{ "id": 3078457, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. AL EUGENE BURTON, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Burton", "decision_date": "1981-11-25", "docket_number": "No. 17207", "first_page": "148", "last_page": "155", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "102 Ill. App. 3d 148" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "412 N.E.2d 541", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5476013 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 N.E.2d 10", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "69 Ill. App. 3d 65", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3241862 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/69/0065-01" ] }, { "cite": "399 N.E.2d 337", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "80 Ill. App. 3d 39", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3232495 ], "year": 1979, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/80/0039-01" ] }, { "cite": "416 N.E.2d 371", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. App. 3d 990", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5536315 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/92/0990-01" ] }, { "cite": "416 N.E.2d 1192", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 Ill. App. 3d 94", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3134988 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/93/0094-01" ] }, { "cite": "411 N.E.2d 9", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "81 Ill. 2d 524", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5480180 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/81/0524-01" ] }, { "cite": "416 N.E.2d 793", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. App. 3d 972", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5537588 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/92/0972-01" ] }, { "cite": "563 S.W.2d 804", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 9950910 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/563/0804-01" ] }, { "cite": "342 N.Y.S. 2d 896", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 App. Div. 2d 325", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "A.D.2d", "case_ids": [ 5615990 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ad2d/41/0325-01" ] }, { "cite": "113 Ariz. 141", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 586881 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/113/0141-01" ] }, { "cite": "65 S. Ct. 588", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "89 L. Ed. 1404", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "324 U.S. 842", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6161456, 6161343, 6161284, 6161399 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/324/0842-04", "/us/324/0842-02", "/us/324/0842-01", "/us/324/0842-03" ] }, { "cite": "54 N.E.2d 700", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "386 Ill. 483", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2493128 ], "year": 1945, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/386/0483-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 P.2d 1017", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 Wash. 2d 659", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wash. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1086627 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wash-2d/74/0659-01" ] }, { "cite": "189 N.E.2d 160", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "116 Ohio App. 522", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ohio App.", "case_ids": [ 8809612 ], "year": 1968, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ohio-app/116/0522-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 833, "char_count": 15788, "ocr_confidence": 0.89, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.870190121346648e-07, "percentile": 0.7261761206927508 }, "sha256": "c89da87689a4948761b3980200726c02710c66c1fc921bbeb9d7789cd95f0762", "simhash": "1:a8de982fd598a6d5", "word_count": 2640 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:07:42.734695+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. AL EUGENE BURTON, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE MILLS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nAggravated incest with both stepdaughters \u2014 starting at age five!\nCan the wife testify to the stepfather\u2019s admissions of his acts against the two girls?\nYes \u2014 no privileged communication where the interests of the children are involved.\nThe jury verdict of guilty and the sentence of 6 years are affirmed.\nBurton resided with his wife and their sons, T\u2019Challa and A-Jay. Also living in the home were his wife\u2019s two daughters by a prior marriage. Burton was convicted of committing aggravated incest with the stepdaughters, who were ages eight and nine at the time of trial in March 1981.\nThe nine-year-old testified that on the evening before the family left for its vacation in August 1980, her mother went to the laundromat and left her, defendant stepfather, and T\u2019Challa at home. As she was trying on a new swimsuit that had been purchased for the vacation, defendant came into her room. After removing the swimsuit, she began to put on her pajamas, but defendant told her not to do so. He ordered T\u2019Challa to go outside and went to another room to obtain a towel. He then proceeded to lie on top of her and have sexual intercourse with her. The girl stated that when defendant got up, he used the towel to wipe \u201cyellow stuff\u201d from the bed and from her vagina.\nThe girl also testified that this type of occurrence had taken place before and had been going on for four or five years. She was unable to estimate the number of times defendant had had intercourse with her during that period.\nThe eight-year-old testified that about a week before the family\u2019s August vacation, she, defendant, and A-Jay were at home while her mother was doing laundry. During the evening, defendant got on top of her and \u201cput his penis in [her] vagina in the red part.\u201d After he got up, she went to the bathroom and defendant wiped her off with a wet towel.\nTo the prosecutor\u2019s question whether defendant had had intercourse with her before, the eight-year-old said, \u201cI don\u2019t remember it, but it happened before.\u201d She did not know how long ago defendant had begun such activity with her.\nDefendant\u2019s wife testified that she and her four children are now living with her mother in Pennsylvania. She stated that the family\u2019s vacation had been spent in South Bend, Indiana, where they visited their former pastor and his family, and during the vacation the girls told their mother about defendant\u2019s sexual activity with them. When she asked defendant about it, he at first denied the accusations and \u201cwanted to whip them.\u201d The mother, however, insisted that they talk to the girls first. When the girls repeated the same allegations in the presence of defendant and their mother, defendant asked his wife to go with him to another room. He there admitted to her that the girls were telling the truth.\nWilliam Patrick Hartshorn, of the Vermilion County sheriff\u2019s office, testified that he had requested defendant to come in for questioning concerning an allegation of aggravated incest. Defendant told Hartshorn that in 1977 he had begun lying in bed with the nine-year-old (then age five), holding and fondling her and rubbing her legs with his hands. In early 1978 he began fondling her genital area and inserting his finger in her vagina, and in late 1978 he began to have sexual intercourse with her.\nIn 1979 he began having intercourse with the eight-year-old. Defendant estimated that during 1979 and the first part of 1980, he had intercourse with the girls 10 to 12 times. In particular he described an incident which occurred in July 1980, while his wife was at the laundromat, leaving him at home with the eight-year-old. He had sexual intercourse with her by having her get on top of him and then inserting his penis in her vagina. Following his climax, he took the girl to the bathroom and cleaned her up. He told the girl he had done wrong and encouraged her to tell her mother so that he would be stopped from doing it in the future.\nTestimony of Officer James Gooden, who was present during the interview with defendant, largely corroborated Hartshorn\u2019s testimony. He added that defendant had attempted to have intercourse with the nine-year-old in late 1977 but had been unable to penetrate her vagina.\nThe jury found defendant guilty on two counts of aggravated incest under section 11 \u2014 10 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (111. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 11 \u2014 10), which includes \u2014 within the definition of that crime\u2014 sexual intercourse between a man and his stepdaughter who is under age 18.\nI\nDefendant first contends that the trial court erred in allowing his wife to testify about his admission to her that he had had sexual intercourse with his stepdaughters. The State, on the other hand, contends that this testimony fell within one of the exceptions to the marital privilege. The relevant statute is section 6 of division XIII of \u201can Act to revise the law in relation to criminal jurisprudence,\u201d regarding witnesses (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 155\u20141), which provides in part:\n\u201cIn all criminal cases, husband and wife may testify for or against each other: provided, that neither may testify as to any communication or admission made by either of them to the other or as to any conversation between them during marriage, except in cases where either is charged with an offense against the person or property of the other, or in case of spouse abandonment, or where the interests of their child or children are directly involved, or as to matters in which either has acted as agent of the other.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe parties agree that the resolution of this issue turns upon whether defendant\u2019s trial for aggravated incest can be classified as a case in which the interests of the children of defendant and his wife are directly involved. Initially, we observe that this exception to the marital privilege should apply even where, as here, \u201cchildren\u201d of a couple are in fact the stepchildren of one spouse. Since the exception was obviously intended to benefit and protect children within a family relationship, it would be a violation of that legislative intention to make it applicable only where natural children are involved. State v. White (1962), 116 Ohio App. 522, 189 N.E.2d 160. See also State v. Lounsbery (1968), 74 Wash. 2d 659, 445 P.2d 1017.\nApparently no case has yet determined what our legislature meant in referring to the \u201cinterests\u201d of a married couple\u2019s children. Defendant relies upon People v. Bartell (1944), 386 Ill. 483, 54 N.E.2d 700, cert. denied (1945), 324 U.S. 842, 89 L. Ed. 1404, 65 S. Ct. 588, but that case is not particularly helpful to him. Bartell was tried for the murder of his 21-month-old daughter. His wife was called as a court witness and testified to certain conversations she had had with him about the paternity of the child. The statute concerning the marital privilege in criminal cases was identical, in all relevant parts, to the present paragraph 155 \u2014 1. The Bartell court concluded, based on the statute, that the trial court should have excluded this testimony.\nThat court did not, however, specifically address the question whether trial for the murder of a child is a case in which that child\u2019s interests are directly involved. In the case at bar, the State has specifically invoked that exception to the marital privilege, and the trial court relied upon it in admitting defendant\u2019s wife\u2019s testimony.\nIs an aggravated incest prosecution a case in which a child\u2019s interests are directly involved? To ask the question is to answer it. The Committee Comments to our aggravated incest statute indicate that the purpose of that provision was to prescribe criminal penalties for \u201cthose situations where parental authority may be abused in taking advantage of a young and dependent child.\u201d (Ill. Ann. Stat., ch. 38, par. 11\u201410, Committee Comments, at 311 (Smith-Hurd 1979).) Thus, that paragraph was intended as a means of protecting children from abuse. Defendant\u2019s stepdaughters clearly had an interest in being free from his sexual assaults, and his prosecution for aggravated incest was a means of insuring that they would not be subjected to further mistreatment from him. Consequently, the children\u2019s interests were directly involved in this case.\nEven assuming that the Bartell court considered the exception to the marital privilege that we address here, we do not regard our decision as inconsistent with that case. The child/victim in Bartell was dead. As such, any interest she had in seeing defendant tried for a crime died with her. Had the child lived, and had defendant been prosecuted for battery or attempt murder, the case would have been analogous to the one at bar. As it stands, Bartell is readily distinguishable.\nWe also note that other courts construing marital privilege statutes have shown paramount concern for the public policy of protecting minors from physical abuse. These courts, faced with statutes that excepted from the marital privilege testimony of a spowse/victim, have extended that exception to include cases in which the child of defendant and the spouse is a victim. (State v. Ulin (1976), 113 Ariz. 141, 548 P.2d 19; People v. Allman (1973), 41 App. Div. 2d 325, 342 N.Y.S. 2d 896; Adams v. State (Tenn. Crim. App. 1978), 563 S.W.2d 804.) Thus, even if our legislature had not provided for an exception to the marital privilege in cases in which the \u201cinterests\u201d of children of a couple are directly involved, there would be strong authority for recognizing an exception where the children are victims of a crime perpetrated by one of the parents.\nWe therefore conclude that the trial court was correct in allowing defendant\u2019s wife to testify concerning conversations between her and defendant while they were married. (Even if the trial court had been in error in allowing this testimony into evidence, the error would have been harmless. The testimony of the girls and of Officers Hartshorn and Gooden overwhelmingly established defendant\u2019s guilt.)\nII\nAt the sentencing hearing, the trial judge observed that the two victims were \u201cvery small, very frightened, very insecure and, obviously, damaged children * * He found that defendant\u2019s conduct had \u201cobviously injected severe psychological trauma on the victims, a serious psychological trauma which may well be carried with them throughout their lives.\u201d This finding rested solely upon the judge\u2019s observation of the victims at trial; no evidence in aggravation was presented at the sentencing hearing concerning the effect of the offenses on the victims.\nThere can be no doubt that the effect of a crime upon the victim is an aggravating factor which a sentencing court may properly consider. Indeed, the legislature has required that such information be included in presentence reports. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 3\u20142(a)(3).) In addition, section 5 \u2014 5\u20143.2(a)(1) of the Unified Code of Corrections (111. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 5\u20143.2(a)(1)) lists as an aggravating factor that \u201cdefendant\u2019s conduct caused or threatened serious harm.\u201d Courts have said that harm to a victim is properly considered under this provision. People v. Robinson (1981), 92 Ill. App. 3d 972, 416 N.E.2d 793.\nDefendant contends, however, that the trial court erred in considering psychological trauma to the victims as an aggravating factor since there was no evidence of it in the record. We reject defendant\u2019s implication that a trial judge, at the time of sentencing, is to block from his mind all that he saw and heard at the time of trial. In fact, it is proper for a trial judge to search for all factors relevant to the proper sentence to be given to a defendant, provided that the information he considers is accurate and reliable. (People v. Meeks (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 524, 411 N.E.2d 9.) As a human being experienced in seeing people of all ages testify in criminal trials, Judge Robinson acted quite properly in concluding that the victims\u2019 behavior in court was the result of psychological trauma, not just nervousness as defendant suggests. A trial judge is in the best position to evaluate the various circumstances affecting sentencing. (People v. Cozzi (1981), 93 Ill. App. 3d 94, 416 N.E.2d 1192.) Although the victims\u2019 demeanor and behavior were not, as such, spelled out in the black and white record, they were within the ken of the trial judge, both during questioning to determine their competency to testify and during the trial itself.\nThe contention that psychological trauma to a victim could not be considered as an aggravating factor without evidence of it in the record was recently rejected in People v. Lloyd (1981), 92 Ill. App. 3d 990, 416 N.E.2d 371. Defendant had pled guilty to indecent liberties with a three-year-old girl. The factual basis indicated that while he was babysitting with the child, he attempted sexual intercourse with her. Being unsuccessful, he licked her vagina and climaxed on her body. The State produced no evidence in aggravation at the sentencing hearing, but the trial court observed that the defendant had inflicted or attempted to inflict serious injury to another \u2014 though not bodily injury.\nDefendant argued that the sentencing court had abused its discretion in considering harm to the victim where the existence or extent of harm was not shown. The Lloyd court rejected that argument, concluding that the record raised a reasonable inference that the young victim would suffer emotional injury as a result of defendant\u2019s actions. See also People v. Gossage (1980), 80 Ill. App. 3d 39, 399 N.E.2d 337; People v. Matthews (1979), 69 Ill. App. 3d 65, 387 N.E.2d 10.\nUnder the authority of Lloyd, Judge Robinson would have been correct in considering psychological injury to defendant\u2019s stepdaughters even if they had not testified. Obviously, he was within his discretion in considering this factor when he had been able to see and hear them. We agree with the Lloyd court that a sentencing court may infer that a child/ victim of sex abuse has sustained psychological damage.\nHI\nDefendant also argues that his sentence of 6 years (1 year less than the maximum) was an abuse of discretion. He points out that his presentence report shows that he has a high school education, plus one year of junior college, and that he has been accepted at Oakwood College, Huntsville, Alabama, to begin study for the ministry. The report also shows that he earns $8.95 an hour in his job with the Illinois Central Gulf Railroad. Two ministers of the Seventh Day Adventist Church testified concerning defendant\u2019s religious conviction and sincerity in his desire to improve himself.\nA sentence will be disturbed on appeal only if it is the product of an abuse of discretion. (People v. Cox (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 268, 412 N.E.2d 541.) The circumstances of this case clearly support this sentence. The record shows that defendant had repeatedly made sexual assaults upon his stepdaughters, beginning as early as age five. The trauma they have sustained may well accompany them into adulthood and almost certainly will color the rest of their lives. We agree with the court that more than the minimum sentence is needed in this kind of case to deter others from engaging in such despicable, atrocious and damaging conduct.\nThe sentence was proper.\nAffirmed.\nGREEN and LONDRIGAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE MILLS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel D. Yuhas and Lawrence Bapst, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.", "Edward Litak, State\u2019s Attorney, of Danville (Robert J. Biderman and James K. Horstman, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. AL EUGENE BURTON, Defendant-Appellant.\nFourth District\nNo. 17207\nOpinion filed November 25, 1981.\nDaniel D. Yuhas and Lawrence Bapst, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellant.\nEdward Litak, State\u2019s Attorney, of Danville (Robert J. Biderman and James K. Horstman, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0148-01", "first_page_order": 170, "last_page_order": 177 }