{ "id": 3640670, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JACK TANSIL, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Tansil", "decision_date": "1985-10-18", "docket_number": "No. 2-84-0871", "first_page": "498", "last_page": "504", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "137 Ill. App. 3d 498" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "325 N.E.2d 450", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Ill. App. 3d 618", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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JACK TANSIL, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HOPE\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial in the circuit court of Kane County the defendant, Jack Tansil, was convicted of the murders of his mother and sister. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 1.) He was originally sentenced to two concurrent 30-year terms of imprisonment, but pursuant to an Illinois Supreme Court order, was later re sentenced to a term of natural life imprisonment. On appeal, defendant raises only one contention: that the trial judge erred when, in the absence of defendant and his counsel, he refused the jury\u2019s request to review expert testimony under the erroneous assumption that he had no discretion to do so. For the reasons set forth below, the judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.\nA review of the record indicates that defendant failed to raise this argument in his initial motion for post-trial relief. Generally, the failure to specifically raise a claim of error in a post-trial motion constitutes a waiver which precludes the reviewing court from considering that issue on appeal. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, par. 116 \u2014 1; People v. Lucas (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 245, 250, 430 N.E.2d 1091; People v. Baynes (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 225, 230, 430 N.E.2d 1070; People v. Jackson (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 350, 358-59, 418 N.E.2d 739; People v. Tannenbaum (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 177, 181, 415 N.E.2d 1027; People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 576, 404 N.E.2d 233.) However, Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (87 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)) provides a limited exception to this general rule of waiver. Under Rule 615(a), a court of review may take notice of plain errors or defects affecting substantial rights which were not brought to the trial court\u2019s attention. (87 Ill. 2d R. 615(a); People v. Jackson (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 350, 359, 418 N.E.2d 739; People v. Foster (1979), 76 Ill. 2d 365, 380, 392 N.E.2d 6; People v. Pugh (1982), 106 Ill. App. 3d 901, 906, 436 N.E.2d 737; People v. Thiel (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 28, 30, 429 N.E.2d 565.) Thus, errors which have not been properly preserved for review may be considered in cases where the evidence is closely balanced or the error was of such magnitude that the accused was denied a fair trial. People v. Lucas (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 245, 251, 430 N.E.2d 1091; People v. Carlson (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 564, 576-77, 404 N.E.2d 233; People v. Pickett (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 280, 283, 296 N.E.2d 856; People v. Pugh (1982), 106 Ill. App. 3d 901, 906, 436 N.E.2d 737.\nThe defendant in the present case raised the affirmative defense of insanity in response to the murder charges. After the jury began its deliberation, the judge, outside the presence of defendant or his attorney, communicated with the jury in response to its request for a review of certain medical testimony pertaining to the mental state of defendant. Since defendant\u2019s mental condition may have been a critical factor in the jury\u2019s decision, the judge\u2019s communication outside defendant\u2019s presence may well have affected defendant\u2019s substantial right to a fair trial. (See People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 565, 566, 310 N.E.2d 166; People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751, 316 N.E.2d 121.) Therefore, we find that we may consider the issue under the doctrine of plain error. See 87 Ill. 2d R. 615(a).\nThe jurors\u2019 deliberations began at 12 p.m. on July 20, 1983. At approximately 9:30 p.m. they submitted a request for the write-up of the opinions of certain medical experts who had testified regarding their psychiatric evaluations of defendant. The judge refused the request after several unsuccessful attempts to contact defense counsel. The jurors continued their deliberations until 10 p.m., at which time they retired for the evening. They reconvened at 9 a.m. and returned their verdict at 11 a.m. After announcement of the verdict, the following colloquy occurred:\n\u201cTHE COURT: The record will so reflect. There is one other thing I would like to put on the record, Mr. Chabalewski [defense counsel]. There was a report came last night \u2014 I assume it will be returned with the instructions and things of that nature \u2014 the request, in essence, asked for the write-up of the professional opinions of certain of the doctors, (excluding Dr. Fischer). That is my recollection of the request. I attempted to contact both counsel. Mr. Sullivan [assistant State's Attorney] called me, coincidentally, just as I was ready to hand the jury the answer to the request with my answer to it. I had attempted to contact you on two different times at the number you had left and was advised you were not there. The answer I made to the request was something to the effect: You have heard all of the testimony; you should use your collective recollection to recall the testimony of the witnesses. The jury is not permitted to receive the testimony or parts of the testimony of the witnesses in writing. I returned the question to them. I merely wanted that to be reflected in the record. It was after numerous attempts to contact counsel, and I did what I felt was appropriate to let the jury get on with the deliberations. That was around 9:30 last evening when that request surfaced.\nMR. CHABALEWSKI: For the record, I was \u2014 I would inform the Court, I think the Court is aware that myself, Mr. Sullivan, and Mr. Wechter [assistant State\u2019s Attorney] was over at T.S. Boonies, and I left my name that I was expecting a phone call. I received no such notification.\nTHE COURT: I understand that.\nMR. CHABALEWSKI: And that is approximately half a block from the Courthouse.\u201d\nIt it well established that a defendant has the right to be present at all stages of the trial which involve his or her substantial rights. (U.S. Const., amend. VI; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, sec. 8; People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 365, 308 N.E.2d 577; People v. Woods (1963), 27 Ill. 2d 393, 395, 189 N.E.2d 293; People v. Tolbert (1980), 81 Ill. App. 3d 977, 989, 401 N.E.2d 1004; People v. Longstreet (1971), 2 Ill. App. 3d 556, 557, 276 N.E.2d 825.) It has also been held that a judgment based upon a private communication, not made in open court, between a judge and jury during its deliberations violates the defendant\u2019s substantial rights. (See People v. Rhoden (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 223, 226, 427 N.E.2d 1292; People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751-52, 316 N.E.2d 121. See generally Annot., 50 A.L.R.2d 176 (1956).) The proper procedure in such situations is for the trial judge to discuss the jury\u2019s request with the defendant\u2019s coun sel and the prosecutor before responding to the jury. (People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751-52, 316 N.E.2d 121; People v. Longstreet (1971), 2 Ill. App. 3d 556, 558, 276 N.E.2d 825; People v. Harmon (1968), 104 Ill. App. 2d 294, 301-02, 244 N.E.2d 358; see People v. Slaughter (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 1103, 1116, 405 N.E.2d 1295.) Where a defendant and counsel are absent from such a communication, the defendant must demonstrate that he or she suffered prejudice as a result in order for the error to require reversal. (People v. Tilley (1952), 411 Ill. 473, 478, 104 N.E.2d 499, cert. denied (1952), 344 U.S. 824, 97 L. Ed. 641, 73 S. Ct. 23; People v. Rhoden (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 223, 226, 427 N.E.2d 1292; People v. Tolbert (1980), 81 Ill. App. 3d 977, 989, 401 N.E.2d 1004; People v. Longstreet (1971), 2 Ill. App. 3d 556, 558, 276 N.E.2d 825; People v. Harmon (1968), 104 Ill. App. 2d 294, 301-02, 244 N.E.2d 358.) Prejudice has been demonstrated where the judge\u2019s communication with the jury has had an effect on the deliberative process. See People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751, 316 N.E.2d 121; cf. People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 365, 308 N.E.2d 577; People v. Slaughter (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 1103, 1116, 405 N.E.2d 1295; People v. Smith (1979), 76 Ill. App. 3d 191, 198, 392 N.E.2d 682; People v. Longstreet (1971), 2 Ill. App. 3d 556, 558, 276 N.E.2d 825.\nIn the case at bar, the judge\u2019s response to the jury was at a significant stage in the proceedings. The requested testimony was highly pertinent to the jury\u2019s deliberations, and may well have been crucial to defendant\u2019s insanity defense. (See People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751, 316 N.E.2d 121.) We acknowledge the dilemma presented the court caused by his being unable to contact the defense counsel, and appreciate the efforts he made in trying to do so. However, given the late hour of the request, a feasible alternative would have been to direct the jury to resume its inquiry the following morning. In any event, the jury did resume its deliberations the next morning at 9 a.m. and did not return a verdict until 11 a.m. There would have been more than adequate time to contact defendant and his counsel for whatever input he may have had. Possibly the court could have honored the jury\u2019s request, not necessarily in the form it asked, but otherwise. Because of these questions, and because of the significance of the testimony, we believe the defendant was prejudiced in being denied an opportunity to be present when the request was considered.\nWe further find that the trial court committed reversible error in instructing the jury that it was not permitted to review the testimony. It has been consistently held that it is within the discretion of the trial court to allow or refuse a jury\u2019s request to review testimony (People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 364, 308 N.E.2d 577; People v. Sanders (1984), 127 Ill. App. 471, 475, 469 N.E.2d 287; People v. Baggett (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 924, 929, 450 N.E.2d 913, cert. denied (1984), 465 U.S. 1032, 79 L. Ed. 2d 698, 104 S. Ct. 1298; People v. Davis (1982), 105 Ill. App. 3d 549, 555, 433 N.E.2d 1376, see generally Annot., 50 A.L.R.2d 176 (1956)), and, absent a clear abuse of that discretion, its decision will not be disturbed on review. (People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 364, 308 N.E.2d 577.) This is based on the recognition that the trial court generally is in a better position to assess the jury\u2019s request and determine whether reviewing the testimony would be helpful or harmful to the jury\u2019s deliberations. (People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 364, 308 N.E.2d 577; People v. Sanders (1984), 127 Ill. App. 3d 471, 475, 469 N.E.2d 287; People v. Taylor (1981), 99 Ill. App. 3d 15, 23, 424 N.E.2d 1246; People v. Martin (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 822, 826, 406 N.E.2d 49.) However, it is reversible error for a trial court to refuse to exercise that discretion in the erroneous belief that it has no discretion as to the question presented. People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 565, 310 N.E.2d 166; People v. Autman (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 171, 317 N.E.2d 570; People v. Davis (1982), 105 Ill. App. 3d 549, 555, 433 N.E.2d 1376; People v. Anthony (1975), 30 Ill. App. 3d 464, 469, 334 N.E.2d 208.\nIn the instant case, the court told the jury, \u201cYou have heard all of the testimony; you should use your collective recollection to recall the testimony of the witnesses. The jury is not permitted to receive the testimony or parts of the testimony of the witnesses in writing.\u201d This indicates to us that the trial court believed it had no choice but to deny the request.\nAs observed by the court in People v. Rhoden (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 223, 226, 427 N.E.2d 1292, there is no prejudicial error to a defendant where the trial court fails to exercise its discretion in response to a jury\u2019s request for inadmissible evidence. (See also People v. Autman (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 171, 176, 317 N.E.2d 570.) However, error may result where the trial court fails to ascertain specifically what the jury is requesting. (See People v. Jackson (1975), 26 Ill. App. 3d 618, 325 N.E.2d 450, where the court found that the trial court\u2019s failure to make a preliminary determination as to what a jury meant by requesting \u201ctranscripts of the trial\u201d indicated that the court failed to exercise its discretion.) It has also been held that no reversible error occurs when the requested material is \u201cunequivocally incriminatory and damaging to the defense\u201d or irrelevant to any critical issue at trial. People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 364, 308 N.E.2d 577, 578; People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 565-66, 310 N.E.2d 166, 169; People v. Briggman (1974), 21 Ill. App. 3d 747, 751, 316 N.E.2d 121, 125.\nHere the trial court characterized the jury\u2019s request as \u201ca writeup of professional opinions of certain of the doctors (excluding Dr. Fischer).\u201d Since these opinions were based on testimony of witnesses for the defense as well as for the prosecution, they cannot be categorized \u201cunequivocally incriminatory\u201d to the defendant, nor in this case, irrelevant. Further, although the actual written reports of the doctors were not in evidence and therefore could not be given to the jury, based on the court\u2019s response, that \u201c[t]he jury is not permitted to receive the testimony or parts of the testimony of the witnesses in writing,\u201d we conclude that the court believed the jury was actually requesting portions of the relevant testimony and not the witnesses\u2019 medical reports or notes per se.\nIn People v. Pierce (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 361, 363, 308 N.E.2d 577, the supreme court held that, under the circumstances of the case, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying the jury\u2019s request for the testimony of two witnesses. However, in that case, the court did not characterize the judge\u2019s reply, \u201cI cannot instruct further. You must continue with your deliberations,\u201d as statements which indicated the trial court\u2019s belief that it had no discretion in the matter. The trial judge\u2019s response to a jury request for the defendant\u2019s testimony in People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 565, 310 N.E.2d 166, was more specific. In that case, the judge stated: \u201cYou must decide on the basis of the testimony heard in the courtroom. I cannot have any testimony of any witnesses read to you ***.\u201d The court determined that this response was erroneous, finding that it was a declaration that the trial court did not have the discretion to consider the jury\u2019s request. (People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 565-66, 310 N.E.2d 166.) Similarly, in People v. Autman (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 171, 176, 317 N.E.2d 570, the court found prejudicial error in the trial judge\u2019s refusal of two jury requests to have testimony read to them. In one instance, the request was, \u201c[wjould it be possible to get a transcript of Mr. Lewis\u2019 testimony, and also the testimony of the first two officers that entered the front door of the store.\u201d The judge replied, \u201cNo.\u201d In the second instance, the request was, \u201c[wjould it be possible to have the Court Recorder read back some of the testimony?\u201d The judge answered, \u201cNo. It is not permissible to read or play back testimony.\u201d The court concluded that, because the trial judge\u2019s response indicated that he believed he did not have the discretion to consider the jury\u2019s request and because the request may have related to critical testimony, the judge\u2019s response constituted reversible error. People v. Autman (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 171,177, 317 N.E.2d 570.\nThe trial court\u2019s response in this case bears a striking resemblance to those described in People v. Queen (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 560, 310 N.E.2d 166, and People v. Autman (1974), 58 Ill. 2d 171, 317 N.E.2d 570; in fact, the judge\u2019s statements in Autman and the instant case contain almost identical language. Consequently, we interpret the judge\u2019s response to the jury here as an assertion that he had no discretion to consider the request. He should have inquired further of the jury with a view toward accommodating its request. (People v. Jackson (1975), 26 Ill. App. 3d 618, 629, 325 N.E.2d 450.) Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred when it refused to exercise discretion in the mistaken belief that it had none.\nAccordingly, for the reasons set forth above, the judgment of the trial court of Kane County is reversed and the cause remanded for a new trial.\nReversed and remanded.\nSTROUSE and UNVERZAGT, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HOPE" } ], "attorneys": [ "G. Joseph Weller and Kyle Wesendorf, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.", "Robert J. Morrow, State\u2019s Attorney, of Geneva (Phyllis J. Perko and Cynthia N. Schneider, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JACK TANSIL, Defendant-Appellant.\nSecond District\nNo. 2 \u2014 84\u20140871\nOpinion filed October 18, 1985.\nRehearing denied November 18, 1985.\nG. Joseph Weller and Kyle Wesendorf, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Elgin, for appellant.\nRobert J. Morrow, State\u2019s Attorney, of Geneva (Phyllis J. Perko and Cynthia N. Schneider, both of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0498-01", "first_page_order": 520, "last_page_order": 526 }