{ "id": 8499921, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED GODEK, Defendant-Appellant.-THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DENNIS COATES, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Godek", "decision_date": "1985-11-26", "docket_number": "Nos. 84\u20141631, 85\u20140060 cons", "first_page": "1083", "last_page": "1089", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "138 Ill. App. 3d 1083" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "725 F.2d 43", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1924703 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "44" }, { "page": "45" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/725/0043-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 N.E.2d 1027", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5474664 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "180" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0177-01" ] }, { "cite": "725 F.2d 817", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 1924710 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "821" }, { "page": "820" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/725/0817-01" ] }, { "cite": "303 N.W.2d 673", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10682123 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "684-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/303/0673-01" ] }, { "cite": "416 N.E.2d 285", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 3d 667", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3150656 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/91/0667-01" ] }, { "cite": "99 Ill. 2d 163", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3164491 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/99/0163-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 N.E.2d 679", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "107 Ill. App. 3d 326", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3018184 ], "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/107/0326-01" ] }, { "cite": "448 N.E.2d 620", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "114 Ill. App. 3d 496", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3592489 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/114/0496-01" ] }, { "cite": "83 Ill. 2d 573", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "414 N.E.2d 1222", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 3d 692", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3148637 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/91/0692-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 S. Ct 283", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 L. Ed. 2d 261", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "464 U.S. 917", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6434337, 6434594, 6435300, 6435012, 6434696, 6434920, 6435211, 6435532, 6435405, 6434414, 6435089, 6434517, 6434807 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/464/0917-01", "/us/464/0917-04", "/us/464/0917-11", "/us/464/0917-08", "/us/464/0917-05", "/us/464/0917-07", "/us/464/0917-10", "/us/464/0917-13", "/us/464/0917-12", "/us/464/0917-02", "/us/464/0917-09", "/us/464/0917-03", "/us/464/0917-06" ] }, { "cite": "446 N.E.2d 1243", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. App. 3d 247", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3625597 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "251" }, { "page": "251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/113/0247-01" ] }, { "cite": "426 N.E.2d 925", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ill. App. 3d 925", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3096948 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "930" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/99/0925-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 669, "char_count": 12365, "ocr_confidence": 0.764, "pagerank": { "raw": 4.7492960360752035e-08, "percentile": 0.29815039409633537 }, "sha256": "c0122d98e64ad3da43e62eb096227f0d1b20a0f21351c72c83240f07b4ede66a", "simhash": "1:beb86ec4bee50271", "word_count": 1986 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:36:50.288778+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "STAMOS, P.J., and BILANDIC, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED GODEK, Defendant-Appellant.\u2014THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DENNIS COATES, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HARTMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendants present a consolidated appeal from their criminal convictions as follows: In a bench trial, Godek was found guilty of possession with intent to deliver more than 30 grams of cocaine in violation of section 401(a)(2) of the Illinois Controlled Substances Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. bQVz, par. 1401(a)(2)) (Act), for which he was sentenced to nine years in the custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections. In a jury trial, Coates was found guilty of violating the same statute under different facts in an unconnected offense. He was sentenced by the circuit court to six years in custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections.\nThe common issues for which review is sought are whether: conviction for possession with intent to deliver cocaine requires proof of the specific isomer of cocaine involved; the circuit court should have instructed the jury in the statutory definition of cocaine.\nDuring the course of Godek\u2019s bench trial, the State presented a police chemist who was qualified as an expert by stipulation of both the State and the defense. She detailed the laboratory procedures used to analyze the compounds seized from Godek. The tests included: preliminary color screening precipitate; microcrystalline formation; ultraviolet spectrophotometer; and infrared spectrophotometer. All test results led the chemist to conclude that the substances with which Go-dek was charged with the intent to deliver contained cocaine. Defense cross-examination went only to the marking procedures followed in identifying the bags and envelopes in which the substances were contained. The chemist presented no evidence as to the cocaine\u2019s isomeric identification, nor was she so questioned by the State or the defense. When moving for a \u201cdirected\u201d finding for the defense at the close of the State\u2019s case, the defense claimed only that the State did not show the substance treated was \u201cpure\u201d cocaine. Defendant\u2019s post-trial motion for a new trial, based upon the State\u2019s failure to identify the cocaine isomer involved, was denied. Godek\u2019s appeal alleges as error the failure of the State to prove \u201can essential element of the offense,\u201d namely, the isomeric identification of the cocaine.\nCoates was convicted in a jury trial of possession with intent to deliver cocaine. In the Coates trial, the State presented two police chemists who were qualified as experts also. Both chemists identified the seized substances as containing cocaine after having performed tests similar to those described in Godek\u2019s case. In Coates\u2019 case a combination gas chromatography and mass spectrophotography depicted a molecule which could have been produced only by cocaine, according to one of the experts. The only questions asked by the defense of these experts, on cross-examination, dealt with the procedures followed in identifying the containers of the substances. Neither expert was asked to nor did they identify the specific isomer of the subject cocaine by the State or by the defense. Coates first raised the isomer issue in a post-trial motion. Coates\u2019 appeal alleges that the State failed to prove an essential element of the offense and, additionally, that the jury was not instructed as to the statutory definition of cocaine.\nSection 401 of the Act (111. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. GG1^, par. 1401) makes it unlawful to deliver, among other proscribed acts, a controlled substance. Section 401(a)(2) sets forth the penalties for violating that statute, and one who does so with respect to the controlled substances is guilty of a Class X felony if \u201c30 grams or more of any substance containing cocaine\u201d are delivered. No mention of isomer is to be found in section 401(a)(2). Defendants rely upon the enumeration in Schedule II of the Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 56^2, par. 1206(b)(4)) for their assertion that \u201c*** any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves\u201d must be \u201c*** chemically equivalent or identical with ***\u201d such a substance in order to be included within the Schedule II enumeration and since the State offered no proof that the confiscated substance was \u201cchemically equivalent or identical\u201d with the controlled substance, nor any proof of the isomeric content of the substances defendants\u2019 were charged with delivering, the State\u2019s cases failed and the convictions must be reversed.\nThis court has twice before touched upon this issue. Although in People v. Phelan (1981), 99 Ill. App. 3d 925, 426 N.E.2d 925, when discussing cocaine under the Act we stated that \u201cthe statute, as presently structured, controls only one of these isomers, \u20181\u2019 cocaine\u201d (99 Ill. App. 3d 925, 930, 426 N.E.2d 925), Phelan did not rely upon that definition of cocaine and the limitation suggested was dictum. In People v. Atencia (1983), 113 Ill. App. 3d 247, 446 N.E.2d 1243, cert. denied (1983), 464 U.S. 917, 78 L. Ed. 2d 261, 104 S. Ct 283, we asserted that \u201c[t]here is no requirement that the cocaine be identified as type L or type D.\u201d (113 Ill. App. 3d 247, 251, 446 N.E.2d 1243.) Analyzing the facts of the isomer issue, we stated there (113 Ill. App. 3d 247, 251, 446 N.E.2d 1243):\n\u201cDefendant\u2019s expert witness did not refute [the chemist\u2019s] conclusion, nor did he attack the reliability of the tests performed *** in reaching that conclusion. Rather, the expert\u2019s testimony focused on the reliability of the final two tests which were performed to determine if the cocaine was type L or type D. The jury was entitled to believe the unrefuted testimony by [the chemist] that the substance at issue contained cocaine. Any question regarding the validity of the final two tests used to distinguish between type L or type D cocaine is irrelevant.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nTherefore, as the fact finder in Atencia had a factual basis for determining that the suspect substance contained cocaine, the question of whether that cocaine was type L or type D was deemed inconsequential. In both of the instant cases, there was unrefuted expert testimony that the suspect substances contained cocaine. Atencia is controlling here.\nIn attempting to draw significance from the isomer distinction between \u201cL\u201d and \u201cD\u201d cocaine, defendants propose a restrictive interpretation of section 206(b)(4) of the Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 56V2, par. 1206(b)(4)). Cocaine was not specifically enumerated; instead, schedule II proscribed \u201cCoca leaves and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation of coca leaves, and any salt, compound, derivative, or preparation thereof which is chemically equivalent or identical with any of these substances, but not including decocainized coca leaves or extractions of coca leaves, which extractions do not contain cocaine or ecgonine.\u201d Coates\u2019 post-trial motion made an offer to prove that a chemist would testify \u201cthat only \u2018L\u2019 cocaine is a derivative of the coca leaf and \u2018L\u2019 cocaine and \u2018D\u2019 cocaine are not chemical equivalents.\u201d Without suggesting that he had an obligation to do so, we note that the offer did not include proposed proof that the subject confiscated substances contained only \u201cD\u201d cocaine.\nWe have previously held in People v. Otten (1980), 91 Ill. App. 3d 692, 414 N.E.2d 1222, appeal dismissed (1981), 83 Ill. 2d 573, that the terms of the Act are not limited to purely technical pharmaceutical definitions. To the same effect is People v. Chianakas (1983), 114 Ill. App. 3d 496, 448 N.E.2d 620. (See also People v. Royse (1982), 107 Ill. App. 3d 326, 437 N.E.2d 679, rev\u2019d on other grounds (1983), 99 Ill. 2d 163; People v. Simon (1980), 91 Ill. App. 3d 667, 416 N.E.2d 285; Iowa v. Gibb (Iowa 1981), 303 N.W.2d 673, 684-85.) In a case similar to the present case, United States v. Francesco (1st Cir. 1984), 725 F.2d 817, the court of appeals concluded from the overwhelming majority of other cited Federal authorities that the question of whether the subject substance was one proscribed by statute was for the jury, remarking that \u201c[although the government has the burden in a criminal case of proving every element of the offense charged, it has no burden of proving that a term [cocaine] used in its commonly understood sense has no other possible meaning \u2014 at least until the possibility of another meaning is raised by the defense. The defense did not raise that possibility in this case.\u201d (United States v. Francesco (1st Cir. 1984), 725 F.2d 817, 821.) A similar approach must be followed in the instant case. The expert evidence submitted to the fact finders in each of the cases sub judice sufficiently identified the substances under scrutiny as statutorily prohibited cocaine.\nDefendants cite various written authorities in support of their position on appeal dealing with the comparative activities of stimulation and anesthesia as characteristics of L-cocaine and seven other synthetic isomers of cocaine; however, those authorities merely suggest that synthetic isomers are perhaps less potent, not that they are either impotent entirely or benign. More importantly, none of these authorities were cited, offered or argued at the circuit court level and cannot be considered dispositive here.\nDefendant Coates has also challenged the sufficiency of the jury instructions given concerning the requisite finding of a controlled substance. The instruction given Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction (IPI Criminal 2d No. 17.11), was as follows:\n\u201cTo sustain the charge of delivery of controlled substance, the State must prove the following proposition:\nThat the defendant knowingly delivered thirty grams or more of any substance containing cocaine, a controlled substance.\u201d\nThis instruction was arrived at by mutual consent and was first challenged by post-trial motion. The issue, therefore, was waived. (People v. Tannenbaum (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 177, 180, 415 N.E.2d 1027.) Assuming, arguendo, the absence of waiver, the defect upon which defendants assert their claims presumes that only L-cocaine is statutorily proscribed and the jury should have been so instructed. This presumption, however, collapses with our preceding rejection of the isomer issue.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the convictions of Fred Godek and Dennis Coates must be affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nSTAMOS, P.J., and BILANDIC, J., concur.\n\u201cIsomerism\u201d is defined as \u201cthe phenomenon exhibited by two or more chemical compounds *** containing the same numbers of atoms of the same elements in the molecule *** and hence having the same molecular formula but differing in the structural arrangement of the atoms and consequently in one or more properties.\u201d Webster\u2019s Third New International Dictionary 1200 (1981).\nAppellants\u2019 counsel did not participate in the trial of either case.\nIn other jurisdictions labelled the \u201ccocaine isomer\u201d defense or strategy. See United States v. Francesco (1st Cir. 1984), 725 F.2d 817, 820, and cases therein collected.\nEffective January 1, 1984, the word \u201cisomer\u201d was inserted between \u201ccompound\u201d and \u201cderivative\u201d in the first line by Public Act 83 \u2014 655.\nOf interest in this regard is United States v. Scott (4th Cir. 1984), 725 F.2d 43, 44, which upheld a conviction for possession of cocaine based upon a lay witness\u2019 testimony that he had used cocaine \u201cquite a bit\u201d and was familiar with its appearance and effect, concluding after he saw and sniffed the subject substance that it was cocaine. The \u201ccocaine isomer\u201d defense was also raised in that case and rejected, despite the complete absence of any chemical testing by experts in the ease, the court of appeals asserting that the determination of whether the substance in question is within the statutory prohibition is one for the jury and noting the general refusal of courts to instruct that \u201cD\u201d cocaine is not a controlled substance within the statute. United States v. Scott (4th Cir. 1984), 725 F.2d 43, 45.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HARTMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Louis B. Garippo and Susan G. Feibus, both of Louis B. Garippo, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.", "Richard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Joan S. Cherry, Karyn Stratton, and Sheila Rudin, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. FRED GODEK, Defendant-Appellant.\u2014THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. DENNIS COATES, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNos. 84\u20141631, 85\u20140060 cons.\nOpinion filed November 26, 1985.\nRehearing denied January 14, 1986.\nLouis B. Garippo and Susan G. Feibus, both of Louis B. Garippo, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellants.\nRichard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Joan S. Cherry, Karyn Stratton, and Sheila Rudin, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "1083-01", "first_page_order": 1105, "last_page_order": 1111 }