{ "id": 3522919, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BERNARD EVANS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Evans", "decision_date": "1984-03-16", "docket_number": "No. 3\u201483\u20140459", "first_page": "733", "last_page": "740", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "122 Ill. App. 3d 733" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "657 F.2d 64", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1192013 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/657/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 N.E.2d 391", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "394" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ill. App. 3d 89", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5476875 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "92" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/104/0089-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 N.E.2d 836", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 Ill. 2d 169", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3101524 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/93/0169-01" ] }, { "cite": "431 N.E.2d 1080", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. App. 3d 610", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5484384 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/103/0610-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 854, "char_count": 16815, "ocr_confidence": 0.775, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.196036207618605e-07, "percentile": 0.9402704559223337 }, "sha256": "506c5140892a39ff0a63a80f3d9172b49f681dd339e7dbbf1ffa83245bb9c43e", "simhash": "1:580af32ff1b349a4", "word_count": 2803 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:37:51.597464+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BERNARD EVANS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BARRY\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nAfter a jury trial in the circuit court of Peoria County, defendant Bernard Evans was found guilty of Unlawful delivery of a controlled substance (LSD). He was sentenced to a term of two years\u2019 imprisonment and ordered to make restitution in the amount of $180 from his bond.\nIn his appeal, defendant presents three issues: (1) whether he was proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) whether prosecutorial misconduct deprived him of a fair trial; and (3) whether the sentencing judge exceeded his authority in ordering restitution.\nThe incident giving rise to the offense involved the sale by the defendant of approximately 100 pills containing less than five grams of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to 16-year-old Mike France on November 1, 1982. At defendant\u2019s trial, France testified for the State under a grant of immunity. Other State witnesses included Donna Kurlinkus of the Multi-County Drug Enforcement Group (MEG); Agent Harry Sweet, also of MEG; and forensic scientist, Jean Muehlfelt.\nSince the defendant\u2019s first issue essentially challenges the credibility of the State\u2019s witnesses, we will detail their testimony as presented at trial.\nMichael France\nAccording to France, he had met Agent Kurlinkus about a month prior to the instant drug sale while she was working undercover as \u201cKaren Graham.\u201d Kurlinkus had been introduced to France as a friend of Gerald Price, an acquaintance of France.\nAround 10 a.m. of November 1, 1982, Price and Graham arrived at France\u2019s home in Chillicothe. The three then drove in Price\u2019s car to a house at Edgewater Terrace where France was to purchase for Graham 100 \u201chits\u201d of LSD from a known drug source, Toby Hutchinson. France knocked on the door of Hutchinson\u2019s house and waited about 15 minutes, but there was no answer. So he returned to Price and Graham and suggested they leave and come back a bit later since Toby usually was not gone long. They drove to a McDonald\u2019s restaurant and stayed there about an hour before returning to the Edgewater Terrace address. This time, France was admitted into the house by the defendant. France paid $180 from the $200 given to him by Graham and was given a plastic baggie containing 100 little pills known to him as purple microdot. When he returned to the car, France handed the bag of pills to Graham and told her to tell people not to take more than three hits at a time because it was very strong. He said that he had taken two the night before, and on the drive home all of the reflector lights along the side of the road were saying, \u201chi, hi, hi, hi.\u201d France had not, in truth, taken LSD the night before the transaction in question, but he had made the comment to Graham because he had taken some of the purple microdot on an earlier occasion. It was not that good, and he did not want Graham to be \u201cbummed out.\u201d\nOn cross-examination France admitted that he had lied to the grand jury when he told them he did not use LSD. France said that, although he was sworn to tell the truth on that occasion, he had not been represented by counsel and he knew nothing about the law. Donna Kurlinkus\nKurlinkus (Graham) had been introduced to France through her confidential source, Gerald Price. She related that she and Price picked up France at 11:30 a.m. on November 1, 1982. They drove to a house at 14905 Fruitland in Edgewild Addition and parked in the driveway. France told Kurlinkus that the acid she wanted cost about $1.80 a hit. She gave him $200 in $50 bills for 100 \u201chits\u201d and told France to keep the change. Kurlinkus intended to give France the impression that she had a lot of money so that at some later time she could get France to introduce her to a large drug supplier under the guise that she wanted to deal in thousand lots.\nFrance went to the door of the house just south of the address where the car was parked. It was raining very hard at the time, and France came back within a few minutes and reported that Toby was not there. At France\u2019s suggestion, the three left for about an hour and then returned to the Fruitland address. Upon their return, Kurlinkus said there were several men working around the house looking at old cars. France went up to one with dark or black hair and they proceeded together inside the house.\nWhen France returned to the car, Kurlinkus asked if the man he bought from was Toby and France said, \u201cNo, that was Bernie.\u201d After dropping France back to his home, Kurlinkus field-tested the pills and ascertained that they contained LSD. The pills were subsequently delivered to the Morton crime lab for further testing.\nAt trial, Kurlinkus identified the defendant as the person she saw going into the house with France, but admitted that his hair was not dark. She explained the discrepancy by observing that his hair had been soaked by the rain when she saw him on November 1 and that it had appeared black under those conditions. She was, nonetheless, certain that she recognized the defendant\u2019s face from her earlier viewing of him.\nJean Muehlfelt\nForensic scientist Jean Muehlfelt of the Morton crime lab testified as an expert witness for the State. Based on her tests of the pills, she concluded that they contained LSD.\nHarry Sweet\nFinally, another MEG agent, Harry Sweet, testified that he had arrested the defendant on January 26, 1983, on the unlawful delivery charge. The defendant was read his Miranda rights, and he agreed to talk with the agent. Sweet read to the defendant the report filed by Agent Kurlinkus concerning the November 1, 1982, drug deal and then asked the defendant what he knew about the transaction. The defendant said he didn\u2019t know a Mike France and he did not remember having sold 100 hits to a Mike France. Nonetheless, the defendant admitted that Toby Hutchinson had been a roommate of his and that Hutchinson made monthly or bi-monthly trips to Michigan with $10,000 in cash to purchase LSD at $.64 a hit and then sold it from the Chillicothe residence at about $1.80 a hit. The defendant volunteered to turn over telephone bills displaying calls to Michigan made by Hutchinson. The defendant marked the long distance numbers called by Hutchinson in connection with the drug business for the agent\u2019s use.\nThe defendant on appeal takes the position that the immunized testimony of the State\u2019s star witness, Mike France, was not sufficiently credible to sustain a verdict of guilty and that Agent Kurlinkus\u2019 version was inconsistent in too many details to be considered corroborative of France\u2019s story. While it is true that France was shown to have lied under oath about his own drug use when he gave testimony against the defendant and he admitted having lied to \u201cGraham\u201d when he told her that the acid she bought was strong, we believe that France\u2019s credibility at trial was a matter properly placed before the jury to be weighed in their determination of the verdict. France was only 15 years old and, although streetwise, the jury could have believed that he had had little enough experience with the criminal justice system not to have understood the consequences of perjury when he lied to the grand jury. The fact of France\u2019s lies was thoroughly explored during defense counsel\u2019s cross-examination, as was the fact of the State\u2019s grant of immunity for this drug transaction and two earlier ones he had participated in with Agent Kurlinkus. In redirect examination, the State brought out France\u2019s understanding that he would be prosecuted for perjury if he lied from the witness stand and that France did not want to testify in this trial. In our opinion, France\u2019s credibility was sufficiently tested at trial to permit the jury to believe or disbelieve the evidence testified to by him. The jury was properly instructed on accomplice testimony. The testimony of an accomplice is sufficient to sustain a conviction in Illinois if it satisfies the trier of fact beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Nathaniel (1981), 103 Ill. App. 3d 610, 431 N.E.2d 1080.) It is apparent from the jury\u2019s verdict that this standard was met here.\nWe do not find Kurlinkus\u2019 testimony, although differing as to certain details, so radically contrary to that of France\u2019s that it can not be believed. In many significant respects, Kurlinkus corroborated the substance of France\u2019s testimony. France did not indicate that he met the defendant prior to entering the house. However, France was not asked whether or not he had met the defendant outside of the house on the second trip to the Fruitland address. Thus, the jury could reasonably have believed that France did not mention that particular detail because it was not significant to him. To Kurlinkus, who testified that they had met prior to entering the house, the detail was of great significance because she wanted to remember the appearance of the person France talked to outside of the house for purposes of possible later identification of the drug dealer that she suspected was Toby Hutchinson. Her explanation of the discrepancy in the defendant\u2019s hair color was not so implausible as to destroy Kurlinkus\u2019 credibility. In court, Kurlinkus hesitated when asked to identify the person she had seen going into the house with France. She explained the hesitancy on cross-examination by saying she wanted to make sure the man seated at defendant\u2019s table was not \u201ca cousin or drugger.\u201d Finally the discrepancy between \u201cEdgewater Terrace\u201d and \u201cEdgewild Addition\u201d to describe the location of the Fruitland Avenue house is not so great as to render the testimony of France and/or Kurlinkus so inconsistent as to be unbelievable. The demeanor and responses of a witness at trial are to be weighed in the determination of the witness\u2019 credibility. On appeal a jury\u2019s determination of witness credibility will not be set aside unless it is so unsatisfactory as to justify a reasonable doubt of defendant\u2019s guilt. People v. Pittman (1982), 93 Ill. 2d 169, 442 N.E.2d 836.\nAlthough the defendant\u2019s statement to Sweet was largely exculpatory, it, too, in some respects corroborated the testimony of France. The defendant admitted having been a roommate of Hutchinson\u2019s at the address where the November 1 deal was made. Although the defendant denied knowing France, he did not affirmatively deny having sold LSD to him. He merely said he couldn\u2019t remember the particular transaction. The price the defendant quoted for a hit of acid from Toby matched the amount France had paid on November 1.\nWe find that the evidence, taken as a whole, was sufficient to prove the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance.\nDefendant\u2019s second issue concerns several incidents of what defendant characterizes as prosecutorial misconduct. The first such incident stemmed from the prosecutor\u2019s attempts to elicit testimony from Agent Kurlinkus about France\u2019s conversation with her in the car after the 100-hit purchase in which Kurlinkus attempted to discuss a larger future purchase. Defense counsel objected to the hearsay aspects of the testimony and the trial court sustained the objection on this basis. The prosecutor made two more attempts to reach the substance of that conversation, but was unsuccessful, since defense counsel objections were sustained each time. The prosecutor then abandoned the line of questioning and proceeded to other matters.\nOn appeal, defendant contends that the prosecutor\u2019s repeated attempts to elicit testimony about future drug deals prejudiced the defendant because it improperly accused him of other criminal activity for which he had not been charged. We cannot agree. By promptly sustaining defense counsel\u2019s objections, the trial court short-circuited any prejudicial testimony that might have implicated the defendant in other criminal enterprises. Our review of the record convinces us that the prosecutor\u2019s persistent questioning in this area was prompted by an attempt to avoid the hearsay problem. Defense counsel did not object on grounds of relevancy or \u201cother crimes.\u201d In our opinion, the defendant has waived the \u201cother crimes\u201d objection and, in any event, the defendant was not prejudiced by the prosecutor\u2019s questioning.\nSimilarly we find that the prosecutor\u2019s closing argument and rebuttal argument did not contain such highly prejudicial comments *as to deprive this defendant of a fair trial. The prosecutor\u2019s misstatement of the evidence at one point was cured by the trial coup\u2019s prompt admonition to the jurors to use their own collective ability to determine what the evidence admitted at trial was and to draw reasonable inferences therefrom. At another point, where the prosecutor commented that she was not apologizing for having given France immunity to procure his testimony against the adult defendant, the trial court ruled that the comment bordered on being inflammatory and thoroughly admonished the jury that they were to disregard the comment in their consideration of a verdict. We do not find that any error was committed in the trial court\u2019s rulings. A mistrial was not warranted for any of the comments complained of. Nor can we say that the cumulative effect of the purportedly prejudicial comments was such as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial. In our opinion, any prejudice that might otherwise have resulted was adequately cured by prompt rulings and admonishments by the trial judge. Accordingly, we affirm the defendant\u2019s conviction.\nIn defendant\u2019s third issue he argues that the trial court exceeded its sentencing authority in ordering restitution of $180 to MEG. The amount so ordered is the amount France gave the defendant out of the $200 handed to him by Kurlinkus for the 100 hits of LSD she requested. The State contends that the issue is waived since it is being advanced for the first time on appeal. A similar argument was made and rejected in People v. Daugherty (1982), 104 Ill. App. 3d 89, 432 N.E.2d 391. There, as here, the defendant contended that the entity to whom restitution was to be made (the insurer of the complaining witness\u2019 damaged property) was not a crime \u201cvictim\u201d as that term was used in the statute authorizing restitution as part of a sentence. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 5\u20146.) The Daugherty court initially determined that even though the order of restitution had not been challenged at the trial level, the appellate court had jurisdiction to decide the issue, inasmuch as the defendant\u2019s position, if correct, meant that the portion of the order attacked was void and \u201ca void order may be attacked at any time.\u201d (People v. Daugherty (1982), 104 Ill. App. 3d 89, 92, 432 N.E.2d 391, 394.) For the same reason, principles of waiver are not applicable here.\nWhile certainly we would be remiss were we to hold that unlawful delivery of a controlled substance is a victimless crime, we would be blinking reality were we not to acknowledge that many, if not most, offenders are brought to justice through the efforts of undercover agents making buys with public monies. We will not, however, strain the commonly accepted understanding of the word \u201cvictim\u201d so as to include the public drug enforcement agency, MEG, in the case before us. Where public monies are expended in the pursuit of solving crimes, the expenditure is part of the investigating agency\u2019s normal operating costs. The governmental entity conducting an investigation is not therefore considered a \u201cvictim\u201d to the extent that public monies are so expended. Evans v. Garrison (4th Cir. 1981), 657 F.2d 64.\nA drug offender should not be permitted to profit from his illegal conduct and this policy is clearly recognized in the Controlled Substances Act. Rather than seeking restitution in a case such as this, the State might request the court to impose a fine (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 56\u00bd, par. 1401), or in the alternative, the State might institute forfeiture proceedings (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 56\u00bd, par. 1505).\nAs indicated above, we must conclude that the trial court\u2019s order of restitution was in error. In the exercise of our discretionary authority under Supreme Court Rule 366 (73 Ill. 2d R. 366), we elect to vacate that portion of the trial court\u2019s judgment ordering restitution in the amount of $180 to MEG. In all other respects the defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence are affirmed.\nAffirmed as modified.\nSTOUDER and SCOTT, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BARRY" } ], "attorneys": [ "Robert Agostinelli and Thomas A. Lilien, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.", "John A. Barra, State\u2019s Attorney, of Peoria (John X. Breslin and John M. Wood, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. BERNARD EVANS, Defendant-Appellant.\nThird District\nNo. 3-83-0459\nOpinion filed March 16, 1984.\nRehearing denied April 20, 1984.\nRobert Agostinelli and Thomas A. Lilien, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Ottawa, for appellant.\nJohn A. Barra, State\u2019s Attorney, of Peoria (John X. Breslin and John M. Wood, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0733-01", "first_page_order": 755, "last_page_order": 762 }