{ "id": 2931760, "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Paul Burkchardt, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Burkchardt", "decision_date": "1973-05-01", "docket_number": "No. 55063", "first_page": "760", "last_page": "765", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "11 Ill. App. 3d 760" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "289 N.E.2d 280", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "8 Ill.App.3d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2759316 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/8/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "282 N.E.2d 691", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "51 Ill.2d 410", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5392659 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/51/0410-01" ] }, { "cite": "5 A.L.R.3d 1158", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "383 P.2d 152", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "P.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "59 Cal.2d 901", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Cal. 2d", "case_ids": [ 4391868 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/cal-2d/59/0901-01" ] }, { "cite": "175 N.E.2d 681", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "682" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "9 N.Y.2d 578", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.2d", "case_ids": [ 2258430 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny-2d/9/0578-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 U.S. 478", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6168936 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/370/0478-01" ] }, { "cite": "275 N.E.2d 400", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "49 Ill.2d 435", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2909230 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/49/0435-01" ] }, { "cite": "201 N.E.2d 386", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "31 Ill.2d 202", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2833921 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "206" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/31/0202-01" ] }, { "cite": "354 U.S. 476", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6160660 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "490" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/354/0476-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 N.W.2d 844", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10769030 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/204/0844-01" ] }, { "cite": "215 N.E.2d 251", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "34 Ill.2d 250", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2880427 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "252" }, { "page": "254" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/34/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "96 L.Ed. 1098", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed.", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "343 U.S. 495", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11340482 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/343/0495-01" ] }, { "cite": "345 F. Supp. 780", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 3525170 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/345/0780-01" ] }, { "cite": "264 N.E.2d 153", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill.2d 576", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2898305 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/46/0576-01" ] }, { "cite": "242 N.E.2d 761", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "41 Ill.2d 135", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2852012 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/41/0135-01" ] }, { "cite": "383 U.S. 413", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6171859 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "418" }, { "page": "418" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/383/0413-01" ] }, { "cite": "204 N.E.2d 768", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 Ill.2d 260", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2839548 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/32/0260-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 665, "char_count": 12377, "ocr_confidence": 0.762, "pagerank": { "raw": 7.351004668085048e-08, "percentile": 0.4410983034146006 }, "sha256": "5a2d3a41aa6c878622a62833c63b98b69f48ebd7f6307cdbad364d32c60ccb4b", "simhash": "1:da338664123f5f7d", "word_count": 2008 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:22:35.785791+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Paul Burkchardt, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE LEIGHTON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe issues in this appeal arise from a prosecution that followed the theatre showing of a motion picture, \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh.\u201d Defendant Paul Burkhardt, the theatre manager, was arrested and charged with obscenity. He waived trial by jury, was found guilty and sentenced to pay a fine of $1,000.\nThe State\u2019s evidence consisted of tire motion picture, the testimony of a police officer who identified defendant as the theatre manager and a stipulation. The parties agreed that if three vice control policemen of the City of Chicago were called, they would testify that they saw \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d; that it portrayed matters which appealed to the prurient interest of the average adult; that it had no redeeming social value and that it went beyond contemporary community standards in the portrayal of sexual matters. This was the State\u2019s case.\nDefendant then moved for a directed finding of not guilty. In the argument that followed, the assistant state\u2019s attorney told the court that the \u201c* * * contemporary community standards in Cook County, Illinois are the standards, which must guide us and must guide this Court.\u201d Defendant\u2019s counsel then asked if the court was applying \u201clocal contemporary community standards.\u201d The trial judge replied, \u201cThat is right.\u201d Thereafter, defendant\u2019s motion was denied. He then put on his defense.\nDefendant offered to show that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was part of a trilogy that began with \u201cThe Touch of Her Flesh,\u201d a picture that was shown in the City of Chicago with the approval of censorship authorities. The State objected but the trial judge agreed to view \u201cThe Touch of Her Flesh.\u201d Next, defendant offered to show that the picture in this case, \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh,\u201d had been exhibited in 16 states prior to its Chicago showing, all without incident or complaint that it was obscene. The State objected and the court ruled that evidence of t\u00edrese facts was not relevant. Defendant, however, was allowed to make an offer of proof.\nThen, defendant put on evidence that consisted of his testimony and that of a woman patron of his theatre. The woman, a saleslady in a store on North Michigan Avenue in Chicago, testified that in the company of two male friends she saw the motion picture in question but it impressed her as \u201c* * * just a poorly made movie, rather amateurish. I have seen worse. There is certainly much worse on the board right now.\u201d The woman said that the picture did not appeal to her prurient interest nor arouse her sexual desires. Following the woman, defendant testified that although he managed the theatre, he did not book \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh,\u201d nor did he see it.\nWith this testimony, both sides rested. Defendant\u2019s counsel then argued that even if the trial court was being guided by local contemporary standards, the State had not introduced any evidence as to what those standards were. Counsel argued that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d had been shown in 16 states without any suggestion that it was obscene. Therefore, it was proper for defendant to have relied on this fact in determining whether he could, without violating the criminal obscenity statute, exhibit the motion picture. After hearing the assistant state\u2019s attorney in reply, the trial judge reviewed the detaHs of the motion picture, summarized the evidence and found that defendant knew the nature of the picture. The trial judge concluded that \u201c[t]he dominant theme [of the picture] is designed, in this court\u2019s opinion, to appeal to the prurient interests of the standards of this community, the standards contemporary of tins community\u201d; that the motion picture was not hardcore pornography but \u201c* 6 * a conglomeration of sexual activities that do not meet, in my judgment, the contemporary standards of this community, and would appeal and does appeal to the prurient or lustful interests of the average person # The trial court ruled that the picture was obscene and found defendant guilty.\nA short time later, defendant filed a motion for a new trial. In its support, his lawyer reiterated the argument that had been made in support of the motions for acquittal. The motion was denied and the fine was imposed. In this appeal, defendant presents three issues. I. Whether Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 11\u201420, the Illinois criminal obscenity statute, is constitutional under the first and fourteenth amendments to the United States Constitution. II. Whether the evidence proved that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was obscene within the meaning of the Illinois criminal obscenity statute. III. Whether the evidence proved defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nI.\nOn file first issue, defendant contends that Illinois\u2019 criminal obscenity statute (IH. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 11 \u2014 20), is constitutional because its definition of obscenity is too vague and indefinite to meet the due process requirements of the federal constitution. We are constrained to hold otherwise. This contention was rejected in People v. Sikora, 32 Ill.2d 260, 204 N.E.2d 768. In decisions following Sikora, our Supreme Court has construed this state\u2019s obscenity statute as containing the requirements of constitutionality declared in A Book Named \u201cJohn Cleland\u2019s Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure\u201d v. Attorney General (1966), 383 U.S. 413, 16 L.Ed.2d 1, 86 S.Ct. 975. A discussion of these requirements can be found in City of Blue Island v. DeVilbiss, 41 Ill.2d 135, 242 N.E.2d 761 and City of Chicago v. Geraci, 46 Ill.2d 576, 264 N.E.2d 153. We conclude that Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 11\u201420 is constitutional. Movies, Inc. v. Conlisk (D.C. Ill. 1971), 345 F. Supp. 780.\nII\nOn the second issue, defendant contends that within the meaning of the obscenity statute, tire evidence did not prove that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was obscene. This issue is resolved by application of statutory and constitutional principles that govern the law of obscenity.\nMotion pictures, like the one in this case, are a form of expression whose liberty is safeguarded by the first amendment to the United States Constitution. (Joseph Burstyn, Inc. v. Wilson (1952), 343 U.S. 495, 96 L.Ed. 1098, 72 S.Ct. 777; see Comment, Obscenity in the Movies, 18 Loyola L. Rev. 354 (1971-72).) And in a case of this nature, we must independently determine whether the picture in issue is obscene or one that is entitled to constitutional protection. (City of Chicago v. Universal Publishing & Distributing Corp., 34 Ill.2d 250, 252, 215 N.E.2d 251.) We do this by a careful evaluation of the evidence and the findings of the trial court. If necessary, a reviewing court will view the motion picture.\nIn a prosecution for obscenity, the state must establish that \u201c(a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation of sexual matters; and (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value.\u201d (Memoirs, 383 U.S. 413, 418; State v. Lavin (1973), (Iowa), 204 N.W.2d 844.) Within this tripartite test, it is the rule in this state that if the material in question is admitted for viewing by the corut or jury and defendant offers no evidence relating to contemporary community standards, \u201c8 * * the triers of fact \u2018are the exclusive judges of what the common conscience of the community is\u2019.\u201d Roth v. United States (1957), 354 U.S. 476, 490, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498, 77 S.Ct. 1304; City of Chicago v. Kimmel, 31 Ill.2d 202, 206, 201 N.E.2d 386.\nIn this case, however, the trial judge looked to the \u201ccontemporary community standards in Cook County, Illinois.\u201d It appears, however, that subsection (c) (4) of our statute (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, sec. 11 \u2014 20), refers to what evidence is admissible and speaks of tire \u201cdegree, if any, of public acceptance of the material in this State 8 * 8.\u201d (Emphasis added.) At the very least, then, the statute contemplates a statewide standard, not a standard that varies from county to county. Therefore, the trial court\u2019s application of the contemporary community standards in Cook County, Illinois was reversible error. This was the holding of our Supreme Court in People v. Butler, 49 Ill.2d 435, 275 N.E.2d 400.\nIn addition, the trial court found that although \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was not hard-core pornography, it was nevertheless obscene. It is settled that under the first and fourteenth amendments to the federal constitution, criminal laws that proscribe obscenity are constitutionally limited to the principles set forth in Roth, Jacobellis, Manual Enterprises, Inc. v. Day, 370 U.S. 478, 8 L.Ed.2d 639, 82 S.Ct. 1432 and summarized in Memoirs, 383 U.S. at 418. Of course, the State has the power to proscribe obscenity; but such proscription must be cautiously applied because \u201c[t]he danger of a violation of cherished First Amendment rights necessitates [a] narrow construction * * (People v. Richmond County News, Inc., 9 N.Y.2d 578, 175 N.E.2d 681, 682.) A narrow construction, one consistent with Roth and its progeny, is constitutionally limited to hard-core pornography. (Jacobellis v. Ohio, 378 U.S. at 197, (Stewart, J., concurring); People v. Richmond County News, Inc., supra; Zeitlin v. Arnebergh, 59 Cal.2d 901, 383 P.2d 152; and see Annot., 5 A.L.R.3d 1158.) Consistent with this constitutional limitation, material is obscene, within the meaning of the Illinois criminal obscenity statute, if it is \u201cpatently offensive.\u201d (City of Chicago v. Universal Publishing & Distributing Corp., 34 Ill.2d 250, 254, 215 N.E.2d 251.) Therefore, the trial comt\u2019s conclusion that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was obscene is refuted by the finding that the film was not hard-core pornography.\nMoreover, we have concluded that neither the evidence nor the other findings disclose that this motion picture contains patently offensive material. (Compare People v. Ridens, 51 Ill.2d 410, 282 N.E.2d 691; People v. Price, 8 Ill.App.3d 158, 289 N.E.2d 280.) For these reasons it is our judgment that \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was not proved obscene within either the meaning of the Illinois criminal obscenity statute or applicable United States Supreme Court decisions.\nIII.\nThis being so, it follows that the evidence did not prove beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant was guilty of criminal obscenity. \u201cThe Curse of Her Flesh\u201d was not obscene within the meaning of the Illinois criminal obscenity statute. Therefore, neither knowingly nor recklessly could defendant have exhibited an obscene motion picture as charged in the two-count complaint. Accordingly, tire judgment is reversed.\nJudgment reversed.\nDRUCKER, P. J., and SCHWARTZ, J\u201e concur.\nA two-count complaint, alleged that on October 14, 1968 defendant \u201c* 9 9 provided and exhibited an obscene motion picture, to wit: \u2018The Curse of Her Flesh\u2019 * s * with knowledge of the nature or content thereof. * * * [Pjrovided and exhibited an obscene motion picture, to wit: \u2018The Curse of Her Flesh,\u2019 [and] recklessly failed to exercise reasonable inspection which would have disclosed the nature or content thereof in violation of Chapter 38, Section 11 \u2014 20 Illinois Revised Statute * *\n\u201cA person commits obscenity when, with knowledge of the nature or content thereof, or recklessly failing to exercise reasonable inspection which would have disclosed the nature or content thereof, he:\n(1) Sells, delivers or provides, or offers or agrees to sell, deliver or provide any obscene writing, picture, record or other representation or embodiment of the obscene; or\n# # a\n(3) Publishes, exhibits or otherwise makes available anything obscene; or\n# # #\n(d) Penalty.\nA person convicted of obscenity shall for the first offense be fined not to exceed $1,000.00 or imprisoned in a penal institution other than the penitentiary not to exceed one year, or both 9 9 9.\u201d\nIll. Rev. Stat. 1969, ch. 38, par. 11\u201420(a)(1), (3); (d)", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE LEIGHTON" } ], "attorneys": [ "Brown, Rosenthal & Wilson, of Chicago, (Ben J. Rosenthal and Woodrow P. Wilson, of counsel,) for appellant.", "Edward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (Robert A. Novelle and Henry A. Hauser, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Paul Burkchardt, Defendant-Appellant.\n(No. 55063;\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nMay 1, 1973.\nBrown, Rosenthal & Wilson, of Chicago, (Ben J. Rosenthal and Woodrow P. Wilson, of counsel,) for appellant.\nEdward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago, (Robert A. Novelle and Henry A. Hauser, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel,) for the People." }, "file_name": "0760-01", "first_page_order": 782, "last_page_order": 787 }