to be spaced at intervals of 7 feet. The plans also provided for \u201cclear top\u201d bridging which is described as a steel member placed perpendicular, and attached to the flange of the joist by means of a bolt or a shop welded stud. The purpose of bridging is to prevent the joists from twisting.\nChapter 69 of the Code of the City of Chicago contains the following provisions:\n\u201c69-4. The regulations, specifications, standards and tests of the technical organizations which are referred to in this code are hereby incorporated herein by such reference with the same effect as though set forth. Authenticated copies of all such regulations, specifications, standards and tests shall be kept on file in the office of the commissioner of buildings, available for public inspection and use.\n\u201c69-4.1. The following shall be deemed to represent, for the purposes of this code, accepted engineering practice with respect to the materials, equipment, systems and methods of construction respectively specified therein, except as otherwise specifically provided in this code or in any regulation adopted pursuant hereto.\u201d\nThe Manual of the Steel Joist Institute is designated in the ordinance as the standard specification for steel joist construction (69-4.1 (f) Steels and Metals. Standard Specification for Steel Joist Construction).\nThe Steel Joist Institute Manual, to which the ordinance refers, contains the following provisions:\n\u201cSECTION 100. SCOPE\n\u201c(b) \u2018Steel Joist Construction\u2019 as governed by these specifications shall be that type of construction where decks and top slabs, as defined in Section 109 of these specifications, are supported by separate steel members herein referred to as \u2018steel joists\u2019, spaced not farther apart than twenty-four (24\") inches on centers in floors and thirty (30\") inches on centers in roofs, but in no case spaced farther apart than the safe span of the top slab, deck or flooring over said steel joists.\n\u201c(c) Where steel joists are used at wider spacings than specified in paragraph (b) of this Section, the construction shall not be considered as \u2018Steel Joist Construction\u2019 as defined in these specifications. Such steel joists shall be designed, however, in accordance with recognized engineering practice without exceeding the unit stresses specified herein.\u201d\n\u201cSECTION 101. DEFINITION OF STEEL JOIST\n\u201cAny open web steel member suitable for supporting floors and roofs between the main supporting girders, trusses, beams or walls when used as hereinafter specified shall be known as a \u2018steel joist\u2019. Such steel joists may be made of hot or cold formed sections, strip or sheet steel, riveted or welded together, or by expanding.\u201d\n\u201cSECTION 108. BRIDGING\n\u201c(a) As soon as steel joists have been erected, bridging shall be installed between them before the application of construction loads. This bridging shall be adequate to safely support the top chords or flanges against lateral movement during the construction period and shall hold the steel joists in an approximately vertical plane passing through the bearings.\n\u201c(d) If continuous horizontal bridging is used, it shall consist of not less than two one-half (%\") inch round continuous steel bars. Each bridging line shall consist of one bar at top chords and one bar at bottom chords attached by welding at points of contact with each Open Web Steel Joist. The welding process must not damage the joist members.\n\u201c(e) The number of lines of bridging provided shall not be less than that specified in the following table:\nSpan Number of Lines of Bridging\nUp to 14 feet \u2014 One row near center.\n14 to 21 feet \u2014 Two rows placed at approximately % span apart and symmetrically disposed about the center of span.\n21 to 32 feet \u2014 Three rows placed at approximately % points of span.\u201d\nArra testified that prior to and at the time of the occurrence, the work was being done in accordance with the plans. He stated that he had furnished the owner \u201can extra heavy steel\u201d rather than furnishing steel designed to the bare minimum, in that he had substituted beams which weighed 124 pounds to the foot for the beams provided for in the plans, which weighed 108 pounds to the foot. Over objection, he testified that after the accident the number of joists was doubled. Prior to the occurrence, the joists used were number 147 Ceco bar joists, spaced at 7-foot intervals. Afterward provision was made to instal number 127 Ceco joists midway between the 147 joists, also at 7-foot intervals, so that the spacing was reduced from 7 feet, to 3 feet 6 inches, between joists. He described the 147 joist as a 14-inch joist, and the 127 as a 12-inch joist.\nDefendant\u2019s officers testified that under the terms of its employment by Callner defendant was not required to furnish any supervision on the job, that Callner ran his own job, and defendant\u2019s services were fully performed upon approval of the plans above described. They also testified that although no such qualification appears in the approval shown on the plans, defendant approved only the spacing and length of the joists, and not the details. \u201cDetails\u201d are defined as explaining the types and sizes of materials and where they are to be placed, more fully than do the plans. Their plans did not designate the location of the bridging.\nDefendant\u2019s president testified that good architectural practice would be to put bridging lines at third points in a 20 or 21-foot span. He stated that although the Manual of the Steel Joist Institute did not show single bar bridging attached to the top flange of steel bar joists as an approved type of bridging, it did not mean that it was not approved or adequate for the type of construction here involved. He identified the bridging shown in a photograph of the structure as horizontal bridging. He stated that horizontal bridging as detailed in the Manual of the Steel Joist Institute required horizontal supports affixed to the top flange and to the bottom chord of steel bar joists.\nThe testimony is conflicting as to the number of times defendant\u2019s architects were at the job site, and the purpose of their being there. The witness, upon being asked if he went out to the job site from time to time, answered: \u201cI would go out to the bar joists to establish that work was completed.\u201d Upon being asked: \u201cAnd that was for the purpose of allowing a payout on the job, is that correct?\u201d, answered \u201cYes.\u201d\nDefendant\u2019s secretary-treasurer, who is an architect and a licensed engineer, testified that the purpose of bridging is to prevent twisting and torque.\nDr. John Hinckley, a physicist, and operator of a research and testing laboratory, called as an expert witness for plaintiffs, testified that in his opinion the design for the erection and bridging of the bar joists was not adequate to prevent roll over or torsion stress in the bottom chord or bar of the joists.\nAlex Alexander, a licensed structural engineer called by defendant, testified that in his opinion the bridging shown in the plans was satisfactory.\nFrank Wells, a licensed structural engineer called by defendant, expressed the opinion that the design for the spacing of the joists and the bridging was satisfactory.\nPlaintiffs testified that they were employed to instal the roof decking. The decking material was corrugated steel sheets, 18 inches wide, but there is a variation in the testimony as to their weight and length. One of the plaintiffs described the sheets as being 20 feet in length and weighing 20 pounds, while Arra stated that each sheet was 14 feet long and weighed 50 pounds. Plaintiffs had laid a number of sheets in the morning and had lifted several bundles of the material up on the deck. There were 3 or 4 stacks of 20 to 30 sheets each on the deck when they stopped for their lunch break. Plaintiff, Cady, foreman on the job, testified that the procedures described were the same as those followed on all the other jobs on which he had worked.\nAfter the crew returned from lunch, they went back up on the deck. Suddenly the metal sheets and the underlying joists collapsed, and plaintiffs fell to the ground.\nThe witnesses are in agreement that the joists have their greatest weight bearing capacity and strength while in a vertical plane, and their capacity and strength decrease as they deviate from the vertical. During the construction period there are lateral loads placed on the joists by virtue of the movement of workmen and materials. The Chicago Code requires that a building be designed to support its \u201cdead load\u201d which includes the joists, the decking and the roofing material to be placed on the decking, and a \u201clive load\u201d of 25 pounds per square foot. Once installed, the decking serves as bridging. The testimony here shows that although some of the decking had been laid it had not been welded to the joists.\nHoward J. Richter, District Manager for Ceco Steel Products, testified that he went out to the job shortly after the occurrence, that there were no weld marks on the beam in the area where the joists collapsed, the interior bearing beam on which the joists were resting had a narrower top flange than the beam adjacent to it, and the bridging was spaced more than 11 feet apart which is not in accordance with the recommendations of the Institute or Ceco.\nWith respect to Count I defendant contends (a) the evidence fails to show that the plans drawn or approved by defendant were defective or improper, (b) that there is no evidence of improper architectural or engineering practice, (c) that even if the plans contained defects, there is no evidence that the plans were followed or that the defects were the proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injuries, (d) that even if the plans contained defects which proximately caused the injuries, the evidence does not show that defendant failed to exercise the ordinary skill of its profession in approving such plans, (e) the court erred in admitting Arra\u2019s testimony, over defendant\u2019s objection, as to changes made after the occurrence, in the spacing and number of the joists.\nBecause it goes to the question of whether plaintiff has proved the elements of a submissible case, we shall first consider defendant\u2019s contention (d). In Count I of their fourth amended complaint plaintiffs charged defendant with negligence, it answered, and the case was tried on an ordinary negligence theory, and not on the professional malpractice theory of liability which defendant now contends is applicable. In Benson v. Isaacs, 22 Ill2d 606, at 610, 177 NE2d 209, the Supreme Court said: \u201cThe law is clear that the theory upon which a case is tried in the lower court cannot be changed on review, and that an issue not presented to or considered by the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on review. In re Estate of Leichtenberg, 7 Ill2d 545.\u201d The rule applies here and defendant\u2019s contention (d) comes too late.\nIn Count I plaintiffs charge, inter alia, that defendant carelessly and negligently (a) designed portions of the structure, (b) approved the design and method of erection of certain joists and bridging, (c) failed to specify proper and adequate bridging, (d) approved specifications for joist spacings of 7 feet, (e) approved plans and designs which failed to meet the requirements of the Chicago Code, (f) failed to inspect the work. Assuming, arguendo, that defendant had no duty under the terms of its employment to supervise or inspect the work, the evidence reviewed is sufficient to support a finding that defendant was negligent either in preparing or approving plans which failed to provide for adequate bridging and proper joist spacing, and which did not meet the standards set by the Chicago Code and the Manual of the Steel Joist Institute, that the plans were followed, and defendant\u2019s negligence was the proximate cause of plaintiffs\u2019 injuries.\nDefendant contends that the testimony of its expert witnesses shows that the bridging approved by defendant represented good architectural and engineering practice, and was in accord with what was customarily done in the construction of other buildings. In Darling v. Charleston Community Memorial Hospital, 33 Ill2d 326, 211 NE2d 253, in considering a similar contention, the Supreme Court, at page 331, said: \u201cCustom is relevant in determining the standard of care because it illustrates what is feasible, it suggests a body of knowledge of which the defendant should be aware, and it warns of the possibility of far-reaching consequences if a higher standard is required. (Morris, Custom and Negligence, 42 Colum L Rev 1147 (1942); 2 Wigmore, Evidence, 3rd ed secs 459, 461.) But custom should never be conclusive. As Judge Learned Hand said, \u2018There are, no doubt, cases where courts seem to make the general practice of the calling the standard of proper diligence; we have indeed given some currency to the notion ourselves. . . . Indeed in most cases reasonable prudence is in fact common prudence; but strictly it is never its measure; a whole calling may have unduly lagged in the adoption of new and available devices. It never may set its own tests, however persuasive be its usages. Courts must in the end say what is required; there are precautions so imperative that even their universal disregard will not excuse their omission\u2019. The T. J. Hooper, (2d cir 1932) 60 Fed2d 737, 740.\u201d\nWith respect to defendant\u2019s contention (e), that the trial court erred in its ruling with respect to Arra\u2019s testimony, the record shows that when plaintiffs\u2019 counsel asked the question of which defendant now complains, the following ensued:\n\u201cDefendant\u2019s counsel: Objection.\n\u201cThe Court: Overruled.\u201d\nThe record reflects no further objection and there is no motion to strike the testimony. In defendant\u2019s post-trial motion the only reference to alleged errors in the admission of evidence is the charge that \u201cThe court erred in admitting incompetent and prejudicial evidence proffered by the plaintiffs over the objection of the defendant.\u201d\nIt is the rule in Illinois that a general objection raises only the questions, of relevancy and materiality, Johnson v. Bennett, 395 Ill 389, 69 NE2d 899. The question, and the answer it elicited, involved changes made in the spacing and number of the bar joists after the occurrence. We need not decide whether, upon proper specific objection, the testimony should have been excluded, and under the holding in Larson v. Commonwealth Edison, 33 Ill2d 316, 211 NE2d 247, the evidence was both relevant and material. We hold that the question was not properly preserved for review for the reason that the post-trial motion does not meet the statutory requirement that grounds for new trial be specified with particularity. Lawler v. Pepper Const. Co., 33 Ill App2d 188, 195, 178 NE2d 687.\nAs to Count II, defendant contends that (a) there is no instrumentality involved which would subject defendant to liability under the Structural Work Act, and (b) the manifest weight of the evidence shows that defendant had no supervisory function at the job site. Defendant argues that \u201cthere is no evidence in this record that any \u2018scaffolds, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports or other mechanical contrivances\u2019 were involved in the plaintiffs\u2019 injuries.\u201d Defendant further contends that defendant cannot be held liable under the Structural Work Act because the manifest weight of the evidence shows that defendant was not in charge of the work.\nIn Miller v. DeWitt, 37 Ill2d 273, 226 NE2d 630, the liability of the architects, and in Larson v. Commonwealth Edison Co., 33 Ill2d 316, 211 NE2d 247, the charges of violation of the Structural Work Act on the part of the defendant engineers, were based upon the fact that they exercised control which placed them, along with others, in charge of the work and imposed upon them liability under the Structural Work Act. In this case plaintiffs proceeded on a theory different from that of Miller and Larson, and the cases are therefore clearly distinguishable.\nAlthough the Structural Work Act is more frequently referred to as the \u201cScaffold Act\u201d its provisions are applicable to facets of structural work other than equipment and contrivances included in the generic term, \u201cscaffold.\u201d The sections pertinent here are sections 2 and 8 which provide:\n\u201c(2) If in any house, building or structure in process of erection or construction in this state (except a private house, used exclusively as a private residence), the distance between the enclosing walls, is more than twenty-four (24) feet, in the clear, there shall be built, kept and maintained, proper intermediate supports for the joists, which supports shall be either brick walls, or iron or steel columns, beams, trussels (trusses) or girders, and the floors in all such houses, buildings or structures, in process of erection and construction, shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of the floor construction, partitions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of fifty (50) pounds for every square foot of surface in such floors, and it is hereby made the duty of the owner, lessee, builder or contractor or sub-contractor, of such house, building or structure, or the superintendent or agent of either, to see that all the provisions of this section are complied with.\u201d\n\u201c (8) It shall be the duty of all architects or draftsmen engaged in preparing plans, specifications or drawings to be used in the erection, repairing, altering or removing of any building or structure within the terms and provisions of this act to provide in such plans, specifications and drawings for all the permanent structural features or requirements specified in this act; and any failure on the part of any such architect or draftsmen to perform such duty, shall subject such architect or draftsmen to a fine of not less than twenty-five (25) dollars nor more than two hundred (200) dollars for each offense.\u201d\nCivil liability for violations of the Act is created in the fourth paragraph of section 9 which makes no reference to \u201chaving charge of\u201d the work. The term \u201chaving charge of\u201d is found only in the first paragraph of section 9 which provides for criminal penalties. Section 8, which imposes criminal penalties on architects, contains no such provision.\nWe are not required to determine whether to impose liability based upon an alleged violation of section 8, the defendant must be proved to \u201chave charge of\u201d the work. Plaintiffs\u2019 Count II does not charge that defendant had charge of the work, and defendant did not attack the sufficiency of the complaint. The case was tried, and the jury instructed, on the basis of an alleged violation of section 8, without regard to whether defendant was in charge of the work, and defendant\u2019s contention with respect to \u201cscaffolds, hoists, et cetera. . . .\u201d appears for the first time on appeal. As heretofore stated \u201cthe theory upon which a case is tried in the lower court cannot be changed on review and an issue not presented to or considered by the trial court cannot be raised for the first time on review.\u201d Whether defendant \u201chad charge of\u201d the work is, therefore, not an issue here.\nFrom our examination of the record we conclude that there is sufficient evidence to support the verdict and we find no error which warrants reversal. The judgment of the Circuit Court of Cook County is, therefore, affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nEBERSPACHER and MORAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "GOLDENHERSH, J." } ], "attorneys": [ "L. Louis Karton, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Philip H. Corboy, James P. Chapman, and John D. Hayes, of Chicago, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Gault H. Holt, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. A. L. Salzman & Sons, a Corporation, Defendant-Appellant.\nGen. No. 49,430.\nFirst Judicial District.\nSeptember 20, 1967.\nRehearing denied November 10,1967.\nL. Louis Karton, of Chicago, for appellant.\nPhilip H. Corboy, James P. Chapman, and John D. Hayes, of Chicago, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0306-01", "first_page_order": 312, "last_page_order": 329 }