{ "id": 5665898, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PHILLIP J. ELLIOTT, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Elliott", "decision_date": "1986-05-01", "docket_number": "No. 4-85-0520", "first_page": "72", "last_page": "80", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "143 Ill. App. 3d 72" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "186 N.E.2d 254", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "255" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Ill. 2d 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5357804 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "258" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/26/0255-01" ] }, { "cite": "439 N.E.2d 1103", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. App. 3d 856", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3015136 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/108/0856-01" ] }, { "cite": "434 N.E.2d 13", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "105 Ill. App. 3d 129", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5471389 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/105/0129-01" ] }, { "cite": "455 N.E.2d 70", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "72" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 Ill. 2d 38", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3123048 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "43" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/98/0038-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 6", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1771825 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0006-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 S. Ct. 160", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 L. Ed. 2d 131", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "454 U.S. 845", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6310592, 6311139, 6312356, 6310311, 6309808, 6311774, 6310871, 6309592, 6311546, 6312094, 6311357, 6310046 ], "year": 1969, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/454/0845-05", "/us/454/0845-07", "/us/454/0845-12", "/us/454/0845-04", "/us/454/0845-02", "/us/454/0845-10", "/us/454/0845-06", "/us/454/0845-01", "/us/454/0845-09", "/us/454/0845-11", "/us/454/0845-08", "/us/454/0845-03" ] }, { "cite": "420 N.E.2d 151", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "154" }, { "page": "159" }, { "page": "160" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 415", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3045347 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "420-21" }, { "page": "432-33" }, { "page": "433-34" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0415-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 510", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1531962 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "515-17" }, { "page": "45-46" }, { "page": "2454-56" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0510-01" ] }, { "cite": "464 N.E.2d 1132", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 Ill. App. 3d 990", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3428056 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/124/0990-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 N.E.2d 165", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 Ill. App. 3d 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5676144 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "573-74" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/123/0563-01" ] }, { "cite": "446 N.E.2d 931", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "934" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "113 Ill. App. 3d 206", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3626080 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "210" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/113/0206-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 839, "char_count": 18896, "ocr_confidence": 0.75, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.472604974582365e-07, "percentile": 0.6595706931176296 }, "sha256": "b01609288a321e7b28d4b031f0e4b75318df832f4b523aa039298f08e3c4bf80", "simhash": "1:0241f15f3f4f8b91", "word_count": 3170 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:11:23.440803+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PHILLIP J. ELLIOTT, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE McCULLOUGH\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn March 25, 1985, the defendant, Phillip Elliott, was arrested and charged with the offense of driving under the influence of alcohol (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 95%, par. ll-501(a)(2)). On June 17, 1985, after a trial by jury in the circuit court of Champaign County, he was found guilty of the offense of driving while under the influence of alcohol. Post-trial motions were filed and heard on July 24, 1985, and denied. Defendant was sentenced to one year\u2019s conditional discharge, fined in the amount of $500 and costs, and ordered to serve a period of incarceration. The defendant appeals. The issues presented for review are (1) whether the jury was correctly instructed on the law applicable to the evidence regarding the defendant\u2019s blood-alcohol level based on the results of a chemical analysis of his breath and (2) whether the defendant was proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nAt 1:15 a.m., March 25, 1985, Officer Page of the Urbana police department was westbound and stopped for a red light at the intersection of Green Street and Wright Street in Urbana. When the stoplight changed from red to green, the officer observed that the Pontiac which was directly in front of him started up and then stopped when a white Cadillac, which had been in the left eastbound lane awaiting the light turned left in front of the Pontiac. The officer turned and followed the Cadillac, estimating the speed to be approximately 45 miles per hour. He observed the Cadillac change from the left lane or the righthand land at the intersection of Springfield and Wright streets and the Cadillac turn right on Springfield. The officer activated his overhead red lights, stopped the car, approached the defendant, who was the driver, obtained his driver\u2019s license, and detected an odor of alcoholic beverage on the defendant. The officer testified that the defendant stumbled in getting out of his car and his eyes were bloodshot. Sobriety tests, including walking a straight line heel-to-toe, touching his nose, and standing on top of one leg were performed by the defendant. The officer judged that the defendant failed all of these tests and concluded that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol based on the defendant\u2019s lack of physical coordination, failure to follow instructions, bloodshot eyes, the odor of alcohol on his breath, and erratic driving. Defendant was taken to the Urbana police station and was asked to submit to a breath analysis. The defendant consented to the breath test and gave a sample which registered on the machine as a .15 blood-alcohol level. During the 20-minute waiting period the defendant had not ingested any food or drink, smoked any cigarette, belched, vomited, or done anything that would have tainted the machine\u2019s test result. In an interview at the Urbana police station, the defendant informed the officer that he had consumed four \u201cYO\u2019s and Seven.\u201d On cross-examination, the defendant sought to impeach the officer as to the speed of the defendant\u2019s vehicle, that the road surfaces of Springfield and Green did have some imperfections together with a downhill grade from Springfield to Green Street. The imperfections, however, according to the officer, were slight. Officer Jepsen responded as a backup unit, observed the defendant perform some of the field-sobriety tests and overheard the conversation. Officer Jepsen testified he was able to smell the odor of alcohol on the defendant\u2019s breath and observe that the defendant\u2019s eyes were glassy, and that he was of the opinion that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol based upon the two field-sobriety tests he observed, the odor of alcohol on the defendant\u2019s breath, and his observation of the defendant\u2019s eyes. He also testified and described the defendant\u2019s manner of speech as slurring some of the words. Defendant\u2019s witness, Richard Perring, was with the defendant on the night in question. Witness Perring testified that he and defendant were at Bradley\u2019s, where the alcohol was consumed. They arrived at Bradley\u2019s at about 8:30 p.m. and were at that same place until 1 a.m., March 25, 1985. Perring observed nothing unusual about the defendant\u2019s driving behavior. The defendant dropped Perring off near the intersection of Sixth and Green immediately before the defendant was arrested. He did observe the defendant stop at the intersection of Green Street and Wright Street in Urbana with his left turn signal on. Perring did not see the defendant after that time but gave the opinion that the defendant was not under the influence of alcohol.\nThe defendant testified that he picked up two friends including Perring at about 8 p.m. and arrived at Bradley\u2019s at about 8:30 p.m. He testified that they had to wait to get into Bradley\u2019s and during that time it rained and the weather was cool. During the course of the evening he drank four drinks of VO and Seven. During the evening hours he listened to the band and did dance intermittently until 1 a.m. He testified that after he made the turn right at Green Street, he travelled north on Wright Street just in excess of 30 miles per hour moving from the left lane to the right lane over a two-block stretch then turning right on Springfield. After turning right at Springfield and Wright, the defendant observed the police officer\u2019s lights and parked in the first available space on Burrill Avenue. The defendant described the street where the field-sobriety tests were performed as being cracked with potholes and with a lot of loose gravel and further observed that the area was wet from rain that had fallen. Defendant admitted on cross-examination that the alcohol was going to affect him somewhat but stated he was in full control of himself, that he had started drinking around 9:30 p.m., that he had only had one-half to two hours sleep the night before because he had to take care of his house during a party that his roommate had. He indicated that when he made any turns, including intersection turns or lane turns, that he used his turn signals. In rebuttal, Officer Page, the arresting officer, testified that after the arrest the defendant told him he had started drinking at about 7 p.m. the night before and at the time he was stopped the defendant stated he was going home.\nAt the conference on jury instructions, the court gave People\u2019s instruction No. 11A over the defendant\u2019s objection, which instructed the jury on the use of the results of the analysis of defendant\u2019s breath. (Illinois Pattern Jury Instruction, Criminal, No. 23.06 (2d ed. 1981).) That instruction provided:\n\u201cIf you find that at the time of the defendant\u2019s driving, the amount of alcohol in the defendant\u2019s blood as shown by a chemical analysis of his breath was .05 or less percent by weight of alcohol, you may infer that the defendant was not under the influence of alcohol;\nIf you find that at the time of the defendant\u2019s driving the amount of alcohol in the defendant\u2019s blood as shown by a chemical analysis of his breath was in excess of .05 but less than .10 percent by weight of alcohol, this may not give rise to any inference that the defendant was or was not under the influence of alcohol;\nIf you find that at the time of the defendant\u2019s driving the amount of alcohol in the defendant\u2019s blood as shown by a chemical analysis of his breath was .10 percent or more by weight of alcohol, you may infer that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol.\nHowever, any such inference is not binding on you and you may take into consideration any other evidence , and reasonable inferences from it, in determining whether or not the defendant was under the influence of alcohol.\u201d\nThe defendant tendered instruction No. 2, identical to People\u2019s instruction No. 11A except that it added the phrase \u201cbeyond a reasonable doubt\u201d in each of the first three paragraphs between the words \u201cfind\u201d and \u201cthat.\u201d The trial court refused the defendant\u2019s instruction No. 2. Defendant\u2019s instruction No. 3 which was refused by the court provided:\n\u201cInference is the process of reasoning by which a fact or proposition sought to be established is deduced as a logical consequence from other facts, or a state of facts, already proved or admitted.\u201d\nThe defendant cites People v. Malik (1983), 113 Ill. App. 3d 206, 446 N.E.2d 931; People v. Frazier (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 563, 463 N.E.2d 165; and People v. Graven (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 990, 464 N.E.2d 1132. The defendant argued, and the State and the trial court agreed, that these decisions did create confusion in the trial court\u2019s responsibility to properly instruct the jury.\nIn Malik, the trial court gave a modified version of IPI Criminal 2d No. 23.06, which provided in part that \u201c \u2018if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that the amount of alcohol in the defendant\u2019s blood as shown by a chemical analysis of his breath was .10 percent or more by weight of alcohol, you shall presume that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol.\u2019 \u201d (People v. Malik (1983), 113 Ill. App. 3d 206, 210, 446 N.E.2d 931, 934.) Defendant in Malik had tendered an instruction which stated \u201cyou may infer\u201d in place of \u201cyou shall presume,\u201d based upon certain findings, that the defendant was under the influence of alcohol with a second paragraph indicating that they were not required to make the presumption, instructing the jury that they could take into consideration any other evidence in determining whether or not the defendant was under the influence of alcohol. In Frazier, the same first paragraph instruction given in Malik was given by the trial court, but Frazier also gave the second paragraph of IPI Criminal 2d No. 23.06. As in Malik, this court found error in the given instruction but concluded that the error was either solved by other instructions given or that such error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Frazier (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 563, 573-74, 463 N.E.2d 165.\nThe instruction given in the instant case substituted the words \u201cmay infer\u201d for \u201cshall presume\u201d avoiding the suggestion of a mandatory presumption. The defendant argues that the instruction still does not address the proof of the underlying fact from which the permissive inference or presumption was to be drawn.\nThe trial court in giving the instruction in the form submitted by the State using the words \u201cmay infer\u201d did not commit error. The trial court\u2019s refusal of defendant\u2019s tendered instructions requiring a finding beyond a reasonable doubt of the amount of alcohol in the defendant\u2019s blood was proper. As indicated, IPI Criminal 2d No. 23.06 informs the jury of the law of the State of Illinois with respect to chemical tests. It is not an issues instruction with respect to a charge of driving while under the influence of alcohol. This is especially true when IPI Criminal 2d No. 23.06 provides a second paragraph indicating that the presumption is not binding upon the jury but that they may take into consideration any other evidence in determining whether or not the defendant was under the influence of intoxicating liquor. The instruction as given did not violate the standards set down by the United States Supreme Court in Sandstrom v. Montana (1979), 442 U.S. 510, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39, 99 S. Ct. 2450.\nIn Sandstrom, the instruction provided in substance \u201cthe law presumes that a person intends the ordinary consequences of his voluntary acts.\u201d The Supreme Court stated that the jurors:\n\u201c[Wjere not told that they had a choice, or that they might infer that conclusion; they were told only that the law presumed * * *\n* * *\n*** They were not told that the presumption could be rebutted, as the Montana Supreme Court held, by the defendant\u2019s simple presentation of \u2018some\u2019 evidence; nor even that it could be rebutted at all. Given the common definition of \u2018presume\u2019 as \u2018to suppose to be true without proof,\u2019 Webster\u2019s New Collegiate Dictionary 911 (1974), and given the lack of qualifying instructions as to the legal effect of the presumption, we cannot discount the possibility that the jury may have interpreted the instruction in either of two more stringent ways.\u201d Sandstrom v. Montana (1979), 442 U.S. 510, 515-17, 61 L. Ed. 2d 39, 45-46, 99 S. Ct. 2450, 2454-56.\nIn People v. Housby (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 415, 420 N.E.2d 151, cert. denied (1981), 454 U.S. 845, 70 L. Ed. 2d 131, 102 S. Ct. 160, the Supreme Court, quoting Leary v. United States (1969), 395 U.S. 6, 23 L. Ed. 2d 57, 89 S. Ct. 1532, stated:\n\u201c \u2018[A] criminal statutory presumption must be regarded as \u201cirrational\u2019 or \u201carbitrary,\u201d and hence unconstitutional, unless it can at least be said with substantial assurance that the presumed fact is more likely than not to flow from the proved fact on which it is made to depend.\u2019 \u201d (People v. Housby (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 415, 420-21, 420 N.E.2d 151, 154.)\nIn Housby, the Supreme Court, in discussing the Sandstrom instruction, stated:\n\u201cThe instruction in this case states that the jurors \u2018may infer.\u2019 These same words address the first feature by informing the jurors that they had the option of ignoring the instruction. The instruction in this case did not explicitly tell the jurors that they were free to choose whether to credit or reject the presumption. But the words \u2018you may infer\u2019 were adequate to advise them that the inference with which they were dealing with permissive, and that they were free to decide whether to make use of it in judging Housby\u2019s guilt. Similar language (\u2018you may infer\u2019) made the instruction struck down in Sandstrom valid when later challenged before the Montana Supreme Court.\u201d (84 Ill. 2d 415, 432-33, 420 N.E.2d 151, 159.)\nIn Housby, where there was not a second paragraph of the instruction as there is in the instant case, the Supreme Court stated in substance that such an addition, although perhaps prudent, would be redundant, because the instruction, as given, advised the jurors that they \u201cmay infer.\u201d\nThe dilemma trial courts are faced with, with respect to the application or use of IPI Criminal 2d No. 23.06, is perchance caused in part by too much stress given to the words \u201cinfer\u201d or \u201cpresume.\u201d Of equal or more importance is the determination of whether to use the word \u201cmay\u201d or the word \u201cshall.\u201d In the instant case, the court gave an instruction which said \u201cmay infer.\u201d As stated in Housby and as shown in the subsequent Sandstrom case before the Montana Supreme Court, when the words \u201cyou may infer\u201d are used in the instruction, the instruction is proper. Although based on a different form of charge, the Supreme Court in People v. Ziltz (1983), 98 Ill. 2d 38, 43, 455 N.E.2d 70, 72, made it clear the State does have a rational basis for curbing the incidence of drunk driving and passing legislation which is a reasonable means of promoting that interest.\nThe instruction here on the law in the State of Illinois is no more arbitrary than statutes which set maximum speed limits and are given as instructions. Also, as stated in Housby:\n\u201cWhen examining instructions in a case, no single instruction is to be judged in artificial isolation. It must be viewed in the context of the entire charge.\u201d (People v. Housby (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 415, 433-34, 420 N.E.2d 151, 160; see also People v. Malik (1983), 113 Ill. App. 3d 206, 446 N.E.2d 931, and People v. Graven (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 990, 464 N.E.2d 1132.)\nIn the instant case, the jury was properly instructed as to its duties, the charge made against the defendant, the presumption of innocence, the issues, the burden of proof; and that it should not single out particular instructions, was to act as judge of the facts, and to consider all of the evidence in the light of the jurors\u2019 observations and experience. The jury was also instructed on the State\u2019s burden as to reasonable doubt. An instruction concerning blood-alcohol content in a driving-under-the-influenee charge is certainly appropriate and proper when considering that the Supreme Court in Housby approved the inference that unexplained possession of stolen goods was by burglary.\nThe instruction in the instant case is also proper inasmuch as there was other corroborative evidence concerning the defendant\u2019s guilt. The blood-alcohol content was not the only evidence submitted by the State concerning the defendant\u2019s driving while under the influence, as that of the arresting officer and the backup officer was entirely adequate to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant did drive the vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.\nWith respect to the defendant\u2019s objection to the court refusing to give defendant\u2019s instruction No. 3 defining the word inference, the trial court\u2019s refusal was not error. The instructions as given by the court were complete in themselves and it was not necessary to instruct the jury on the definition of the word inference.\nThe defendant also argues that he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The record is clear that there was considerable evidence presented by the State in its case in chief sufficient to allow a jury to find the defendant guilty of driving while under the influence of alcohol. The testimony of the arresting officer and the backup officer, the blood-alcohol test, along with the defendant\u2019s admission that he had been drinking are sufficient to support the defendant\u2019s conviction for driving while under the influence of alcohol beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. Davis (1982), 105 Ill. App. 3d 129, 434 N.E.2d 13; People v. Peterson (1982), 108 Ill. App. 3d 856, 439 N.E.2d 1103.\nDefendant\u2019s argument that little weight should be given to the breath-analysis report since the test was given over an hour after the consumption of alcohol is without merit. The legislature has provided a means and a standard for giving the blood-alcohol test. The supreme court in Ziltz found section 11 \u2014 501(a)(1) constitutional. The same rationale applies in the instant case. The statute was complied with and the important considerations are whether the defendant had ingested any food or drink, smoked cigarettes, put other substance in his mouth, or done anything which would have tainted the test result.\nIn summary, as to the reasonable doubt issue, \u201c[wjhere the guilt or innocence of the defendant depends upon the credibility of conflicting testimony, the finding of the trial court will not be disturbed.\u201d People v. Cool (1962), 26 Ill. 2d 255, 258, 186 N.E.2d 254, 255.\nAffirmed.\nGREEN and SPITZ, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE McCULLOUGH" } ], "attorneys": [ "J. Steven Beckett, of Reno, O\u2019Byrne & Kepley, P.C., of Champaign, for appellant.", "Thomas J. Difanis, State\u2019s Attorney, of Urbana (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and Gwendolyn Klingler, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. PHILLIP J. ELLIOTT, Defendant-Appellant.\nFourth District\nNo. 4\u201485\u20140520\nOpinion filed May 1, 1986.\nJ. Steven Beckett, of Reno, O\u2019Byrne & Kepley, P.C., of Champaign, for appellant.\nThomas J. Difanis, State\u2019s Attorney, of Urbana (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and Gwendolyn Klingler, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Service Commission, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0072-01", "first_page_order": 94, "last_page_order": 102 }