{ "id": 3646471, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JAMES THOMAS PENDER, JR., Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Pender", "decision_date": "1987-05-04", "docket_number": "No. 4\u201486\u20140455", "first_page": "978", "last_page": "982", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "154 Ill. App. 3d 978" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "472 N.E.2d 1152", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "129 Ill. App. 3d 427", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3491044 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/129/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "427 N.E.2d 1212", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Ill. 2d 459", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5470016 ], "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/86/0459-01" ] }, { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 1236", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d 301", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3129386 ], "year": 1981, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0301-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 N.E.2d 837", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "89 Ill. 2d 298", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5494277 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/89/0298-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 U.S. 54", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177463 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/437/0054-01" ] }, { "cite": "396 U.S. 141", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "430 U.S. 564", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12126181 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/430/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "432 U.S. 23", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6176310 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1977, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/432/0023-01" ] }, { "cite": "369 U.S. 141", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6165831 ], "weight": 5, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/369/0141-01" ] }, { "cite": "195 U.S. 100", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3633803 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1962, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/195/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 U.S. 82", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6177769 ], "weight": 15, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "96" }, { "page": "77" }, { "page": "2196" }, { "page": "91" }, { "page": "74" }, { "page": "2194" }, { "page": "91" }, { "page": "74" }, { "page": "2194" }, { "page": "91" }, { "page": "74" }, { "page": "2194" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/437/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "437 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6176664 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/437/0001-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 574, "char_count": 10774, "ocr_confidence": 0.766, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.895165136299389e-08, "percentile": 0.4191566767020008 }, "sha256": "8e9536debb314d560c679f1a3af8dcff9da24de33fce4b302368474d9b2bb05e", "simhash": "1:34c0648402a31e41", "word_count": 1825 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:22.457227+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JAMES THOMAS PENDER, JR., Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SPITZ\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, James Thomas Pender, Jr., was charged by information in the circuit court of Macon County with driving while license revoked with a prior driving while license revoked conviction, in violation of section 6 \u2014 303(d) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (111. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 95^2, par. 6 \u2014 303(d)). A jury trial was held. At the close of all the evidence, the trial judge granted defendant\u2019s motion for a directed verdict. The State now appeals. For reasons that follow, the appeal is dismissed.\nThe following evidence was adduced at the June 22, 1986, jury trial in this cause. The State called one witness, Decatur city police officer Wayne Hughes. Hughes testified that on March 29, 1986, he was working second shift and at approximately 7:30 p.m. he was in the 200 block of East Leafland in Decatur. Hughes was driving west on Leafland when he saw defendant driving a car and saw his car turn on Water Street to proceed east. Although it was dark at 7:30 p.m., the headlights of Hughes\u2019 car hit defendant\u2019s car, and Hughes was able to observe and recognize the driver as defendant. Additionally, there were streetlights and other traffic in the area. Defendant was the only person in the car, and Hughes had spoken to him and seen him at other times. Hughes turned his squad car around and followed defendant because he knew \u201cfor a fact that Mr. Pender was revoked.\u201d Hughes stopped the defendant, approached his car, and requested defendant\u2019s driver\u2019s license. When defendant stated he did not have a driver\u2019s license, Hughes placed defendant under arrest for driving with license revoked.\nThe State offered People\u2019s exhibit No. 1, which was a certified record of defendant\u2019s prior conviction of driving with license revoked, and People\u2019s exhibit No. 2, which was a certified copy of defendant\u2019s revocation on February 16, 1973. Defendant objected to the admission of People\u2019s exhibit No. 1 as having no identification of defendant\u2019s being that same person. The State argued that the rebuttable presumption as to the accuracy of the record applied, and the court admitted exhibit No. 1. Defense counsel then objected to People\u2019s exhibit No. 2 as it did not contain a certified record of conviction in addition to the certified and sealed copy of revocation. The court noted that the certificate bears the seal of the Secretary of State on the revocation of driving privileges of the defendant and that the attached pages were supporting documents. The court then admitted People\u2019s exhibit No. 2. The court denied defendant\u2019s motion for a directed verdict at the close of the State\u2019s evidence.\nDefendant then testified on his own behalf. He stated he had loaned his car that day to a friend. Defendant further testified that he received a call from Mr. Lucky\u2019s tavern that his friend had been in a fight and that the police would be called. Defendant then walked to Mr. Lucky\u2019s and picked up his car to drive it home. On cross-examination, defendant acknowledged that he knew he was not supposed to be driving at the time he was stopped.\nDuring the jury instruction conference, counsel and the court discussed the elements of the offense that must be proved for a violation of section 6 \u2014 303(d) (HI. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. OS1^, par. 6 \u2014 303(d)). Thereafter, the court examined People\u2019s exhibit No. 2 and noted that page 3 of the exhibit reflected that defendant\u2019s driver\u2019s license had been revoked for the conviction of driving under the influence of intoxicating liquor. The court then inquired \u201c[wjhere is the conviction of DUI?\u201d The State responded that it did not have to present evidence of the prior DUI conviction, but only had to prove that the license was revoked for a prior DUI. The court disagreed, analogizing this section to a second offense of theft when the first theft must be proved. The court concluded that for a conviction under section 6\u2014 303(d) (111. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 95V2, par. 6 \u2014 303(d)), the State must prove four elements: (1) the DUI conviction; (2) the license revocation; (3) the first driving on revocation; and (4) the second driving on revocation. The court then ruled that since there was no proof of the driving under the influence of alcohol conviction underlying the revocation, the State had failed to prove all of the elements of the charged offense and defendant\u2019s motion for a directed verdict was allowed. The State now appeals challenging the trial court\u2019s ruling as erroneous.\nAs a preliminary matter, we address defendant\u2019s contention that the instant appeal is barred by the double jeopardy clause.\nAs just indicated, the trial court, on defendant's motion, directed a verdict in favor of the defendant at the close of all the evidence, ruling that the evidence presented had not been sufficient to convict. Contrary to the State\u2019s assertions, the directed verdict operated as an acquittal and thus is not appealable.\nThe constitutional protections against double jeopardy articulated by both the United States and Illinois constitutions (U.S. Const., amend. V; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, sec. 10) safeguard a defendant against being forced to undergo a second trial where the evidence introduced at the first trial is insufficient for conviction. (See Burks v. United. States (1978), 437 U.S. 1, 57 L. Ed. 2d 1, 98 S. Ct. 2141.) The United States Supreme Court has applied the double jeopardy clause (U.S. Const., amend. V) to prosecutorial appeals from orders granting defense motions to terminate a trial before a verdict and to appeals from jury verdicts of not guilty. (See United States v. Scott (1978), 437 U.S. 82, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65, 98 S. Ct. 2187 (and cases cited therein).) In those cases the Supreme Court has held that \u201ca defendant once acquitted may not be again subjected to trial without violating the Double Jeopardy Clause.\u201d (United States v. Scott (1978), 437 U.S. 82, 96, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65, 77, 98 S. Ct. 2187, 2196.) Specifically, the court held:\n\u201cA judgment of acquittal, whether based on a jury verdict of not guilty or on a ruling by the court that the evidence is insufficient to convict, may not be appealed and terminates the prosecution when a second trial would be necessitated by a reversal.\u201d (United States v. Scott (1978), 437 U.S. 82, 91, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65, 74, 98 S. Ct. 2187, 2194.)\nThe Scott court responded that to permit a second trial after an acquittal, however mistaken the acquittal may have been, would present an unacceptably high risk that the government, with its superior resources, might wear down the defendant so that \u201ceven though innocent he may be found guilty.\u201d United States v. Scott (1978), 437 U.S. 82, 91, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65, 74, 98 S. Ct. 2187, 2194.\nReferring to its earlier pronouncements in Kepner v. United States (1904), 195 U.S. 100, 49 L. Ed. 114, 24 S. Ct. 797, and Fong Foo v. United States (1962), 369 U.S. 141, 7 L. Ed. 2d 629, 82 S. Ct. 671, the Scott court noted that the law attaches particular significance to an acquittal. (United States v. Scott (1978), 437 U.S. 82, 91, 57 L. Ed. 2d 65, 74, 98 S. Ct. 2187, 2194.) The Supreme Court has defined an acquittal as a ruling of the judge, whatever its label, which actually represents a resolution in the defendant\u2019s favor, correct or not, of some or all of the elements of the offense charged. (See Lee v. United States (1977), 432 U.S. 23, 53 L. Ed. 2d 80, 97 S. Ct. 2141; United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co. (1977), 430 U.S. 564, 51 L. Ed. 2d 642, 97 S. Ct. 1349.) The Supreme Court has emphasized the fundamental nature of the protection against double jeopardy in situations involving acquittals and has held that there is no exception permitting retrial once the defendant has been acquitted, even if the legal rulings underlying the acquittal were \u201cegregiously erroneous.\u201d See Fong Foo v. United States (1962), 396 U.S. 141, 7 L. Ed. 2d 629, 82 S. Ct. 671; Sanabria v. United States (1978), 437 U.S. 54, 57 L. Ed. 2d 43, 98 S. Ct. 2170.\nThe Constitution of Illinois also contains a provision which specifically provides protection against double jeopardy. (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, sec. 10.) In addition, our constitution provides:\n\u201cAppeals from final judgments of a Circuit Court are a matter of right to the Appellate Court in the Judicial District in which the Circuit Court is located except in cases appealable directly to the Supreme Court and except that after a trial on the merits in a criminal case, there shall be no appeal from a judgment of acquittal.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (111. Const. 1970, art. VI, sec. 6.)\nThis provision has been interpreted to provide rights and protections beyond those assured by the double jeopardy clause. (People v. Van Cleve (1982), 89 Ill. 2d 298, 432 N.E.2d 837.) Illinois courts have relied upon United States Supreme Court decisions to hold that a judgment of acquittal triggers double jeopardy protection where the ruling represents a resolution, correct or not, of some or all of the factual elements of the offense charged. (See People ex rel. Daley v. Crilly (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 301, 483 N.E.2d 1236.) Similarly, Illinois courts have held that even if the trial judge appraised the evidence incorrectly in deciding that it was insufficient for conviction, or \u201cobviously\u201d erred in directing a verdict, the order is not appealable. People ex rel. Daley v. Limperis (1981), 86 Ill. 2d 459, 427 N.E.2d 1212; People v. Strong (1984), 129 Ill. App. 3d 427, 472 N.E.2d 1152.\nIn the instant case, the trial court directed a verdict in favor of the defendant at the close of the evidence, based upon a failure of proof of a key element of the offense charged (proof of defendant\u2019s underlying DUI conviction). The court\u2019s ruling, whether correct or not, resolved all the factual elements of the offense charged. Thus, we believe this ruling is properly characterized as an acquittal for insufficient evidence. The State argues that the verdict was based upon an erroneous legal ruling. However, in light of the aforementioned principles, the acquittal, even if erroneous, bars further prosecution and hence bars appellate review of the trial court\u2019s ruling.\nAccordingly, as the judgment of the circuit court of Macon County is not appealable, this appeal is dismissed.\nAppeal dismissed.\nGREEN and LUND, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SPITZ" } ], "attorneys": [ "Jeffrey K. Davison, State\u2019s Attorney, of Decatur (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and Gwendolyn W. Klingler, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Daniel D. Yuhas and Richard D. Frazier, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. JAMES THOMAS PENDER, JR., Defendant-Appellee.\nFourth District\nNo. 4\u201486\u20140455\nOpinion filed May 4, 1987.\nJeffrey K. Davison, State\u2019s Attorney, of Decatur (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and Gwendolyn W. Klingler, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nDaniel D. Yuhas and Richard D. Frazier, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0978-01", "first_page_order": 1002, "last_page_order": 1006 }