{ "id": 3496112, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MAURICE L. PORTER, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Porter", "decision_date": "1986-02-26", "docket_number": "No. 5\u201484\u20140115", "first_page": "71", "last_page": "77", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "141 Ill. App. 3d 71" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "468 U.S. 897", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11340969 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "907-08" }, { "page": "688-89" }, { "page": "3413" }, { "page": "918" }, { "page": "695" }, { "page": "3419" }, { "page": "908" }, { "page": "689" }, { "page": "3413" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/468/0897-01" ] }, { "cite": "460 U.S. 730", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6199658 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "739" }, { "page": "511-12" }, { "page": "1541" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/460/0730-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 N.E.2d 214", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "217" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 122", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2925937 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "127" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0122-01" ] }, { "cite": "478 N.E.2d 1082", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1092" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Ill. App. 3d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3528119 ], "year": 1972, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/133/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 S. Ct. 200", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 L. Ed. 2d 175", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. 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Ed. 2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "471 U.S. 1131", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6397610, 6397778 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/471/1131-01", "/us/471/1131-02" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 840", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "850" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "105 Ill. 2d 22", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3141932 ], "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/105/0022-01" ] }, { "cite": "482 N.E.2d 668", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "675" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "135 Ill. App. 3d 1091", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3600080 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1101" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/135/1091-01" ] }, { "cite": "470 N.E.2d 1303", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. App. 3d 668", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3525456 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/128/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 N.E.2d 776", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "782" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "4 Ill. App. 3d 780", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2920931 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "788" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/4/0780-01" ] }, { "cite": "468 U.S. 705", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11339929 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "719" }, { "page": "544" }, { "page": "3305" }, { "page": "719" }, { "page": "544" }, { "page": "3305" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/468/0705-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 U.S. 385", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6180644 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/437/0385-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 U.S. 17", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11958263 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "20-21" }, { "page": "250" }, { "page": "411" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/469/0017-01" ] }, { "cite": "468 U.S. 897", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11340969 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "918" }, { "page": "695" }, { "page": "3419" }, { "page": "922" }, { "page": "698" }, { "page": "3421" }, { "page": "926" }, { "page": "701" }, { "page": "3423" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/468/0897-01" ] }, { "cite": "104 S. Ct. 200", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "78 L. Ed. 2d 175", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "464 U.S. 865", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6401817 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/us/464/0865-01" ] }, { "cite": "447 N.E.2d 218", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "228-29" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. 2d 378", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3105961 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "399" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/94/0378-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 764, "char_count": 16201, "ocr_confidence": 0.747, "pagerank": { "raw": 8.54373544297486e-08, "percentile": 0.48773731595934744 }, "sha256": "dc39de2778c6a23de0ef9c6ae9bb41cbc1931b62968f5814dc983411c26e519f", "simhash": "1:b0b3798928c8b391", "word_count": 2687 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T14:39:34.513048+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MAURICE L. PORTER, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE WELCH\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant Maurice L. Porter was charged by information with possession of cannabis and residential burglary, after police executed a search warrant at his residence. The circuit court of Randolph County granted defendant\u2019s motion to quash the search warrant and to suppress evidence found in the search. The State appeals. We reverse and remand.\nWitnesses at the February 15, 1984, hearing on the above motions were sheriff\u2019s deputy Lyndon Thies and Sparta Officer David Stine. Jacqueline Wallace, who resided with defendant on the date in question, also testified. Deputy Thies testified as follows: On December 28, 1983, Kenneth Bouas reported a burglary of his apartment. Bouas described several articles that had been taken. Bouas\u2019 and defendant\u2019s apartments were 15 to 20 feet apart. The ground was covered with snow. Shoe prints led from Bouas\u2019 apartment to defendant\u2019s. In the early morning hours of December 29, Officer Rick Wadlow asked defendant for permission to enter defendant\u2019s apartment. \u201cHe told us we could come in and look around. He didn\u2019t want us moving anything around. Wadlow and Thies entered the apartment at once; Stine entered later. On a nightstand, Thies saw a glass jar containing seeds. Thies believed the seeds were cannabis seeds, based on his \u201cmany\u201d observations of cannabis and cannabis seeds in nearly three years as a deputy. In the living room. Thies saw an ashtray on a table in front of a couch; in the ashtray were seeds and small cigarette butts (\u201croaches\u201d), which, based on his experience, Thies believed to be cannabis. Thies returned the next day to execute the search warrant. In defendant\u2019s bedroom, the officers found several items which they believed were taken from Bouas\u2019 residence; they summoned Bouas to defendant\u2019s residence, where Bouas identified some of the items as his. The officers seized these items, as well as cannabis which they found hidden in defendant\u2019s bed, and several bottles of seeds.\nOfficer Stine testified as follows: On December 29, 1983, in the early morning, defendant gave the officers \u201cpermission to come in the apartment and look around.\u201d Stine saw a metal can on a coffee table in the living room. A lid was on the can. Stine \u201cjust slid it back.\u201d Inside was a \u201cdark bottle\u201d which contained what he believed to be cannabis seeds, based on his nine years as an officer, his experience in \u201cseveral drug cases,\u201d and seminars he had attended on the subject. He touched nothing inside the can. On the same table was an ashtray containing what he believed to be cannabis seeds and \u201croaches.\u201d\nMs. Wallace testified that she was present when defendant allowed the officers to enter the apartment. According to Wallace, there was a lid on the metal can, and no cannabis in the ashtrays; one could not see inside the bottle which was in the can without opening the bottle.\nOfficer Stine was the complainant with respect to the search warrant. Stine\u2019s complaint described the things to be seized as cannabis, cannabis plants, cannabis seeds, controlled substances, and drug paraphernalia. The complaint stated the supporting facts in pertinent part as follows:\n\u201cThe officers asked Porter if they could enter and look around ***. Maurice Porter consented and all three officers entered the apartment. Officer Stine observed on the coffee table located in the living room a metal can. Inside the metal can, Stine observed three plastic pill bottles containing what appeared to him to be cannabis seeds. Also in the metal can, Stine observed what is commonly called a roach clip used in smoking cannabis and a pipe which the officer observed had what appeared to be cannabis residue in it.\u201d\nIn granting defendant\u2019s motions to quash the search warrant and suppress the evidence seized, the court found that the complaint for search warrant was based on a previous illegal search of the premises; that the contents of the metal can were not in plain view; that defendant\u2019s consent for the officers to enter the apartment did not include consent to search; and that Stine\u2019s moving the can lid constituted an unlawful search under the circumstances: \u201c[Apparently there was sufficient evidence for a valid search warrant to be issued; but it didn\u2019t make its way into the four corners of the complaint.\u201d\nThe State argues that the officers received defendant\u2019s consent to search. However, the issue on appeal is whether the court\u2019s finding that defendant did not consent is unreasonable. Consent waives the warrant requirement only to the extent granted by defendant in his consent. A consent search is reasonable only if kept within the consent. (People v. Sanders (1976), 44 Ill. App. 3d 510, 514, 358 N.E.2d 375, 378-79.) The court\u2019s finding that defendant did not consent is justified by Deputy Thies\u2019 uncontradicted testimony that defendant \u201cdidn\u2019t want us moving anything around.\u201d That defendant meant what he said is at least as justifiable as the opposite conclusion urged by the State.\nThe State argues that the contents of the metal can were in plain view and therefore subject to seizure. This court will not disturb the trial court\u2019s determination of factual matters in a hearing on a motion to suppress unless manifestly erroneous. (People v. Free (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 378, 401, 447 N.E.2d 218, 229, cert, denied (1983), 464 U.S. 865, 78 L. Ed. 2d 175, 104 S. Ct. 200.) Ms. Wallace testified that there was a lid on the can. Officer Stine\u2019s testimony that he removed the lid to see inside implies that he could not see inside otherwise. No one testified that the officers could see inside the can without removing the lid. The court\u2019s finding that the contents of the can were not in plain view is supported by the evidence.\nThe State argues that the officers had probable cause to search defendant\u2019s apartment because they saw cannabis (other than in the metal can) in plain view. We agree. The trial court\u2019s statement that \u201cthere was sufficient evidence for a valid search warrant to be issued ***,\u201d shows the trial court\u2019s acceptance of the officers\u2019 testimony regarding the contends of the ash tray. Accepting the officers\u2019 testimony in this regard as true, the officers had probable cause to search the entire apartment. (See People v. Knight (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 248, 260, 478 N.E.2d 1082, 1092; People v. Bell (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 122, 127, 290 N.E.2d 214, 217.) They needed no search warrant. The United States Supreme Court has stated that requiring police to obtain a warrant once they have obtained a first-hand perception of contraband would be a \u201cneedless inconvenience.\u201d (Texas v. Brown (1983), 460 U.S. 730, 739, 75 L. Ed. 2d 502, 511-12, 103 S. Ct. 1535, 1541.) Since the police were authorized to search without a warrant, no legitimate interest protected by the fourth amendment is served by suppressing the evidence seized based on technical defects in the procurement of the unnecessary warrant.\nThe State also argues that if the search was technically invalid, exclusion was not the proper remedy. The United States Supreme Court recently stated: \u201cParticularly when law enforcement officers have acted in objective good faith or their transgressions have been minor, the magnitude of the benefit conferred on such guilty defendant offends basic concepts of the criminal justice system.\u201d (United States v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S. 897, 907-08, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 688-89, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3413.) Thus, \u201csuppression of evidence obtained pursuant to a warrant should be ordered only on a case-by-case basis and only in those unusual cases in which exclusion will further the purposes of the exclusionary rule.\u201d (468 U.S. 897, 918, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 695, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3419.) In the case at bar, the officers\u2019 \u201ctransgressions\u201d were minor at most, as they related to obtaining an unnecessary warrant. Under those circumstances, we cannot justify applying the harsh remedy of the exclusionary rule, for \u201cthe magnitude of the benefit conferred [on the accused] offends basic concepts of the criminal justice system\u201d (468 U.S. 897, 908, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 689,104 S. Ct. 3405, 3413) compared to the officers\u2019 minor errors.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the order of the circuit court of Randolph County granting defendant\u2019s motion to quash the search warrant and to suppress the evidence seized in the course of the search is reversed; this cause is remanded for further proceedings.\nReversed and remanded.\nJONES, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE WELCH" }, { "text": "JUSTICE HARRISON\ndissenting:\nI respectfully dissent.\nThe majority simply states that because the police saw cannabis seeds in plain view in the ashtray, they had probable cause to search the rest of the apartment, including the metal can, even without a warrant. If police have probable cause to search a house but have not obtained a warrant, the search must fall within one of the narrow and specifically delineated exceptions to the warrant requirement. (Thompson v. Louisiana (1984), 469 U.S. 17, 20-21, 83 L. Ed. 2d 246, 250, 105 S. Ct. 409, 411.) The majority is unable to identify any such exception, because none applies in this case. The United States Supreme Court in Thompson and Mincey v. Arizona (1978), 437 U.S. 385, 57 L. Ed. 2d 290, 98 S. Ct. 2408, rejected the contention that there is a \u201cmurder scene exception\u201d to the warrant requirement. In both cases, the court found that even though a murder had been committed and police were lawfully on the premises, they could not conduct unlimited searches absent exigent circumstances. If the evidence that a murder has been committed does not permit police to search for other evidence absent exigent circumstances, then surely evidence of illegal possession of cannabis does not permit police to search defendant\u2019s entire apartment, including the metal can, in the present case. The record indic\u00e1tes no exigent circumstances, and the State has not argued any existed.\nFurthermore, the majority states the following as its holding: \u201cSince the police were authorized to search without a warrant, no legitimate interest protected by the Fourth Amendment is served by suppressing the evidence seized based on technical defects in the procurement of the unnecessary warrant.\u201d Even if one assumed the search of the metal can during the first entry without a warrant was permissible, the majority\u2019s conclusion that a search warrant was not necessary to discover the stolen property during the second search is groundless. The majority holds that the police could have lawfully searched for and found the stolen property during their first visit to the apartment, after they saw the cannabis seeds in plain view in the ashtray. But the officers did not do so. Instead, they left the apartment, obtained the search warrant, and returned the next day. Once they left the apartment the first time, they needed a warrant to reenter, unless defendant again gave consent to their entry. Thus, the warrant was necessary.\nThat a warrant was obtained does not save the case, however, because that warrant was based upon an illegal search of the metal can. Logic and good conscience require that a search warrant based on illegally obtained information should be invalid as contrary to the protection afforded all citizens by the fourth amendment. The United States Supreme Court in United States v. Karo (1984), 468 U.S. 705, 719, 82 L. Ed. 2d 530, 544, 104 S. Ct. 3296, 3305, stated that information illegally obtained which was included in a warrant affidavit would invalidate the warrant if it proved to be critical to establishing probable cause for the issuance of the warrant. (See also People v. One 1968 Cadillac Automobile VIN #J8316714 (1972), 4 Ill. App. 3d 780, 788, 281 N.E.2d 776, 782.) In the present case, the illegally obtained evidence was the only information used to establish probable cause. Thus, the warrant must be invalid.\nIt may be true that the officers had other legally obtained information which amounted to probable cause. However, the court in Karo held that a warrant issued pursuant to an affidavit containing illegally obtained information would be valid \u201cif sufficient untainted evidence was presented in the warrant affidavit to establish probable cause.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (United States v. Karo (1984), 468 U.S. 705, 719, 82 L. Ed. 2d 530, 544, 104 S. Ct. 3296, 3305. See also People v. Free (1983), 94 Ill. 2d 378, 399, 447 N.E.2d 218, 228-29, cert, denied (1983), 464 U.S. 865, 78 L. Ed. 2d 175, 104 S. Ct. 200.) Here, the untainted information was within the officers\u2019 knowledge, but was not presented in the warrant affidavit.\nI also feel compelled to address the majority\u2019s reference to the good faith exception of Leon. That decision held the exclusionary rule to be inapplicable to cases where the police reasonably rely on a facially valid search warrant. The court in Leon did not address the issue of a warrant affidavit containing illegally obtained information. However, the decision in Leon suggests an answer to the question before us. The court\u2019s justification for this good faith exception was that the exclusionary rule is designed to deter police misconduct rather than to punish the errors of judges and magistrates. Consequently, where there is no police misconduct, the purposes of exclusionary rule are not served. (United States v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S. 897, 918, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 695, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3419.) In Leon, the facts as stated did not involve any police misconduct, but the court, in setting out the good faith exception, indicated that if the conduct of the police is in any way improper or unreasonable, the exclusionary rule would still apply. In the present case, the initial search of the metal can was illegal. That search was not conducted pursuant to a search warrant. The purposes of the exclusionary rule would be furthered here by exclusion, because it would serve to deter the police from conducting other such illegal searches and from illegally obtaining information for warrant affidavits. See also People v. Joseph (1984), 128 Ill. App. 3d 668, 470 N.E.2d 1303 (rejecting Leon argument and finding exclusion proper due to inaccuracy in police computer information).\nThe court in Leon stated the good faith exception will not automatically apply simply because the police obtain a facially valid warrant and abide by its terms. (United States v. Leon (1984), 468 U.S. 897, 922, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 698, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3421.) There are exceptions to the good faith exception. One such exception is if the police were dishonest or reckless in preparing their affidavit. (468 U.S. 897, 926, 82 L. Ed. 2d 677, 701, 104 S. Ct. 3405, 3423.) See also People v. O\u2019Neill (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 1091, 1101, 482 N.E.2d 668, 675.) Omissions of material information have been held to come under this exception. (See People v. Stewart (1984), 105 Ill. 2d 22, 43, 473 N.E.2d 840, 850, cert, denied (1985), 471 U.S. 1131, 86 L. Ed. 2d 283, 105 S. Ct. 2666; People v. Reynolds (1980), 96 Ill. App. 3d 79, 82, 420 N.E.2d 1193, 1196.) The majority has set out the material portions of the warrant affidavit. Missing from this affidavit are two important factors: defendant told the officers that he did not want them to move anything around, and an officer in fact moved the. lid on the metal can to observe its contents. The court considering the warrant application could have easily found that this was an illegal search had it had all the facts. Omitting these facts perhaps was dishonest, but was certainly at least reckless.\nFor the foregoing reasons, I would affirm the trial court\u2019s granting of defendant\u2019s motion to quash the search warrant and suppress the evidence found in the search conducted pursuant to that warrant.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE HARRISON" } ], "attorneys": [ "William A. Schuwerk, Jr., State\u2019s Attorney, of Chester (Kenneth R. Boyle, Stephen E. Norris, and Susan M. Young, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People.", "Randy E. Blue and E. Joyce Randolph, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. MAURICE L. PORTER, Defendant-Appellee.\nFifth District\nNo. 5\u201484\u20140115\nOpinion filed February 26, 1986.\nHARRISON, J., dissenting.\nWilliam A. Schuwerk, Jr., State\u2019s Attorney, of Chester (Kenneth R. Boyle, Stephen E. Norris, and Susan M. Young, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People.\nRandy E. Blue and E. Joyce Randolph, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Mt. Vernon, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0071-01", "first_page_order": 93, "last_page_order": 99 }