{ "id": 3597684, "name": "OPEN KITCHENS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GULLO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant (P & W Heating and Cooling Company, Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellee)", "name_abbreviation": "Open Kitchens, Inc. v. Gullo International Development Corp.", "decision_date": "1984-07-20", "docket_number": "No. 83\u20142535", "first_page": "62", "last_page": "66", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "126 Ill. App. 3d 62" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "449 N.E.2d 125", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "96 Ill. 2d 150", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3113729 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "156" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/96/0150-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 171", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3097419 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0171-01" ] }, { "cite": "435 N.E.2d 443", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. 2d 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3092944 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/91/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 N.E.2d 913", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 Ill. App. 3d 947", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d 998", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3594490 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1004" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/120/0998-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 586, "char_count": 10693, "ocr_confidence": 0.736, "pagerank": { "raw": 9.377174822203973e-08, "percentile": 0.5150562832041559 }, "sha256": "671daf89a5af00b7e8a5e3fbb6bc2b763c535e1c0685809421123c26cdcc2c6f", "simhash": "1:326833a7f9dfa443", "word_count": 1706 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:48:42.345915+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "OPEN KITCHENS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GULLO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant (P & W Heating and Cooling Company, Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellee)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE MEJDA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff, Open Kitchens, Inc., appeals from the trial court\u2019s dismissal of two counts of its complaint. This is an action for damages arising from the allegedly deficient construction of a freezer room and associated systems in plaintiff\u2019s food processing plant. Defendant Gullo International Development Corporation (Gullo) and third-party defendant P & W Heating and Cooling Company, Inc. (P & W) moved to dismiss counts II and III of the complaint. The trial court granted the motions and, pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 304(a), found that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal of the order. Count I remains pending. On appeal, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in dismissing count II of the complaint in that a cause of action based on the breach of an express indemnity contract was stated. Plaintiff also asserts that the trial court erred in dismissing count III of the amended complaint in that economic losses may be recovered in a tort action which arises from a contract. For the reasons which follow we affirm the order of the circuit court.\nA motion to dismiss admits as true all well-pleaded facts in the complaint as well as the reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom. (Kerr Steamship Co. v. Chicago Title & Trust Co. (1983), 120 Ill. App. 3d 998, 1004, 458 N.E.2d 1009.) Count II of the complaint alleged that plaintiff, through an agent, entered into a written agreement with defendant Gullo by which Gullo agreed to construct a building for the operation of plaintiff\u2019s food processing business. As part of its work Gullo agreed to build an air circulation system, including ducts, vents, underfloor insulation, and a circulation fan. Gullo engaged various subcontractors to perform this work and these subcontractors failed to install the circulation fan or the insulation. As a result, it is alleged that the soil below the freezer floor froze and expanded causing damage to the floor and freezer.\nCount II of the complaint set forth paragraph 4.18.1 of the \u201cSupplemental General Conditions of the Agreement\u201d of the parties, which provided:\n\u201cTo the extent permitted by law, [Gullo] shall indemnify and hold harmless the [plaintiff] and their [sic] agents and employees from and against all claims, damages, losses, expenses, liabilities, and demands, including attorneys\u2019 fees, of whatsoever kind or nature, arising out of, resulting from or connected with the performance of the Work by the Contractor or any Subcontractor for and in behalf of the [plaintiff or Architects. The Contractor shall defend at its own expense, any actions based thereon and shall pay all attorneys\u2019 fees, costs and other expenses arising therefrom.\u201d\nThe next paragraph of the supplemental general conditions is entitled \u201cScaffolding Act\u201d and states that the \u201cobligations of the Contractor under this Article shall be deemed to include as an additional liability any injury or damage arising from the failure to use or from the misuse by the Contractor or his agents or employees, of any scaffold, hoist, crane, ladder, support, temporary stairwell, or other mechanical contrivance ***.\u201d\nPlaintiff notified Gullo in writing of the damage resulting from the frozen soil and requested that Gullo indemnify plaintiff. Gullo refused. Count II concluded with a prayer for damages including the costs of removing and replacing the damaged parts of the floor and freezer, lost profits, and attorney fees.\nCount III alleged the same facts as count II and sought to recover under a negligence theory in that Gullo failed to perform the work in a good and workmanlike manner. Count III sought damages for the costs of removing and replacing the damaged parts of the floor and freezer and for lost profits.\nGullo moved to strike and dismiss count II on the ground that paragraph 4.18.1 of the contract is not an indemnity or warranty clause relating to the performance of the construction but rather was intended to provide for indemnification to plaintiff for claims of third parties arising from the performance of the construction work. P & W, a third-party defendant, moved to dismiss count III on the ground that the damages sought included only economic losses for which a negligence recovery was unavailable. The trial court granted the motions and this appeal ensued.\nOpinion\nPlaintiff contends that the \u201cindemnity provision at issue here constitutes a promise by the defendant-contractor to pay all losses sustained by the plaintiff-owner by reason of the acts or omissions of third persons, namely, the sub-contractors hired by defendant to perform the work.\u201d Defendant Gullo responds that plaintiff\u2019s interpretation of the contract is based on isolated language and that viewed as a whole, the contract does not warrant such an interpretation and instead is limited to payment of losses occasioned by suits brought by third parties.\n\u201c \u2018It is a general rule governing the construction of contracts that unless a contract is ambiguous, its meaning must be determined from the words used; and courts will not, because a more equitable result might be reached thereby, construe into the contract provisions that are not therein.\u2019 \u201d (Tatar v. Maxon Construction Co. (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 64, 67, 294 N.E.2d 272, quoting Westinghouse Electric Elevator Co. v. LaSalle Monroe Building Corp. (1946), 395 Ill. 429, 432, 70 N.E.2d 604.) The court in Tatar further indicated that an indemnity agreement must \u201cbe given a fair and reasonable interpretation based upon a consideration of all of its language and provisions.\u201d (Tatar v. Maxon Construction Co. (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 64, 67.) Viewing a contract as a whole means viewing each part in light of the others. La Throp v. Bell Federal Savings & Loan Association (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 375, 381, 370 N.E.2d 188.\nViewing the language of the instant contract as a whole, the indemnity and hold harmless provisions of the first sentence of paragraph 4.18.1 must be interpreted in light of the next sentence, which provides that the \u201cContractor shall defend at its own expense, any actions based thereon and shall pay all attorneys\u2019 fees, costs and other expenses arising therefrom.\u201d Plaintiff contends that paragraph 4.18.1 provides for the payment of all losses sustained by plaintiff by reason of the acts or omissions of third parties, i.e., the subcontractors. The words \u201cthereon\u201d and \u201ctherefrom\u201d refer to the general language of the first sentence of the paragraph relating to \u201call claims, damages, losses, liabilities and demands ***.\u201d While the first sentence, read alone, may fairly be read to provide the protection contended for by plaintiff, the next sentence indicates that the indemnity was intended to arise only in the context of liability imposed on plaintiff as a result of losses or injuries incurred by third parties. As defendant contends, no duty to defend could arise unless a third party had initiated an action against plaintiff. We therefore conclude that the trial court correctly granted the motion to dismiss with regard to count II.\nPlaintiff next asserts that the trial court erred in dismissing count III of the complaint. Plaintiff relies on Maxfield v. Simmons (1983), 96 Ill. 2d 81, 449 N.E.2d 110, for the proposition that a tort action to recover economic losses may be maintained where the complaint is grounded on the negligent performance of a contractually imposed duty. This reliance is misplaced. Maxfield involved a third-party cause of action for indemnity, not negligence or another tort. In Max- field, the plaintiff sued the defendant for breach of contract in building a house with a defective roof. The defendant filed a third-party-action against the supplier and the manufacturer of a component part of the roof, and alleged in the third-party complaint that the part was defective. The supreme court held that an \"implied contract of indemnity arose from the contractual relationship between the parties, but the liability, if any, imposed on [defendant] will be the result not of breach of contract, but of tortious conduct.\u201d (96 Ill. 2d 81, 87, 449 N.E.2d 110.) The tortious conduct was not that of the original defendant but that of the third-party defendants in providing defective component parts. (See Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine v. George A. Fuller Co. (7th Cir. 1983), 719 F. 2d 1335, 1341, n.6.) The supreme court recognized the viability of an action for implied indemnity under such circumstances, even though recovery for economic loss was sought, because principles of law and equity dictated that such an action be treated no differently than an implied indemnity action based on upstream products liability. (Maxfield v. Simmons (1983), 96 Ill. 2d 81, 86-87, 449 N.E.2d 110.) Maxfield does not hold, as plaintiff suggests, that economic loss may be recoverable in tort where the source of the tort duty is contractual in nature.\nIn the instant case, plaintiff\u2019s action is not one for implied indemnity but rather seeks damages for its own losses. (Compare Anixter Brothers, Inc. v. Central Steel & Wire Co. (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 947, 952, 463 N.E.2d 913.) Counsel for plaintiff has candidly admitted that these damages which occurred over a long period of time are solely of an economic nature. In such a case, \u201ccontract law, which protects expectation interests, provides the proper standard when a qualitative defect is involved ***.\u201d (Moorman Manufacturing Co. v. National Tank Co. (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 69, 81, 435 N.E.2d 443.) Our supreme court has explicitly held that \u201clatent construction defects, resulting in solely economic loss, are not recoverable under a negligence theory. (Redarowicz v. Ohlendorf (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 171.)\u201d (Foxcroft Townhome Owners Association v. Hoffman Rosner Corp. (1983), 96 Ill. 2d 150, 156, 449 N.E.2d 125.) The trial court properly granted the motion to dismiss with regard to count III.\nFor all of the foregoing reasons, the order of the trial court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nLORENZ and SULLIVAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE MEJDA" } ], "attorneys": [ "5. Joseph Formusa, of Rabens, Formusa & Classman, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant Open Kitchens, Inc.", "William J. Cook and Peter W. Schoonmaker, both of Condon, Cook & Roche, of Chicago, for appellee Gullo International Development Corp.", "Terrence J. Madden, of Rooks, Pitts, Fullager & Poust, of Chicago, for appellee P & W Heating and Cooling Co." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "OPEN KITCHENS, INC., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GULLO INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellee and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellant (P & W Heating and Cooling Company, Inc., Third-Party Defendant-Appellee).\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 83\u20142535\nOpinion filed July 20, 1984.\n5. Joseph Formusa, of Rabens, Formusa & Classman, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant Open Kitchens, Inc.\nWilliam J. Cook and Peter W. Schoonmaker, both of Condon, Cook & Roche, of Chicago, for appellee Gullo International Development Corp.\nTerrence J. Madden, of Rooks, Pitts, Fullager & Poust, of Chicago, for appellee P & W Heating and Cooling Co." }, "file_name": "0062-01", "first_page_order": 84, "last_page_order": 88 }