{ "id": 2460087, "name": "Excellent Builders, Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Excellent Builders, Inc. v. Pioneer Trust & Savings Bank", "decision_date": "1973-11-06", "docket_number": "No. 55789", "first_page": "832", "last_page": "839", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "15 Ill. App. 3d 832" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "43 N.E.2d 535", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "380 Ill. 87", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2553447 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/380/0087-01" ] }, { "cite": "24 N.E.2d 884", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "303 Ill.App. 159", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 3342641 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/303/0159-01" ] }, { "cite": "6 Mich. 111", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "14 N.Y. 162", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.", "case_ids": [ 496116 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ny/14/0162-01" ] }, { "cite": "22 Pick 181", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Pick.", "case_ids": [ 2045863 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass/39/0181-01" ] }, { "cite": "38 N.E. 230", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. 650", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5468509 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/151/0650-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 N.E.2d 605", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "21 Ill.2d 157", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2733430 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/21/0157-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 N.E.2d 823", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "347 Ill.App. 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5090624 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/347/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "142 N.E.2d 701", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "11 Ill.2d 395", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2785865 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/11/0395-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 N.E. 466", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "264 Ill. 619", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 6045246 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/264/0619-01" ] }, { "cite": "203 N.E.2d 421", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1914, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 Ill.2d 51", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2839388 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1914, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/32/0051-01" ] }, { "cite": "169 N.E.2d 73", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "19 Ill.2d 593", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2743913 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/19/0593-01" ] }, { "cite": "164 N.E.2d 278", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "24 Ill.App.2d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5209138 ], "year": 1960, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/24/0158-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 791, "char_count": 16565, "ocr_confidence": 0.733, "pagerank": { "raw": 3.3140585027885697e-07, "percentile": 0.872619021417851 }, "sha256": "8b16b1afb44ab5e4fc04ae18edac1c0c8754e52d6b5f988cf01f98ad9e914e57", "simhash": "1:73066b142fde4dc5", "word_count": 2726 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T19:38:17.475453+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "Excellent Builders, Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE HAYES\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe appeal in this case arises out of a complaint in chancery to establish and foreclose a mechanic\u2019s lien. Prior to 21 August 1987, plaintiffappeHant ExceHent Builders, Inc. (hereinafter plaintiff) bid on a construction job for the construction of an office building on the southeast corner of Devon and Avers Avenues in Chicago. Plaintiff prepared its bid on the basis of plans and specifications prepared by defendantappellees\u2019 architect. On 21 August 1967, plaintiff was awarded the contract. Plaintiff agreed to supervise, and furnish aH labor and materials for, the construction of the office building for the sum of $188,700. This contract was later ratified by defendant Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank in its capacity as land trust trastee.\nShortly thereafter, plaintiff, by its president Harry Brooks, paid for and procured a building permit from the City of Chicago. The record indicates that the building permit issued on the basis of the plans, specifications, and recommendations on which plaintiff had prepared its bid. After the building permit had been issued, plaintiff constructed the first deck of the building and erected steel columns in accordance with the plans and specifications.\nOn 31 October 1967, the Department of Buildings revoked the building permit, after which plaintiff ceased operations. The Department had discovered that the planned and actual position of the building on the lot violated certain city zoning ordinances concerning side yard and setback requirements.\nOn 17 January 1968, plaintiff filed this suit to establish and foreclose a mechanic\u2019s lien. To the date on which it had ceased operations, plaintiff alleged that it had furnished materials and services in the amount of $74,418. Of this amount, defendant had paid only $10,000. Plaintiff sought a lien in the amount of the balance. Defendant answered on 16 February 1968, at which time it also filed a counterclaim alleging breach of contract by plaintiff. The breach complained of was plaintiff\u2019s failure to secure a proper building permit which, under the terms of the contract, it was bound to do.\nSubsequently, defendant filed a motion for summary judgment in its favor and against plaintiff on plaintiff\u2019s complaint. The basis for the motion was that, since the contract on its face violated the Chicago Zoning Ordinance, it was illegal and would not support a mechanic\u2019s lien. In its counteraffidavits, plaintiff alleged that the building permit had been issued by the Department primarily as the result of active wrongdoing on the part of one of the beneficiaries of the land trust. Plaintiff alleged that the said beneficiary had, in July of 1967, applied for and received from the City Council a rezoning of the premises based on a set of plans for the construction of this office building, which plans fully complied with the zoning ordinances as rezoned. The beneficiaries, in advance of the construction of the building, had entered into a lease of the improved premises; one provision of the said lease required the lessor to provide on the premises a parking space for 35 vehicles. The beneficiaries then discovered that it would be impossible to provide such a space, were the building to be constructed according to the plans on the basis of which the rezoning had been obtained. Hence, the beneficiary in question had the architect draw up another set of plans which provided the said parking space, but which, in order to do so, required that the building be built in violation of certain setback requirements of the zoning ordinance as rezoned \u2014 a fact actually known both to the beneficiary and the architect. Plaintiff then alleged that the beneficiary in question had instructed the architect to misrepresent to an official of the Building Department that the plans to be submitted to the Department for the building permit approval were the same plans which had been considered and approved by the City Council in rezoning the premises. Plaintiff further alleged that it had no part in the drafting of the illegal plans; that it had no actual knowledge of the illegality of the plans when it had made its bid on the basis of those plans, nor at any time thereafter until the revocation of the building permit; that it had made no misrepresentation to officials of the Building Department or to anyone, but had merely passively submitted the illegal plans pursuant to its contractual duty to secure the building permit, which had thereupon been issued. Plaintiff\u2019s theory was that, even if the contract were illegal (which plaintiff did not concede), the parties were not in pari delicto because President Brooks had merely dehvered the plans (which had been furnished him by defendants\u2019 architect) to the Building Department and had not participated in the alleged fraud which resulted in the issuance of the void and revocable permit. Therefore, plaintiff would not be barred from obtaining its lien.\nPrior to the hearing on the motion for summary judgment, defendants filed a motion for a protective order prohibiting further discovery. In order to support the allegations in its counteraffidavits, plaintiff had desired to obtain the deposition of the beneficiary of the land trust accused of wrongdoing, as weU as the deposition of the city official to whom these alleged misrepresentations had been made. The basis for defendants\u2019 motion was the contention that the only issue before the court was the vafidity of the contract, which could be determined from the face of the contract, and that plaintiff should not be permitted to take any depositions other than those which would be relevant to the issue of the validity of the contract. The trial court granted defendants\u2019 motion and entered a protective order prohibiting further discovery.\nAfter a hearing, the trial judge granted the motion for summary judgment. In so doing the trial court held the contract to be iHegal on its face and unenforceable. It also held that it had no authority to weigh degrees of culpability in a mechanic\u2019s lien suit. FinaHy, the trial court upon its own motion dismissed defendants\u2019 counterclaim (because defendant was equally unable to enforce an illegal contract).\nOPINION\nThe granting of a motion for summary judgment is proper if upon examination of the record it can be fairly said that no triable issue of fact exists. (Goodwin, Inc. v. George W. Bowers Co. (1960), 24 Ill.App.2d 158, 164 N.E.2d 278; Ray v. City of Chicago (1960), 19 Ill.2d 593, 169 N.E.2d 73.) As we shaU explain hereafter, we are of the opinion that a triable issue of fact is present in this case and that the motion for summary judgment was improperly granted below.\nAs the necessary basis for a lien, the statute requires a contract (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1967, ch. 82, \u00a7 1), and the cases have construed the statute to require a vafid contract. (Pascal P. Paddock, Inc. v. Glennon (1965), 32 Ill.2d 51, 203 N.E.2d 421; Rittenhouse & Embree Co. v. Warren Construction Co. (1914), 264 Ill. 619, 106 N.E. 466.) Defendants contend that, since the contract in question violates the City ordinance, the contract is illegal and void and, as a matter of law, cannot be the foundation for a claim of a mechanic\u2019s lien in favor of plaintiff.\nPlaintiff, on the other hand, first offers three theories, any one of which, it contends, would have enabled the contract in the case at bar to have become a legal contract or at least to have become IegaUy performable. Plaintiff contends that: (1) defendants could have relocated the building in conformance with the applicable side yard requirements; (2) defendants could have obtained a variation from the City with respect to the front setback and side yard requirements; and (3) defendants could have continued construction in reliance on the City\u2019s approval of the plans and specifications submitted to the Building Department and the issuance of the building permit pursuant thereto. The validity of these theories would, it is contended, then give rise to triable issues of fact. None of these theories, however, has any application to the facts of this case.\nAs to whether defendants could have relocated the building in conformance with the applicable side yard requirements or whether the defendants could have obtained a variance, we agree that both of these alternatives were possible. However, the contract in the case at bar does not impose any duty on defendants to take either of those courses of action. It is not for the courts to impose such a duty. A court will not allow recovery or determine rights upon a contract other than the one entered into between the parties. Freeland v. Edwards (1957), 11 Ill.2d 395, 142 N.E.2d 701.\nLikewise, the theory that the defendant had a vested right to continue construction because the City would be estopped from enforcing a violation of the zoning ordinance is inapplicable to the case at bar. Estoppel generally arises in zoning cases in two situations. The first is where there has been a substantial change of position, expenditures, or incurrence of obligations under a building permit validly issued, which permit is later revoked because of subsequent zoning or changes in zoning. (See Deer Park Civic Ass\u2019n v. City of Chicago (1952), 347 Ill.App. 346, 106 N.E.2d 823.) The second situation is where there has been a substantial change of position under an invalid permit and the party to whom the permit was issued had been actively misled by city officials. (See Cities Service Oil Co. v. City of Des Plaines (1961), 21 Ill.2d 157, 171 N.E.2d 605.) Neither of these fact patterns are involved in the case at bar.\nPlaintiff\u2019s final contention is that, even if the contract is illegal, the relative magnitude of defendants\u2019 misconduct would still render the contract enforceable against them by plaintiff under the doctrine of the balancing of degrees of culpability, thereby giving rise to an issue of fact, namely, the determination of the degrees of culpability of the parties. The doctrine of the balancing of degrees of culpability was discussed in the case of Evans v. Funk (1890), 151 Ill. 650, 38 N.E. 230. The Supreme Court stated:\n\u201cIt is true, as a general rule, that when two or more persons engage in an unlawful enterprise, or agree to do an illegal act, or one prohibited by public policy, and spend or pay out money to each other or otherwise in aid of some unlawful enterprise, the law will aid neither, and leave them where they place themselves. But this general rule has its exceptions, arising out of necessity or from unyielding principles of public policy or from the different conditions of the parties. The different degrees of turpitude, immorality, or illegality may be so great between different persons engaged in such acts that the general rule will bend to meet the demands of such case and allow a recovery. In Story\u2019s Equity Jurisprudence, section 300, it is said that \u2018in cases where both parties are in delicto, concurring in illegal acts, it does not follow that they are in pari delicto, for there may be, and often are, very different degrees in their guilt. One party may act under circumstances of oppression, imposition, hardship or undue influence, or great inequality in conditions of age, so that his guilt may be far less in degree than that of his associate in the offense. And, besides, there may be, on the part of the court itself, a necessity of supporting the public interest or public policy in many cases, however reprehensible the acts of the parties may be.\u2019 In strict harmony with the principles announced by Story, are also the following cases. White v. Franklin Bank, 22 Pick 181; Tracy v. Talmage, 14 N.Y. 162-193; Quirk v. Thomas, 6 Mich. 111; 1 Smith\u2019s Leading Cases, 708.\u201d\nThe question for this court to decide is whether this equitable exception to the equitable doctrine of leaving cowrongdoers in the position in which they have placed themselves, which exception is applicable in actions between such parties for breach of contract or on the common count of quantum meruit, is equally applicable in an action between such parties for the establishment of a mechanic\u2019s lien. We have been cited to no Illinois case, and our search has revealed none, where the balancing of degrees of culpability has been either accepted or rejected in a mechanic\u2019s lien action.\nThe statutory mechanic\u2019s lien action is in derogation of the common law, and for that reason the Mechanic\u2019s Lien Act has been held to require strict construction with reference to the requirements upon which the right to a lien depends, even though the Legislature has provided that the Act is to be liberally construed as a remedial act. Erickson v. Ginocchio (1940), 303 Ill.App. 159, 24 N.E.2d 884; Ill. Rev. Stat. (1967), ch. 82, par. 39.\nBut, despite this requirement of strict construction, allegedly illegal contracts have been held legal and capable of supporting a lien in sit\u00faations in which the alleged illegality related solely to the performance of the contract by the contractor-builder seeking the lien, and the performance of the contract was not injurious to the pubhc order. (Pascal P. Paddock, Inc. v. Glennon (1965), 32 Ill.2d 51, 203 N.E.2d 421; Douglas Lumber Co. v. Chicago Home for Incurables (1942), 380 Ill. 87, 43 N.E.2d 535.) We see no reason why we should not adopt a similarly \u2018liberal\u201d construction as to recovery by Hen between the parties themselves where the active misconduct of one party to the iHegal contract has not only created the illegality with actual knowledge thereof but has then caused the improper issuance of the budding permit, whereas the misconduct of the other party to the illegal contract has occurred without actual knowledge and consists of cooperation of a relatively passive and ministerial nature. Giving this Hmited, purely inter party, validity to this contract would not be injurious to the public order. On the contrary it would merely prevent the more culpable party from benefitting from his own wrongdoing, thereby contributing to the pubhc order.\nHaving determined that the doctrine is apphcable in a mechanic\u2019s Hen action, we must determine whether plaintiff has alleged sufficient facts to bring it within the operation of the doctrine. If such facts are aUeged, plaintiff created an issue of fact making summary judgment unavailable.\nOn their face, plaintiffs allegations of fact might appear to estabHsh merely that defendants had perpetrated a fraud on the City of Chicago and not, as required, on plaintiff. But, carefully analyzed, plaintiffs aUegations establish that, while defendants\u2019 conduct directly or primarily perpetrated a fraud on the City of Chicago, it also indirectly or secondarily perpetrated a fraud on plaintiff by causing plaintiff to act to its detriment in reliance on the fraudulently issued and therefore revocable permit. Furthermore, as between the parties, plaintiff\u2019s participation in the fraud on the City of Chicago was purely formal and passive in that, as required by the contract, it merely applied for the permit on the basis of the fflegal plans and specifications which had been furnished to it but took no active part in the alleged fraud by reason of which the permit wrongfully issued. It is our opinion that the aUegations of fact, if true, would invoke the doctrine of imbalance of culpability as between the parties and, therefore, raised an issue of fact which made summary judgment unavailable.\nBecause we have decided that plaintiff\u2019s counteraffidavits do give rise to a relevant issue of fact relating to the balancing of culpabilities and that summary judgment was therefore improper, it may be that we have overruled the sole basis upon which the trial court issued its protective order against discovery by plaintiff. In any event, since we are reversing the summary judgment for defendants and are remanding the cause for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion, we do so without prejudice to the right of plaintiff to renew its motion for discovery, upon-which the trial court may then rule on grounds not inconsistent with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.\nSTAMOS, P. J\u201e and LEIGHTON, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE HAYES" } ], "attorneys": [ "Ash, Anos and Harris, of Chicago (Howard A. Harris and Lawrence Freedman, of counsel), for appellant.", "Albert J. HorreU, of Chicago, for appeHees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "Excellent Builders, Inc., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank et al., Defendants-Appellees.\n(No. 55789;\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNovember 6, 1973.\nRehearing denied December 11, 1973.\nAsh, Anos and Harris, of Chicago (Howard A. Harris and Lawrence Freedman, of counsel), for appellant.\nAlbert J. HorreU, of Chicago, for appeHees." }, "file_name": "0832-01", "first_page_order": 852, "last_page_order": 859 }