{ "id": 3564224, "name": "BRADFORD KENT HUKILL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERNEST T. DiGREGORIO et al., Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "Hukill v. Digregorio", "decision_date": "1985-08-02", "docket_number": "No. 84-0117", "first_page": "1066", "last_page": "1068", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "136 Ill. App. 3d 1066" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "250 N.E.2d 149", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 Ill. 2d 446", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2849867 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "449" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/42/0446-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 129", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3129681 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 Minn. 495", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Minn.", "case_ids": [ 329424 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/minn/290/0495-01" ] }, { "cite": "262 A.2d 549", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "257 Md. 233", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Md.", "case_ids": [ 1927970 ], "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/md/257/0233-01" ] }, { "cite": "443 N.E.2d 1085", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1970, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. App. 3d 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5441921 ], "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "272" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/111/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "350 N.Y.S. 2d 859", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "76 Misc. 2d 517", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Misc. 2d", "case_ids": [ 1271294 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/misc2d/76/0517-01" ] }, { "cite": "336 N.W.2d 118", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10669555 ], "year": 1973, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/336/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "234 N.E.2d 329", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2821085 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/91/0001-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 367, "char_count": 5137, "ocr_confidence": 0.787, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.810812852857548e-08, "percentile": 0.496894027412409 }, "sha256": "7685cdacfe4c5b7ebc06b205a47a7aaf49b218620d45a7d06800ee137d7e806c", "simhash": "1:836ff7f33a6dd63a", "word_count": 853 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:17.169731+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "BRADFORD KENT HUKILL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERNEST T. DiGREGO-RIO et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE NASH\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendants, Ernest T. DiGregorio and the Boeing Co., appeal from an order denying their pretrial motion to admit evidence that the failure of plaintiff, Bradford Kent Hukill, to wear a safety helmet when operating a motorcycle was a breach of plaintiff\u2019s duty to exercise care for his own safety and admissible to reduce damages. This court granted interlocutory appeal to review the question as certified by the trial court pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 308 (87 Ill. 2d R. 308).\nThe complaint alleges that on May 21, 1980, plaintiff was operating his motorcycle on Illinois Route 83 in Du Page County when it collided with an automobile which was being driven by defendant, Ernest DiGregorio, who was acting within the scope of his employment by defendant Boeing Co. It was alleged defendant\u2019s automobile turned in front of plaintiff whose motorcycle then collided with defendant\u2019s rear bumper, throwing plaintiff to the pavement, where he sustained severe injuries to his head and body.\nFor purposes of this appeal, the parties agree plaintiff owned a safety helmet, but did not have it with him on that day. The parties also agree that the evidence offered by defendants, objection to which the trial court sustained, would show that plaintiff\u2019s injuries would have been reduced or avoided had he been wearing a protective helmet.\nDefendants contend the \u201chelmet defense\u201d should be permitted on the same basis as may the \u201cseat belt defense\u201d in mitigation of damages, and appear to argue also that evidence of the failure of a motorcycle rider to wear a safety helmet should be admissible on the issue of comparative negligence. Defendants rely upon Mount v. McClellan (1968), 91 Ill. App. 2d 1, 234 N.E.2d 329, and its progeny, which relate to seat belts in automobiles, and also upon Halvorson v. Voeller (N.D. 1983), 336 N.W.2d 118, and Dean v. Holland (1973), 76 Misc. 2d 517, 350 N.Y.S. 2d 859, in which evidence of nonuse of a helmet by a motorcycle rider was permitted in mitigation of damages.\nPlaintiff argues that the doctrine enunciated in Mount has been closely limited by the Illinois Appellate Court and has never been extended beyond the seat belt defense in mitigation of damages applicable to automobiles. (See Wagner v. Zboncak (1982), 111 Ill. App. 3d 268, 272, 443 N.E.2d 1085.) Plaintiff also looks to Rogers v. Frush (1970), 257 Md. 233, 262 A.2d 549, and Burgstahler v. Fox (1971), 290 Minn. 495, 186 N.W.2d 182, in which the courts rejected the so-called \u201chelmet defense\u201d offered in the present case.\nThe four cases from other jurisdictions to which we have referred appear to be the only instances in which the \u201chelmet defense\u201d has been considered by reviewing courts and, in these cases, the courts generally analogized to the seat belt defense in reaching their diverse conclusions.\nIt would serve no useful purpose for us to analyze the extensive arguments and supporting cases offered by plaintiff and defendants in their briefs. While this case was pending, our supreme court decided Clarkson v. Wright (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 129, which we find to be dispositive. In Clarkson the supreme court considered the seat belt defense for the first time, and the majority concluded that evidence of the failure of a rider in an automobile to wear a seat belt should not be admitted with respect to either the question of liability or damages in Illinois. In considering the issue, the court made note that while seat belts were required to be installed in the front seat of the automobile operated by plaintiff in that case, there was then no requirement it be used, and the presence of the seat belt created no duty on the part of plaintiff to wear it \u201cany more than would the presence in the automobile of a protective helmet create a duty to wear that.\u201d (Clarkson v. Wright (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 129, 133.) In the present case, of course, there was no statute at the time of the occurrence which required a motorcycle rider to wear a protective helmet, nor may the legislature constitutionally impose that requirement. People v. Fries (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 446, 449, 250 N.E.2d 149.\nThe majority of jurisdictions which have considered the seat belt defense have rejected it, as now has Hlinois. We also reject, and for the same reasons, the suggested \u201chelmet defense\u201d considered in this case. The evidence tendered by defendants relating to mitigation of damages and comparative negligence premised upon plaintiff\u2019s failure to wear a safety helmet at the time of the collision was properly rejected by the trial court.\nAccordingly, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed and the cause remanded for further proceedings.\nAffirmed and remanded.\nHOPE and UNVERZAGT, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE NASH" } ], "attorneys": [ "Kevin T. Martin, Donald R. McGarrah, and Ruth E. Van DeMark, all of Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon, of Chicago, for appellants.", "George N. Avgeris, Chartered, of Hinsdale, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "BRADFORD KENT HUKILL, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERNEST T. DiGREGO-RIO et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nSecond District\nNo. 84\u20140117\nOpinion filed August 2, 1985.\nRehearing denied November 8, 1985.\nKevin T. Martin, Donald R. McGarrah, and Ruth E. Van DeMark, all of Wildman, Harrold, Allen & Dixon, of Chicago, for appellants.\nGeorge N. Avgeris, Chartered, of Hinsdale, for appellee." }, "file_name": "1066-01", "first_page_order": 1088, "last_page_order": 1090 }