{ "id": 5495716, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MARIO PEREZ, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Perez", "decision_date": "1981-09-23", "docket_number": "No. 79-1846", "first_page": "901", "last_page": "909", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "100 Ill. App. 3d 901" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "391 N.E.2d 85", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Ill. App. 3d 664", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5584177 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/72/0664-01" ] }, { "cite": "368 N.E.2d 882", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 149", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5809665 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0149-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 S. Ct. 1482", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "67 L. Ed. 2d 615", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "403 N.E.2d 305", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. App. 3d 839", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3225574 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/82/0839-01" ] }, { "cite": "383 N.E.2d 255", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "66 Ill. App. 3d 35", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3319893 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "40" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/66/0035-01" ] }, { "cite": "407 N.E.2d 1094", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 237", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3188159 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/0237-01" ] }, { "cite": "378 N.E.2d 513", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5444213 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "413 N.E.2d 1361", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 Ill. App. 3d 1078", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3160204 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/1078-01" ] }, { "cite": "357 N.E.2d 487", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "65 Ill. 2d 132", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5435255 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/65/0132-01" ] }, { "cite": "389 N.E.2d 593", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 Ill. App. 3d 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5578554 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/71/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "374 N.E.2d 472", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5449753 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/71/0095-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 N.E.2d 577", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 Ill. App. 3d 553", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5638979 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/49/0553-01" ] }, { "cite": "313 N.E.2d 234", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "19 Ill. App. 3d 781", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2693112 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/19/0781-01" ] }, { "cite": "267 N.E.2d 140", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "131 Ill. App. 2d 635", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2909993 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/131/0635-01" ] }, { "cite": "179 N.E.2d 660", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "23 Ill. 2d 527", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2797325 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/23/0527-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 N.E.2d 308", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. App. 3d 379", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3404406 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/54/0379-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 832, "char_count": 19267, "ocr_confidence": 0.915, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.8595895703620654e-07, "percentile": 0.7246688899623105 }, "sha256": "96ba0e7c6f0c1f42490b04da9911b6dd45c12b143e617144da40f3aeeebd1f4b", "simhash": "1:a2266bbc1fe8b79d", "word_count": 3188 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:06.230892+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MARIO PEREZ, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Miss JUSTICE McGILLICUDDY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nA jury in the circuit court of Cook County found the defendant, Mario Perez, guilty of the murder of Oscar Moreno, a/k/a Primitino Moreno. The trial court sentenced the defendant to serve 35 years in the penitentiary. On appeal, the defendant contends that (1) he was denied a speedy trial; (2) he was not proved guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt; (3) the jury was improperly instructed; and (4) the trial court erred in failing to strike all arrests not resulting in convictions from the presentence investigation report.\nRalph Villar testified that on April 13,1978, he was working at Beto\u2019s American Wine & Liquors (Beto\u2019s) in Chicago, Illinois. At approximately 7:50 p.m., Oscar Moreno entered the tavern alone and sat at the end of the bar.\nTen to fifteen minutes later, the defendant entered the tavern and walked to the area where Moreno was sitting. Villar observed Moreno and the defendant talking. A few minutes later, Villar saw the defendant leave the tavern. He then noticed that Moreno was standing and holding his back. Villar observed blood dripping from Moreno\u2019s back. An ambulance was called, and Moreno was taken to the University of Illinois hospital.\nOfficer Joseph Flashing of the Chicago Police Department testified that when he arrived at Beto\u2019s, he observed attendants placing the semiconscious Moreno into an ambulance. After interviewing witnesses, Flashing searched the premises but was unable to discover any weapon.\nDr. Charles Stollar, the resident on call when Moreno was brought into the emergency room of the University of Illinois hospital, testified that Moreno had a single internal injury, a stab wound in the back. X rays revealed that a large collection of fluid was present deep in Moreno\u2019s abdomen. Moreno\u2019s blood pressure indicated that he had lost a significant amount of blood. It was decided that surgery was necessary. Dr. Stollar, assisted by three other surgeons, first opened Moreno\u2019s abdomen with a midline incision. He made two additional incisions in the abdomen for drains. Dr. Stollar testified that he observed 500 cc\u2019s of blood within Moreno\u2019s abdominal cavity. This condition was highly abnormal. He discovered a large longitudinal laceration of the vena cava, the major vein in the lower portion of the body. This laceration was between 2 and 3 inches in length. In addition, the main vein in the right knee was lacerated as well as the first portion of the small intestine and several small veins. The surgery procedure lasted approximately four and a half hours. Following surgery, Moreno was in poor condition. The doctors were unable to maintain his blood pressure, and Moreno died several hours later. Dr. Stollar stated that in his opinion, the stab wound was the cause of death.\nDr. Stollar stated that he was in training at the time that he performed the surgical procedures on Moreno. He admitted that an injury to the vena cava could occur in the course of surgery. In response to the question of whether the laceration of Moreno\u2019s vena cava occurred during surgery, Dr. Stollar responded \u201cAbsolutely not.\u201d\nDr. Eupil Choi, a pathologist at the Cook County Medical Examiner\u2019s office, testified that he performed an autopsy on Moreno. When Dr. Choi examined the victim\u2019s body, he observed several wounds. In his opinion, the cause of Moreno\u2019s death was a stab wound to the abdomen. Dr. Choi indicated that the wound by the backbone was surgically induced. Dr. Choi further stated that it is difficult to distinguish a wound produced by a surgical instrument from a wound produced by a weapon.\nInvestigator James Cornelison of the Chicago Police Department testified that on April 17, 1978, an arrest warrant was issued for the defendant and that on August 23,1978, he was notified that the defendant was in custody in Fresno, California. The defendant waived extradition and was brought back to Chicago on September 1, 1978.\nOfficer Gary Snow of the Fresno, California, Police Department testified that he interviewed the defendant concerning the arrest warrant. Snow first advised the defendant of his constitutional rights. Then, the defendant gave Officer Snow the following statement concerning the stabbing of Moreno.\nOn April 13,1978, the defendant and his cousin were drinking beer in a tavern after work. As the defendant was going to the restroom, he observed Moreno arguing with his cousin. The defendant intervened, Moreno pushed the defendant, and the defendant hit Moreno. Moreno took from his coat a .25-caliber automatic and put it close to the defendant\u2019s side. The defendant left the tavern.\nThe defendant acquired a steak knife and returned to the tavern because \u201che wasn\u2019t going to let this guy get away with pulling a gun on him.\u201d When he discovered that Moreno was no longer in the first tavern, the defendant went across the street to a second tavern where he saw Moreno. The defendant told Moreno to come outside because \u201cI am going to give you something.\u201d Moreno stood up, started to turn, and appeared to reach into his coat pocket. At this time, the defendant stabbed Moreno.\nDetective Snow testified that he asked the defendant to repeat his statement. The defendant stated that when Moreno stood up, the defendant quickly grabbed him, turned him around, and stabbed him in the back. Although Moreno did not move his hands, the defendant did not know if Moreno would try to reach into his pocket.\nFollowing deliberations, the jury returned a verdict of guilty of murder, not guilty of voluntary manslaughter, and not guilty of armed violence.\nI\nThe defendant first argues that he was denied his statutory right to a speedy trial. Pursuant to the statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 38, par. 103 \u2014 5), the State must bring a defendant\u2019s case to trial within 120 days of the date he was taken into custody. The defendant contends that his trial did not begin until the 121st day.\nWe note that this issue is raised by the defendant for the first time on appeal. The defendant neither applied for discharge prior to his conviction nor raised this issue in his post-trial motion. Thus, he has waived his right to such a discharge. People v. Solheim (1977), 54 Ill. App. 3d 379, 369 N.E.2d 308.\nHowever, assuming that there was no waiver of this issue, we believe that the State did comply with the statute. In reaching the conclusion that his trial commenced on the 121st day of his term, the defendant assumed that the 120-day period commenced running on August 23,1978, the day he was taken into custody in California. Such an assumption was incorrect. The 120-day period began on September 1, 1978, when the defendant was extradited to Illinois. (People v. Hayes (1962), 23 Ill. 2d 527, 179 N.E.2d 660; People v. Gilliand (1971), 131 Ill. App. 2d 635, 267 N.E.2d 140.) Thus, there was no violation of the defendant\u2019s statutory right to a speedy trial.\nII\nThe defendant next argues that the State failed to prove him guilty of murder beyond a reasonable doubt. He first contends that the State did not present any evidence to refute his claim of self-defense. His claim is based on the statement to Detective Snow that he stabbed Moreno after he saw Moreno reach into his pocket. However, in the defendant\u2019s second statement, he said that he stabbed Moreno in the back as soon as Moreno stood up despite the fact that Moreno had not moved his hands.\nA jury is not required to accept as true the defendant\u2019s testimony concerning self-defense. Rather, in weighing the evidence, the jury must consider the probability or improbability of the testimony, the circumstances surrounding the killing, and the testimony of other witnesses. People v. Holtz (1974), 19 Ill. App. 3d 781, 313 N.E.2d 234.\nThe circumstances surrounding the instant stabbing were that the defendant and Moreno were involved in an incident at a tavern. The defendant left the tavern, acquired a knife, and returned in search of Moreno. The defendant did not intend \u201cto let this guy get away with pulling a gun on him.\u201d When the defendant located Moreno, he stabbed him in the back. The defendant gave conflicting statements concerning whether Moreno appeared to reach into his pocket for a gun. However, the police were unable to locate any weapon in Moreno\u2019s possession or on the premises. After the stabbing, the defendant left the tavern and fled the State.\nThe issue of self-defense is a question to be resolved by the trier of fact. This factual finding will not be disturbed on review unless it is so unreasonable, improbable or unsatisfactory as to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt. People v. Chapman (1977), 49 Ill. App. 3d 553, 364 N.E.2d 577.\nAfter considering the defendant\u2019s conflicting statements and the circumstances surrounding the stabbing, the jury rejected the defendant\u2019s claim of self-defense. We cannot say that such a conclusion was so unreasonable as to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt.\nThe defendant also contends that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Moreno died as a result of the stabbing. We disagree.\nIt is undisputed that the defendant stabbed Moreno in the back with a steak knife. This stabbing caused severe internal bleeding, and Moreno\u2019s X rays confirmed the existence of excessive fluid in his abdomen. His blood pressure indicated the loss of a significant amount of blood. When Dr. Stollar opened Moreno\u2019s abdominal cavity, he observed 500 cc\u2019s of blood therein. Dr. Stollar testified that the cause of Moreno\u2019s death was the laceration of the vena cava which resulted in a massive loss of blood.\nThe defendant bases his reasonable doubt argument on Dr. Choi\u2019s testimony that the defendant was stabbed in the abdomen. Because the incision in the abdomen was made by Dr. Stollar, the defendant concludes that the vena cava was cut during surgery.\nAlthough Dr. Choi did state that Moreno was stabbed in the abdomen, we cannot say that this testimony alone raises a reasonable doubt concerning the cause of death. We believe that it was reasonable for the jury to conclude that Dr. Choi erred when he identified the abdominal incision as a stab wound. When Dr. Choi examined Moreno\u2019s body, he saw several incisions thereon. Dr. Choi explained that it is difficult to distinguish a wound produced by a surgical instrument from a wound produced by a weapon. This fact is evident from Dr. Choi\u2019s testimony that the wound in the back was surgically induced. The defendant himself does not dispute the fact that his knife was responsible for the wound in the back.\nThe defendant also argues that the jury should have returned a verdict of voluntary manslaughter rather than murder. He contends that there was no evidence to refute his argument that he had a belief, albeit unreasonable, that his actions were justified because Moreno appeared to reach into his pocket for his gun.\nAs we have previously discussed, the defendant related two versions of the incident. It was within the jury\u2019s discretion to accept as true the defendant\u2019s statement that although Moreno made no aggressive move, he stabbed Moreno in the back. Thus, the jury\u2019s finding that Perez was guilty of murder will not be disturbed.\nIll\nThe defendant also argues that the jury was improperly instructed. He first contends that the jury was erroneously instructed as to the difference between the offenses of murder and voluntary manslaughter. The jury was instructed that in order to sustain the charge of murder, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt:\n\u201cFirst: That the defendant performed the acts which caused the death of Primitino Moreno;\nSecond: That when the defendant did so, he intended to kill or do great bodily harm to Primitino Moreno, or he knew that his acts would cause death or great bodily harm to Primitino Moreno, and Third: That the defendant was not justified in using the force which he used.\u201d IPI Criminal Nos. 7.02 and 25.05.\nThe jury was also instructed that in order to sustain the charge of voluntary manslaughter, the State must prove beyond a reasonable doubt:\n\u201cFirst: That the defendant intentionally or knowingly performed the acts which caused the death of Primitino Moreno; and Second: That when the defendant did so he believed that circumstances existed which would have justified killing Primitino Moreno; and\nThird: That the defendant\u2019s belief that such circumstances existed was unreasonable.\nFourth: That the defendant was not justified in using the force which he used.\u201d IPI Criminal Nos. 7.06 and 25.05.\nThe defendant alleges that according to the Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions for criminal cases, the following element should have been included in the murder instruction:\n\u201c* * * Fourth: That the defendant did not believe that circumstances existed which justified the use of the force which he used.\u201d (IPI Criminal Nos. 7.02 and 27.01.)\nInstruction 27.01 is a sample set of instructions to be used where the evidence warrants instructions concerning murder, voluntary manslaughter and self-defense.\nAlthough the State\u2019s instruction on murder did not contain the fourth element, the defendant did not object to it at trial. Failure to either object or tender a particular instruction will preclude a defendant from raising objections on appeal to given instructions or lack of instruction. People v. Smith (1978), 71 Ill. 2d 95, 374 N.E.2d 472.\nThe defendant relies on People v. Stutter (1979), 71 Ill. App. 3d 118, 389 N.E.2d 593, and argues that he did not waive this error because the omission of the fourth proposition from the murder instruction was plain error. However, the facts in Stuller are distinguishable from the facts in the instant case. In Stuller, the jury found the defendant guilty of both murder and voluntary manslaughter. The trial court vacated the verdict of guilty of voluntary manslaughter and entered judgment on the verdict of murder. On review, the appellate court reversed the murder conviction and remanded the cause for entry of a finding of guilty of voluntary manslaughter. The appellate court pointed out that because the jury returned a verdict of guilty of voluntary manslaughter, it necessarily found that the defendant believed, albeit unreasonably, that circumstances existed which justified his actions. The court noted that such a finding was compelled by substantially uncontroverted evidence. The court reasoned that because of the omission of the fourth proposition of instruction No. 27.01, the verdict of guilty of murder would also have been in full accord with the court\u2019s instruction. The court held that in light of the jury\u2019s finding that the defendant believed that circumstances existed which justified the killing and the fact that ample evidence supported this finding, the defective murder instruction gave rise to plain error affecting his substantial rights.\nIn the instant case the jury returned a not-guilty verdict on the voluntary manslaughter charge and a guilty verdict on the murder charge. Obviously, the jury did not believe that the defendant possessed any belief, reasonable or unreasonable, that circumstances existed which would have justified the use of the force which he used. Thus, the omission of the fourth proposition of instruction No. 27.01 did not affect the jury\u2019s deliberation on the issue of murder. Therefore, we cannot say that the omission of the fourth proposition of the murder instruction gave rise to plain error.\nThe defendant also argues that the trial court should have instructed the jury that the hospital\u2019s negligence may have caused Moreno\u2019s death. However, the defendant did not request such an instruction at trial. The general rule in Illinois as to the question of giving jury instructions is that a party who desires a specific instruction must offer it and request the court to give it. The trial court has no obligation to give instructions not requested by counsel. (People v. Parks (1976), 65 Ill. 2d 132, 357 N.E.2d 487; People v. Loya (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 1078, 413 N.E.2d 1361.) Therefore, no party may raise on appeal the failure to give an instruction unless he shall have tendered it at trial. People v. Underwood (1978), 72 Ill. 2d 124, 378 N.E.2d 513.\nIn criminal cases, however, the waiver rule will not prevent review of substantial defects in jury instructions \u201cif the interests of justice require.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 110A, par. 451(c).) In view of our holding in the instant case that the State proved the legal cause of Moreno\u2019s death beyond a reason\u00e1ble doubt, we cannot say that the court\u2019s failure to give this instruction constituted a substantial defect. (See People v. Gulliford (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 237, 407 N.E.2d 1094.) Therefore, we hold that the defendant waived any error in the trial court\u2019s failure to instruct the jury on the possibility of the existence of an intervening cause by failing to give the desired instruction.\nIV\nFinally, the defendant contends that the trial court erred in failing to strike all arrests not resulting in convictions from the pre-sentence investigation report. The defendant concludes that the trial court considered these arrests in determining his sentence, which he characterizes as excessive. He cites People v. Kennedy (1978), 66 Ill. App. 3d 35, 383 N.E.2d 255, in which the court held that it was error for the trial court to consider such information in the determination of the sentence. The court further stated:\n\u201cWe recognize that such information is likely to be presented to the sentencing judge in presentence reports or come to his attention in other ways. Error does not necessarily occur thereby but the judge should not consider this information with reference to the likelihood that the defendant has in fact committed the conduct charged. A good practice would be for the judge to recite into the record that he is not considering the information with reference to the type or severity of sentence imposed.\u201d 66 Ill. App. 3d 35, 40.\nWe do not believe that the inclusion of the prior arrests in the report prejudiced the defendant in the case at bar since the trial court specifically stated \u201cThe Court is only considering, of course, the convictions of the defendant concerning the possible sentence of the Court.\u201d (See also People v. Hammond (1980), 82 Ill. App. 3d 839, 403 N.E.2d 305, cert. denied (1981),_U.S__, 67 L. Ed. 2d 615, 101 S. Ct. 1482.) Therefore, no error was committed in this regard.\nWe also fail to find any abuse of discretion in the imposition of the sentence and will not disturb the trial court\u2019s determination on review. People v. Perruquet (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 149, 368 N.E.2d 882.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is hereby affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nRIZZI, P. J., and WHITE, J., concur.\nSuch was the finding of this court in People v. Pernell (1979), 72 Ill. App. 3d 664, 391 N.E.2d 85, a case cited by the defendant.", "type": "majority", "author": "Miss JUSTICE McGILLICUDDY" } ], "attorneys": [ "James N. Karahalios, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Bernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Kathleen Warnick, and Edward M. Rubin, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MARIO PEREZ, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (3rd Division)\nNo. 79-1846\nOpinion filed September 23, 1981.\nJames N. Karahalios, of Chicago, for appellant.\nBernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Marcia B. Orr, Kathleen Warnick, and Edward M. Rubin, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0901-01", "first_page_order": 923, "last_page_order": 931 }