{ "id": 3080917, "name": "FRANK URMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED WALTER et al., d/b/a Vermont Street Investments, Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "Urman v. Walter", "decision_date": "1981-11-13", "docket_number": "No. 79-2471", "first_page": "1085", "last_page": "1098", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "101 Ill. App. 3d 1085" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "423 N.E.2d 876", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 Ill. 2d 352", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5469643 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/85/0352-01" ] }, { "cite": "419 N.E.2d 443", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. App. 3d 1128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3126323 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/94/1128-01" ] }, { "cite": "266 N.E.2d 128", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "131" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 Ill. App. 2d 891", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2822949 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "894-95" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/130/0891-01" ] }, { "cite": "299 N.E.2d 455", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "12 Ill. App. 3d 947", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2851680 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "956" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/12/0947-01" ] }, { "cite": "245 N.E.2d 762", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 Ill. 2d 103", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2847204 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/42/0103-01" ] }, { "cite": "220 N.E.2d 43", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "73 Ill. App. 2d 5", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2583241 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/73/0005-01" ] }, { "cite": "413 N.E.2d 65", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 Ill. App. 3d 464", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3158071 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/0464-01" ] }, { "cite": "305 N.E.2d 617", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "16 Ill. App. 3d 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2521107 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/16/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "364 N.E.2d 650", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 Ill. App. 3d 809", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5638049 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "817" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/49/0809-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 N.E.2d 1272", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. App. 3d 847", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3240823 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/69/0847-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 N.E.2d 219", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "220" }, { "page": "220" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2926187 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "138" }, { "page": "139" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "414 N.E.2d 147", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 Ill. App. 3d 1024", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3160008 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1025" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/1024-01" ] }, { "cite": "277 F.2d 726", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 703720 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/277/0726-01" ] }, { "cite": "293 N.E.2d 897", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 566", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2925722 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0566-01" ] }, { "cite": "418 N.E.2d 1011", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. App. 3d 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3123510 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/94/0660-01" ] }, { "cite": "325 N.E.2d 607", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "613" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ill. 2d 363", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5415844 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "371" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/60/0363-01" ] }, { "cite": "355 N.E.2d 164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "166" }, { "page": "166" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 Ill. App. 3d 930", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2486902 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "933" }, { "page": "933" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/41/0930-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 N.E.2d 213", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 399", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5810933 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0399-01" ] }, { "cite": "236 N.E.2d 724", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ill. 2d 445", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2856534 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/39/0445-01" ] }, { "cite": "185 N.E.2d 270", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "279" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill. App. 2d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5257435 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/37/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 N.E.2d 630", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "639" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill. 2d 273", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2865152 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "286" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0273-01" ] }, { "cite": "208 N.E.2d 249", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291" }, { "page": "291" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "59 Ill. App. 2d 38", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2602476 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "127" }, { "page": "127" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/59/0038-01" ] }, { "cite": "64 Ill. B. J. 666", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Ill. B.J.", "year": 1976, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "670" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "263 N.E.2d 817", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill. 2d 533", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2900819 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/46/0533-01" ] }, { "cite": "317 N.E.2d 573", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "58 Ill. 2d 146", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2952744 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/58/0146-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 N.E.2d 997", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. App. 3d 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 12140056 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/96/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 N.E.2d 64", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "55 Ill. 2d 121", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2937072 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/55/0121-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1417, "char_count": 34667, "ocr_confidence": 0.898, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.744609697870502e-07, "percentile": 0.9503799256250075 }, "sha256": "4e9038c8ff0ca89bd824958666e9f09ca09de133097e1d9d128330966c438907", "simhash": "1:2951f99f2b866ed6", "word_count": 5727 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:21:39.102418+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "FRANK URMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED WALTER et al., d/b/a Vermont Street Investments, Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE WILSON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial, defendants were found liable to plaintiff under the Structural Work Act. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 48, par. 60.) The trial court entered judgment against defendants in the amount of $83,232.50 for injuries plaintiff suffered when a 600-pound steel truss fell on his leg. Defendants appeal, contending that (1) the Structural Work Act is inapplicable to the circumstances of this case; (2) the trial court erred in preventing defendants from amending their answer to plead that plaintiff was their employee, which may have constituted a defense under the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 48, par. 138.5); (3) the judgment should be reversed because of plaintiff\u2019s counsel\u2019s prejudicial closing argument; and (4) the trial court abused its discretion in allowing plaintiff\u2019s expert witness to testify after he had failed to give defendants his deposition. We affirm the trial court.\nPlaintiff, a structural ironworker, was injured on September 21,1974, while he was working at a construction site in Palatine, Illinois. The individual defendants owned Vermont Street Investments, which was the general contractor for the construction project. Defendant Walter took the most active role as general contractor for the erection of the structural steel, scheduling and coordinating the steel erection. As general contractor in charge, he was also responsible for safety on the job site.\nWalter had originally hired Jim\u2019s Welding Service to erect the steel columns, beams, and trusses into a grid so that the roof decking could be laid. By the day of the occurrence, however, Jim\u2019s Welding had only partly completed the work and could not continue. Walter therefore contacted another ironworker, Lenny Aftstein, who worked for Corbetta Steel Company, and arranged for him and his co-workers, including plaintiff, to finish the job on a weekend.\nWhen plaintiff and the other ironworkers arrived at the site, the perimeter and partition brick walls of the building were completed. The interior ground had been filled with gravel, clay, and unrefined sand, which had been graded once before the masonry work was begun. The roof trusses, which were to be placed on top of the beams, were outside the building when the ironworkers arrived. They moved them inside with a crane and placed them directly on the ground. At that time, the ground was bumpy and full of ruts because it had been used by forklifts, trucks, and cranes after being graded once.\nIn the early afternoon of the day of plaintiff\u2019s injury, a heavy rain fell and stopped the ironworkers for approximately 30 minutes. Shortly after the rain ceased, the men returned to work. Plaintiff and Herman Johnson, the ironworker\u2019s foreman, began the necessary procedures to lift the trusses in place on the roof beams. Just before the accident, Johnson and plaintiff were preparing to attach a choker or sling around one of the trusses so that they could hook the other end onto the crane that would lift it into place. Suddenly, several trusses fell over and pinned plaintiff to the ground, breaking his ankle. He was taken to a hospital for treatment.\nPlaintiff filed suit against defendants on October 17, 1975, seeking $200,000 in damages for his injuries.\nIn October of 1979, the trial began. Plaintiff first called defendant as a witness under section 60 of the Civil Practice Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 110, par. 60). Walter admitted that he was the general contractor in charge of safety on the job site. He testified that he was familiar with the practice of using cribbing or wood supports to stabilize trusses. He also testified that plaintiff was not his employee.\nPlaintiff then presented three witnesses who testified as to the customs and practice of the ironworking industry with respect to the support of trusses on job sites. Herman Johnson, the foreman, was an ironworker with 24 years of experience. He stated that the \u201cnormal procedure\u201d was to put the trusses on four-by-four planks of lumber to make them level and prevent them from rolling. Johnson further testified that when he asked defendant Walter for lumber to be used for such support, he was told that there was none available.\nJames Finney, an ironworker with 12 years experience, also testified from his personal knowledge that the custom and practice in the ironworking industry was to support trusses with heavy lumber to support and stabilize them. He further testified that the general contractor is the party responsible for providing such cribbing.\nIn addition to the other two witnesses, Charles Schultz testified for plaintiff, over defense objections, as an expert on industry practices. His experience included a total of lOM years as a safety inspector for State and Federal government agencies. At the time of trial, Schultz worked as a construction safety consultant for general contractors. In his opinion, based on plaintiff\u2019s counsel\u2019s hypothetical, the trusses had been placed on unstable ground without sufficient support and created a dangerous situation that violated the rules and general practices of the construction industry. He further testified that four-by-fours, four-by-sixes, or railroad ties should have been used as cribbing for the trusses, to protect the workers.\nDr. Robert W. Alfini, plaintiff\u2019s treating physician, described the injury and the surgical procedures used to repair plaintiff\u2019s broken ankle. He also testified that plaintiff wore a leg cast for approximately 12 weeks. Subsequently, he underwent physical therapy. By the time of trial, although the break had healed, plaintiff still suffered from some permanent damage to the soft tissue surrounding the fracture. He continued to suffer pain upon prolonged activity and changes in the weather.\nAfter plaintiff rested, defendants moved for leave to amend their answer to plead the affirmative defense that plaintiff was defendants\u2019 employee. They proposed to show that since plaintiff collected unemployment compensation from defendants, he was barred from suing them under the Structural Work Act. Plaintiff objected on the grounds that such an amendment was untimely. Further, he argued that defendant Walter\u2019s admission that plaintiff was not his employee was a binding admission on that issue. The court allowed defendants to file the motion for the record but denied leave to amend the pleadings to add the affirmative defense.\nDefendants then called the court reporter who had been present during plaintiff\u2019s deposition on July 21, 1977. She read portions of the deposition into the record.\nAt the close of their case, defendants moved for a directed verdict, which was denied. The jury was instructed, following counsels\u2019 closing arguments, and they returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff.\nOpinion\nI\nThe principal issue of this appeal involves the scope of section one of the Structural Work Act, which provides:\n\u201c[A] 11 scaffolds, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports, or other mechanical contrivances, erected or constructed by any person, firm or corporation in this State for.the use in the erection, repairing, alteration, removal or painting of any house, building, bridge, viaduct, or other structure, shall be erected and constructed, in a safe, suitable and proper manner, and shall be so erected and constructed, placed and operated as to give proper and adequate protection to the life and limb of any person or persons employed or engaged thereon, or passing under or by the same, and in such manner as to prevent the falling of any material that may be used or deposited thereon.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 48, par. 60.\nThe Structural Work Act is designed to protect workers engaged in extrahazardous activities from certain risks inherent in the nature of their jobs. (E.g., Halberstadt v. Harris Trust & Savings Bank (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 121, 302 N.E.2d 64; Crist v. Debron Corp. (1981), 96 Ill. App. 3d 668, 421 N.E.2d 997.) Although the Act should be liberally construed (McNellis v. Combustion Engineering, Inc. (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 146, 317 N.E.2d 573), it is not intended to cover all injuries that may occur on or near a construction site. Crafton v. Lester B. Knight & Associates, Inc. (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 533, 263 N.E.2d 817.\nThe elements of a cause of action under section one include the following: (1) the device involved must be one listed in the Act; (2) the device involved must be used in the construction of a building or \u201cother structure\u201d within the Act; (3) the device must be unsafe, or not safely placed or operated (or there must be the failure to provide such a device); (4) defendants (those who are \u201cin charge of\u201d the work) must have \u201cwilfully\u201d violated the Act; and (5) plaintiff\u2019s injury must be proximately caused by defendants\u2019 violation. (Ring, The Scaffold Act: Its Past, Present and Future, 64 Ill. B. J. 666, 670 (1976).) The pending appeal involves only the first element, whether the cribbing that should have been placed under the trusses is a device that is covered by the Act.\nDefendants argue that there is no \u201cscaffold\u201d in this case and no duty to provide one. In essence, they equate the words \u201choists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports, or other mechanical contrivances\u201d with the word \u201cscaffold,\u201d which they contend is a term of art with a restricted meaning. Defendants strongly urge us to hold that, for purposes of Structural Work Act liability, the scaffold must be used only for the purpose of supporting workers. If a device is used for any other purpose, it would not be a scaffold and thus would not come within the coverage of the Act. Since plaintiff in this case was standing on the ground, defendants argue, he was not using a scaffold. Nor would cribbing or other \u201csupports\u201d for the trusses constitute a scaffold within the Act\u2019s meaning because the purpose of such cribbing would be to support the trusses, not the workers.\nWe agree with defendants that \u201cscaffold\u201d is a term of art limited to devices or platforms used to support persons as they work on buildings or other structures covered in the Act. We further agree that as a matter of statutory construction, the terms \u201cscaffold, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports, or other mechanical contrivances\u201d are related in meaning and purpose. Nevertheless, if we construe the other terms as exact synonyms of \u201cscaffold,\u201d thereby limiting them to supports for workers only, we judicially erase terms that the legislature thought important enough to include. Such a result is illogical and unnecessary. Indeed, as at least one court has explicitly recognized, \u201c[t]hat a particular item involved in the construction work may not be a \u2018scaffold\u2019 within the customary definition of \u2018scaffold\u2019 does not mean it may not be a hoist, crane, stay, ladder, support, or other mechanical contrivance, within the purview of the Act. The Act is not limited to what are customarily referred to as \u2018scaffolds.\u2019 \u201d Miller v. DeWitt (1965), 59 Ill. App. 2d 38, 127, 208 N.E.2d 249, 291, aff'd in part, rev'd in part (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 273, 226 N.E.2d 630.\nNotwithstanding the DeWitt determination, defendants persist in their belief that case law has narrowed the scope of the Act to the point that all support devices must function as scaffolds; that is, provide a working platform for persons. Before discussing specific cases, however, we will first examine the specific language of the statute, which \u201citself affords the best means of its own exposition * * Oldham v. Kubinski (1962), 37 Ill. App. 2d 65, 85, 185 N.E.2d 270, 279.\nBy its terms, section one provides that all \u201cscaffolds, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports, or other mechanical contrivances\u201d used in constructing, or maintaining buildings or \u201cother structures\u201d should be erected, placed and operated so as to protect \u201cpersons employed or engaged thereon, or passing under or by the same, and in such manner as to prevent the falling of any material that may be used or deposited thereon.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Two categories of persons are thus protected, those who are actually working on the support device and those who pass by or under the same. Such persons are protected from at least two types of injury-causing possibilities, the collapse or other failure of support device (i.e., one that is not safely erected, placed, or operated), and the falling of \u201cany material\u201d that may be used or deposited on the device. The next logical inference from the statutory language would be that to effectuate the protective purpose of the Act, the failure to provide a necessary support device would be as much a violation of section one as the provision of a faulty support device, because the resulting harm would be the same in both situations. In fact, the Illinois Supreme Court has so construed the Act. Louis v. Barenfanger (1968), 39 Ill. 2d 445, 236 N.E.2d 724 (failure to provide scaffolding can violate the Act); see also Crothers v. La Salle Institute (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 399, 370 N.E.2d 213.\nIn the pending case, plaintiff does not argue that he was actually standing or working on a support device. He was, concededly, on the ground. He would presumably be within the second category of protected persons, therefore, because of his proximity to the trusses. Consequently, his recovery under the Act would depend on whether there was a duty to provide a support device for the trusses, the absence of which proximately causfed his injury when the trusses fell on his leg. The evidence is uncontradicted that the industry practice is for the general contractor to provide the cribbing for trusses. Defendant Walter admitted as much, and plaintiff\u2019s expert witnesses testified that such cribbing served to protect workers from injury. Two other witnesses agreed that the industry practice was to support the trusses with heavy lumber. The jury decided the fact question of whether defendants breached their duty under the Act and that plaintiff was injured as a result. We would therefore affirm their verdict on the basis of the evidence and our reading of the statute.\nHaving considered the statutory language and its apparent applicability to the facts of this case, we must next determine whether the case law has in fact narrowed the scope of the Act, as defendants insist. One of the principal cases that defendants rely upon is Swendsen v. Brighton Building & Maintenance Co. (1976), 41 Ill. App. 3d 930, 355 N.E.2d 164.\nIn Swendsen, the court held that the Structural Work Act did not apply where a worker fell off steel pilings that he was walking upon. The pilings could not be converted into a \u201cscaffold\u201d merely because he chose to walk on them for his own convenience. As the court observed, \u201c[plaintiff failed to establish that he had no alternative except to walk on the piling to get from one end to the other.\u201d (Swendsen, 41 Ill. App. 3d 930, 933, 355 N.E.2d 164, 166.) In conclusion, the court stated that under the circumstances, allowing defendant to recover under the Act \u201cwould permit an employee to stand or walk wherever he wishes and, if he is off the ground, his choice becomes a scaffold.\u201d Swendsen, 41 Ill. App. 3d 930, 933, 355 N.E.2d 164, 166.\nAlthough defendants contend that Swendsen is so analogous to the instant case as to compel our reversal of the plaintiff\u2019s judgment, we cannot agree. Our case does not involve the question of whether the surface on which plaintiff was standing when he was injured was a scaffold. Nor does he attempt to turn the trusses themselves into a scaffold, as did the Swendsen plaintiff. Clearly, the issue resolved in Swendsen has no bearing on the question of whether the lack of cribbing in the instant case is actionable under the statute.\nSwendsen is an example of the many Structural Work Act cases in which the main issue to be resolved was whether a particular item could be characterized as a scaffold. The courts have used a functional analysis to determine this question. For example, a permanent part of a building, such as a roof, is not generally viewed as a scaffold; however, if a worker is using the roof to support him as he works, he may recover for injuries under the Act. (See Louis v. Barenfanger (1968), 39 Ill. 2d 445, 236 N.E.2d 724.) Similarly, a floor is not a scaffold when it is being used merely as a walkway (Tenenbaum v. City of Chicago (1975), 60 Ill. 2d 363, 325 N.E.2d 607; Quinn v. L. B. C., Inc. (1981), 94 Ill. App. 3d 660, 418 N.E.2d 1011), but if a worker relies on a partially completed floor for support as a working platform, he may recover. (Juliano v. Oravec (1973), 53 Ill. 2d 566, 293 N.E.2d 897 (plumber\u2019s apprentice injured when his foot slipped through an unfinished subflooring that supported workers as they installed bathroom plumbing in a partially constructed house).) A device that is expressly listed in the Act, such as a crane, may also be considered to be a scaffold (Bounougias v. Republic Steel Corp. (7th Cir. 1960), 277 F.2d 726 (painter standing on the drum of a crane to reach ceiling of a building, who was injured when the drum rotated, stated a cause of action under the Act), but a bulldozer used to clear trees from a power line site is not a scaffold or \u201cmechanical contrivance\u201d (Matthews v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 414 N.E.2d 147; see also Crafton v. Lester B. Knight & Associates, Inc. (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 533, 263 N.E.2d 817 (worker who fell off a tractor while hauling steel to a job site was not within the coverage of the Act because the tractor was being used for transportation, not \u201csupport\u201d)).\nIn their reliance on this group of \u201cscaffold cases,\u201d defendants mistakenly assume that the sole relevant inquiry under the Act is whether the injury-causing device can be classified as a working platform for persons. Only one case that we have found, Matthews v. Commonwealth Edison Co., appears to agree with defendants\u2019 position. In Matthews the plaintiff, who was clearing trees in preparation of the laying of power lines, was injured when a tree he had uprooted fell on his arm. The court rejected plaintiff\u2019s argument that the bulldozer he was driving at the time was a \u201cmechanical contrivance\u201d within the Act. The Matthews opinion contains the broad statement that \u201c[t]o come under the Act\u2019s coverage, a case must feature harm caused by a failure of something a worker is using to support himself. Where that feature is missing there can be no liability under the statute.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Mathews, 90 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 1025, 414 N.E.2d 147.) This declaration is not followed by any citations. Nor can we find any cases that so hold. We agree with the Matthews court\u2019s finding that the bulldozer was not being used in the sense of a scaffold and that the term \u201cmechanical contrivance\u201d should not be used to cover every vehicle or device that a worker happens to be on when he is injured. (See Crafton v. Lester B. Knight & Associates, Inc. (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 533, 263 N.E.2d 817.) Nevertheless, we find unpersuasive the implication that, to come within the Structural Work Act, all support devices are limited by the scaffold concept. Indeed, the reasoning of three Illinois Supreme Court decisions indicates otherwise.\nIn Miller v. DeWitt (1965), 59 Ill. App. 2d 38, 208 N.E.2d 249, aff'd in part, rev'd in part (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 273, 226 N.E.2d 630, ironworkers who were remodeling a gymnasium were injured when the roof collapsed. The workers had erected tubular steel towers to temporarily support the roof while they removed the original support columns. At the time the roof collapsed, one worker was on the roof and another was cutting a support column off at the bottom in preparation of disconnecting it from the roof trusses. Although the case involved several different issues, the appellate court discussed at length the question of whether a support device within the Act must be, in effect, a scaffold. The court held that the tubular steel columns which were erected to temporarily support the roof (not to be a working platform for persons) were, literally, \u201csupports\u201d and possibly \u201cstays\u201d or \u201cother mechanical devices\u201d erected for use in the construction or alteration of'a Tuilding-withinthe Act\u2019s meaning. (59 Ill. App. 2d 38, 127, 208 N.E.2d 249, 291.) The supreme court expressly adopted the appellate court\u2019s reasoning in this issue. 37 Ill. 2d 273, 286, 226 N.E.2d 630, 639.\nIn Navlyt v. Kalinich (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 137, 290 N.E.2d 219, a worker who was installing sewer tiles in a trench was killed when the walls of the trench collapsed on him. The supreme court held that the complaint stated a cause of action under the Structural Work Act. One of the allegations was that the absence of some type of \u201clateral stays, supports, shorings, or other mechanical contrivances\u201d in the trench proximately caused the worker\u2019s death. Defendants\u2019 motion to dismiss the complaint, however, was premised on the belief that the trench was not a \u201cstructure\u201d within the meaning of the Act. The supreme court adopted the appellate court\u2019s phrasing of the sole issue before it as whether the decedent, at the time the trench collapsed on him, was working on or about a \u201c \u2018house, building * * * or other structure\u2019 \u201d within the meaning of section one. (53 Ill. 2d 137, 138, 290 N.E.2d 219, 220.) The supreme court held that the sewer system was an integral part of the building being constructed at the site and consequently found that the decedent had been working \u201con or about a structure.\u201d The court went on to cite Louis v. Barenfanger (1968), 39 Ill. 2d 445, 236 N.E.2d 724, for the rule that \u201cfailure to provide scaffolding can be the basis for a cause of action under the Structural Work Act.\u201d The court also cited Miller v. DeWitt, stating that the DeWitt decision \u201cspecifically approved the holding \u00b0 * 0 that shoring is within the purview of the Act and a cause of action may be based on the inadequacy of the shores provided.\u201d 53 Ill. 2d 137, 139, 290 N.E.2d 219, 220.\nIn McNellis v. Combustion Engineering, Inc. (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 146, 317 N.E.2d 573, a man was fatally injured when a 20,000 pound metal pedestal fell on him as he was unloading it from a railroad car. The pedestals were to be transported to the site of a power generating facility being built approximately one-half mile away. A judgment was entered upon a jury verdict in favor of plaintiff. On appeal, the defendant argued, among other things, that the unloading of equipment was not an activity subject to the Structural Work Act. In rejecting this contention, the supreme court discussed the existence of a contract which indicated that the task of erecting machinery at the power station would necessitate the incidental tasks of unloading and storage. Further, the contract defined the premises of the construction as including all places contiguous to or in the vicinity of the place where the work was to be done. Accordingly, the court held that the unloading activity in question constituted \u201cerection of any building or other structure\u201d within the meaning of the Act. In addition to this discussion, the court cited testimony that a crane should have been used to hold the pedestals in place while the workers cut the metal pieces that secured them to the railroad car.\nLike the situations in McNellis and Navlyt, the instant facts involve the failure to provide a support device. The crane mentioned in McNellis, if properly used, would have functioned as a support for materials, not workers. The shoring that was not provided in Navlyt likewise would have functioned as \u201cstays\u201d or \u201csupports\u201d rather than scaffolds. Therefore, even though McNellis and Navlyt were primarily concerned with another aspect of the Act, the reasoning of both cases supports plaintiff\u2019s position. More directly on point is the DeWitt court\u2019s recognition that \u201csupports\u201d and \u201cstays\u201d need not function as \u201cscaffolds\u201d to be within the scope of the Structural Work Act. This holding controls on the statutory construction issue involved in the pending case.\nAs a final comment, we emphasize that our decision does not broaden the existing coverage of the Act, despite defendants\u2019 insinuation to the contrary. The scaffold cases will continue to be governed by the pertinent authorities previously discussed. When a person is injured by the failure of any support device the courts must determine whether the injury is directly related to the specific, extrahazardous risks that the Act was designed to prevent. Thus, if a person trips over a ladder rather than falls off of it, he probably will not be able to claim a Structural Work Act violation because his injury has no connection with the hazardous nature of the ladder. (See Tenenbaum v. City of Chicago (1975), 60 Ill. 2d 363, 371, 325 N.E.2d 607, 613.) Similarly, the worker who falls off steel pilings that are not meant to be scaffolds or other support devices does not state a claim under the Act. (Swendsen.) But where, as here, the injured party in the performance of his work is struck by unsupported trusses, he can recover if the jury determines from the evidence that he was proximately injured by the defendants\u2019 failure to provide such supports in violation of the Act.\nII\nDefendants next argue that the trial court erroneously denied their motion for leave to amend their answer. They attempted to plead an affirmative defense, following the close of plaintiff\u2019s case, based on section 5(a) of the Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act. This section provides, in pertinent part:\n\u201cNo common law or statutory right to recover damages from the employer # e for injury or death sustained by any employee while engaged in the line of his duty as such employee \u201c * * is available to any employee who is covered by the provisions of this Act * * (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1977, ch. 48, par. 138.5(a).)\nThe Workmen\u2019s Compensation Act applies to the construction industry (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 48, par. 138.3); hence, plaintiff\u2019s cause of action presumably would be defeated by defendants\u2019 affirmative defense under section 5(a). The trial court, however, denied as untimely defendants\u2019 motion for leave to plead the defense. Defendants now contend that this was an abuse of discretion because plaintiff had notice of the defense as early as 1978, when defendants raised the employment issue in their motion for judgment. Accordingly, defendants believe that plaintiff has waived his right to challenge their failure to plead the defense. We disagree.\nThere is no absolute right to amend pleadings; the timeliness of such a request is a discretionary determination by the trial court. (United Air Lines, Inc. v. Conductron Corp. (1979), 69 Ill. App. 3d 847, 387 N.E.2d 1272.) Under the circumstances of the instant case, we find no abuse of discretion. The trial court did consider that plaintiff was not \u201ctotally surprised\u201d by the Workmen\u2019s Compensation defense. We do not believe, however, that defendants can properly rely on plaintiff\u2019s awareness of the potential defense as an excuse for their failure to affirmatively plead it. Hence, we reject their theory that plaintiff had the duty to challenge the sufficiency of their answer (which did not plead the defense) when defendants moved for judgment in April of 1978; there was no affirmative pleading for plaintiff to attack by a motion to strike. Although defendants raised the employment issue at that time, they never attempted to amend their answer before trial. It was not until after plaintiff had completed his case in chief that they first filed for leave to amend.\nWhile the amendment of pleadings is to be liberally granted, we believe that the trial court carefully considered the circumstances in making its ruling. The record indicates that defense counsel had several opportunities to argue his position to the court outside of the jury\u2019s presence. Thus, the trial court\u2019s ultimate decision to deny defendants\u2019 amendment, jury instruction, and special interrogatory on the employment issue is supported by the record and was not an abuse of discretion. Therefore, we will not disturb the court\u2019s ruling on this issue.\nIn light of our holding, we need not consider whether defendant Walter\u2019s twice-repeated statements that plaintiff was not his employee should be considered conclusively binding on him as a judicial admission.\nIll\nFinally, defendants raise two alleged trial errors as grounds for reversal. First, they object to certain remarks that plaintiff\u2019s counsel made in his closing argument. In discussing the reasonableness of the requested $83,000 in damages, counsel stated that he had tried many cases and that \u201cthis [$83,000] is a very low figure for an injury of this type * * Also, defendants object to plaintiff\u2019s implication, made during his rebuttal, that the reason the defense attorney did not mention damages in his closing argument was because he knew \u201cthat is a reasonable figure.\u201d Defendants contend that these remarks were improper and may have influenced the jury to return an excessive verdict.\nWe note that the above remarks were made in the context of a lengthy discussion of plaintiff\u2019s injuries. While we do not believe that references to other claims are appropriate, counsel\u2019s remarks to the effect that $83,000 was low for \u201cthis type\u201d of case are not so damaging as to require reversal. Moreover, defendants failed to object to this comment, which may be viewed as a waiver. (Chloupek v. Jordan (1977), 49 Ill. App. 3d 809, 817, 364 N.E.2d 650.) Nor do we find that the brief reference to defense counsel\u2019s failure to argue damages rises to the level of reversible error. Defendants elected to stand on the liability issue and refrain from arguing damages. In adopting this tactic, they incurred an attendant risk that the jury would find plaintiff\u2019s unrebutted sum persuasive. Attorneys are accorded substantial latitude in their closing arguments (Goldstein v. Hertz Corp. (1973), 16 Ill. App. 3d 89, 305 N.E.2d 617), and a verdict will not be set aside on the basis of improper remarks unless they are so prejudicial as to fatally infect the jury\u2019s decision. We conclude from our examination of the transcripts the challenged remarks fall short of the reversible error standard. See Patur v. Aetna Life & Casualty (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 464, 413 N.E.2d 65.\nIV\nDefendants\u2019 last point of error involves the alleged impropriety of the court\u2019s allowing Charles Shultz to testify for plaintiff. The basis of their objection is that they were deprived of the opportunity to depose him before trial. As a result, they contend, they were unfairly surprised by his expert testimony.\nThe record does not support this claim. On the Friday before the trial began, plaintiff\u2019s counsel told the defense attorney that he might call Mr. Shultz to testify at trial. He had not considered hiring him before that time. The following Monday and Tuesday Shultz was out of town. On Wednesday, the third day of trial, plaintiff received word that Shultz was to undergo surgery and would not be available to testify after 2 o\u2019clock that afternoon. Plaintiff consequently asked the court for permission to call Shultz as his expert witness. Defendant objected because he had not had the opportunity to depose him. Although the trial court then offered defense counsel time to interview Shultz before he testified, counsel declined.\nIn view of these circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Shultz to testify. See Dickeson v. Baltimore & Ohio Chicago Terminal R.R. Co. (1965), 73 Ill. App. 2d 5, 220 N.E.2d 43, aff\u2019d (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 103, 245 N.E.2d 762; Burns v. West Chemical Products, Inc. (1973), 12 Ill. App. 3d 947, 956, 299 N.E.2d 455.\nAdditionally, we note that Shultz\u2019s testimony regarding the industry\u2019s safety standards was merely cumulative because two other witnesses had previously testified as to the custom and practice of supporting trusses with heavy lumber. Consequently, defendants were not surprised or prejudiced by the trial court\u2019s decision to permit Shultz to testify.\nFor the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court\u2019s judgment entered on the jury verdict against defendants in the amount of $83,232.50.\nAffirmed.\nSULLIVAN, P. J\u201e and MEJDA, J., concur.\nPlaintiff had suffered a loss of memory, at time of trial, because of a medical condition that was unrelated to his leg injuries. Accordingly, the trial court permitted defendant to introduce as evidence certain portions of plaintiffs deposition.\nA dictionary definition of scaffold is \u201ca temporary platform used by workers in the construction, repair, or cleaning of a building.\u201d (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 1157 (1969).) In comparison, two of the definitions of \u201csupport\u201d are \u201cto bear the weight of, especially from below,\u201d and \u201cto hold in position to prevent from falling, sinking, or slipping.\u201d (American Heritage Dictionary, at 1293.) A definition of \u201cstay\" is \u201csupport or brace.\u201d (American Heritage Dictionary, at 1260.) It is apparent that while a scaffold has a support function and a support may be used as a scaffold, the terms are not necessarily interchangeable.\nTo avoid confusion, we will only use the term \u201cscaffold\u201d to indicate a platform or device used to support workers \u2014 its customary meaning. When referring to the terms enumerated in section one collectively, we adopt the generic phrase \u201cdevice\u201d or \u201csupport device.\u201d\nIn Bennett v. Musgrave (1970), 130 Ill. App. 2d 891, 266 N.E.2d 128, one of the few cases involving falling materials, the court held that a worker could recover for injuries suffered when a wrench fell from a scaffold and struck him. In so holding, the court rejected defendant\u2019s argument that a wrench, as a tool, was not \u201cmaterial\u201d within the meaning of the Act. Bennett, 130 Ill. App. 2d 891, 894-95, 266 N.E.2d 128, 131.\nIn certain contexts, the employer\u2019s immunity provision may not bar the injured party from bringing a Structural Work Act lawsuit against his employer. (See Sharp v. Gallagher (1981), 94 Ill. App. 3d 1128, 419 N.E.2d 443.) This exception to employer immunity, called the dual capacity doctrine, is discussed in the recent Illinois Supreme Court decision of McCormick v. Caterpillar Tractor Co. (1981), 85 Ill. 2d 352, 423 N.E.2d 876.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE WILSON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Schaffenegger, Watson and Peterson, Ltd., of Chicago (Donald G. Peterson, of counsel), for appellants.", "Anesi, Ozmon, Lewin & Associates, Ltd., of Chicago (Maureen A. Mitchel and Curt N. Rodin, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "FRANK URMAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED WALTER et al., d/b/a Vermont Street Investments, Defendants-Appellants.\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 79-2471\nOpinion filed November 13, 1981.\nSchaffenegger, Watson and Peterson, Ltd., of Chicago (Donald G. Peterson, of counsel), for appellants.\nAnesi, Ozmon, Lewin & Associates, Ltd., of Chicago (Maureen A. Mitchel and Curt N. Rodin, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "1085-01", "first_page_order": 1107, "last_page_order": 1120 }