{ "id": 3543339, "name": "UNITED EQUITABLE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "United Equitable Insurance v. Reinsurance Co. of America, Inc.", "decision_date": "1987-05-29", "docket_number": "No. 86 \u2014 2834", "first_page": "724", "last_page": "731", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "157 Ill. App. 3d 724" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "680 F.2d 298", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 548502 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/680/0298-01" ] }, { "cite": "441 N.E.2d 647", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. App. 3d 841", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5449649 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "846-47" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/109/0841-01" ] }, { "cite": "472 N.E.2d 791", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 317", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3146414 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "323" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0317-01" ] }, { "cite": "734 F.2d 1258", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 416355 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1265-68" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/734/1258-01" ] }, { "cite": "370 N.E.2d 188", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "68 Ill. 2d 375", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5810785 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "381" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/68/0375-01" ] }, { "cite": "468 N.E.2d 442", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ill. App. 3d 4", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3562227 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "9" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/127/0004-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 606, "char_count": 16164, "ocr_confidence": 0.741, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.6310527411582013e-07, "percentile": 0.6889069594404925 }, "sha256": "404a883edd314cabdd21698dc8dfc45e9b1b67e9dbbee565236786a83032410b", "simhash": "1:7232cba34622f66e", "word_count": 2499 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:34.857148+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "UNITED EQUITABLE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SULLIVAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court;\nDefendant, Reinsurance Company of America, appeals from an order entering summary judgment in favor of plaintiff, United Equitable Insurance Company, on count II of its complaint. Defendant contends that summary judgment was improper.\nPrior to October 31, 1981, United Fire Insurance Company (United Fire) issued property and casualty insurance policies through Transco Insurance Services and Transre Insurance Services (collectively referred to as Transco). Transco acts as an underwriting managing agent on behalf of insurance companies, marketing and selling insurance policies, underwriting the risks represented by those policies, collecting premiums, providing accounting services and processing claims on behalf of the insurer.\nPursuant to two separate underwriting management agreements, Transco arranged and United Fire issued numerous insurance policies between 1977 and 1981 (the United Fire/Transco policies). In the fall of 1981, United Fire was directed by the New York Department of Insurance to cease writing property and casualty insurance policies. Under a reorganization plan, United Fire was required to dispose of these policies. Accordingly, United Fire asked defendant, Reinsurance Company of America (RCA), to reinsure the United Fire/Transco policies.\nUnited Fire submitted a reinsurance agreement between United Fire and RCA to the New York Department of Insurance for its approval (the United Fire/RCA treaty). Under the terms of the United Fire/RCA treaty, RCA agreed to reinsure United Fire for all of its liability under the United Fire/Transco policies. The New York Department of Insurance refused to approve the agreement, however, because RCA was not licensed as a primary insurance carrier in New York. United Fire then asked plaintiff, United Equitable Insurance Company (United Equitable), which was admitted as a primary carrier in New York, to reinsure the policies.\nUnited Fire represented to United Equitable that RCA would rein-sure United Equitable and that United Equitable would bear no liability. Subsequently, United Equitable and United Fire entered into a reinsurance and assumption agreement (the treaty agreement). Under the treaty agreement, United Equitable reinsured 100% of United Fire\u2019s liability for the United Fire/Transco policies as of October 31, 1981, and United Fire paid a $100,000 premium to United Equitable.\nUnited Equitable and RCA then entered into a retrocessional agreement whereby RCA agreed to reinsure United Equitable for all of its risk under the treaty agreement, which was incorporated by reference. In the retrocessional agreement, United Equitable expressed its \u201cdesire to be relieved of all liability emanating from any and all individual policy claims and allocated claims expenses as would be required to be paid by them under the above Treaty Agreement.\u201d RCA was \u201cprepared to indemnify and reimburse as a reinsurer, United Equitable Insurance Company for all individual policy claims payments, including allocated claims expenses which United Equitable Insurance Company is obligated to pay on behalf of United Fire Insurance Company under the terms and conditions of the above Treaty Agreement.\u201d\nUnited Equitable assigned \u201call rights and privileges for the settlement and investigation of individual policy claims\u201d to RCA. RCA has the option of incurring settlement and investigation expenses directly or reimbursing United Equitable for such expenses. United Equitable is to be reimbursed for such expenses provided that it has \u201cin advance received permission\u201d from RCA.\nUnited Equitable paid a premium of $100,000 to RCA, which was the same amount United Equitable had received from United Fire. By its terms, the retrocessional agreement will expire \u201cwhen all individual policy claims are settled or paid and fully reimbursed\u201d by RCA to United Equitable.\nUnited Fire was the primary insurance carrier on the United Fire/ Transco policies. A substantial portion of the risk on these policies was backed by other reinsurance at the time the policies were transferred from United Fire to United Equitable. The only portion of United Fire\u2019s risk which was not covered by other reinsurance was 10% of the first $50,000 of loss on any one policy (the \u201cnet retention\u201d). Thus, only $5,000 of the risk on any one policy was not backed by other reinsurance. As long as the reinsurers remained solvent and honored their obligations, United Fire ultimately would not pay more than $5,000 on any one insurance policy. United Fire, however, remained primarily liable to the policy holder for 100% of the claim amount in force on any one insurance policy. If the reinsurance previously contracted for was not available at the time of loss, United Fire was obligated to pay that reinsurer\u2019s share. United Equitable thereafter took over United Fire\u2019s risk and reinsured it through RCA.\nThe retrocessional agreement stated that RCA was reinsuring the full claim amount \u201cin force\u201d on each policy, specifically:\n\u201cThe limit of liability herein for any one individual claim shall be the claim amount that Transco/Transre had in force on individual United Fire policies; all as outlined and further clarified in Paragraph 11 of Exhibits \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018B\u2019 attached to the Treaty Agreement.\u201d\nExhibits A and B are the two underwriting management agreements between United Fire and Transco. Paragraph 11 required Transco to obtain reinsurance covering all but 10% of the first $50,000 of United Fire\u2019s risk. It is undisputed that if this previously arranged reinsurance were not available, United Fire was obligated to pay that share.\nPursuant to reinsurance agreements arranged by Transco, the Dover Insurance Company, Ltd. (Dover), reinsured portions of the United Fire/Transco policies. In the fall of 1982, Dover became insolvent and presently is in liquidation proceedings. As a result of Dover\u2019s insolvency, the portions of the United Fire/Transco policies reinsured by Dover are no longer covered by collectible reinsurance.\nUpon RCA\u2019s refusal to pay the portions of claims on the United Fire/Transco policies reinsured by Dover or to acknowledge its claims handling responsibilities, United Equitable filed a two-count complaint seeking injunctive and declaratory relief. The circuit court granted United Equitable\u2019s motion for summary judgment on count II.\nThe court found that United Equitable and RCA had entered into a retrocessional agreement, effective October 31, 1981, by which RCA agreed to reinsure United Equitable for all of its liability under the treaty agreement, which was incorporated therein by reference. The court also found that the language of the retrocessional agreement was not ambiguous.\nThe court declared that RCA is obligated under the retrocessional agreement to reimburse and indemnify United Equitable for all losses for policy claims amounts under the United Fire/Transco policies plus allocated claims expenses, including, but not limited to, the following: (a) 10% of the first $50,000 of the policy, claim amount and (b) the remaining portion of the policy claim amount not covered by other valid and collectible reinsurance.\nThe court declared further that RCA is obligated under the retrocessional agreement to advise and give consent to United Equitable on expenditures to be incurred in the settlement or investigation of individual policy claims and to reimburse United Equitable promptly for those expenditures or to incur those expenses on its own without reimbursement from United Equitable. RCA\u2019s motion for rehearing was denied. This appeal follows.\nOpinion\nRCA contends that summary judgment was inappropriate because the retrocessional agreement was ambiguous regarding the extent of RCA\u2019s obligation to reimburse and indemnify United Equitable for policy claims payments made by United Equitable under the treaty agreement with United Fire. We disagree.\nA contract is ambiguous if it is reasonably susceptible to being understood in more than one sense or is obscure in meaning. Whether an ambiguity exists is a question of law to be determined by the court. Where no ambiguity is present, the meaning of the agreement and the intent of the parties must be ascertained from the language of the contract. Boise Cascade Home & Land Corp. v. Utilities, Inc. (1984), 127 Ill. App. 3d 4, 9, 468 N.E.2d 442.\nThe retrocessional agreement recited United Equitable\u2019s intention \u201cto be relieved of all liability emanating from any and all individual policy claims and allocated claims expenses as would be required to be paid by them under the above Treaty Agreement.\u201d (Emphasis added.) RCA, for its part, stated its willingness \u201cto indemnify and reimburse as a reinsurer, United Equitable Insurance Company for all individual policy claims payments, including allocated claims expenses which United Equitable Insurance Company is obligated to pay on behalf of United Fire Insurance Company under the terms and conditions of the above Treaty Agreement.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Under the treaty agreement (the reinsurance and assumption agreement between United Equitable and United Fire), United Equitable accepted 100% of United Fire\u2019s liability for the United Fire/Transco policies as of October 31, 1981.\nThe language of the retrocessional agreement leaves no doubt that RCA agreed to compensate United Equitable for \u201call individual policy claims payments\u201d which United Equitable was required to pay on behalf of United Fire. This interpretation is consistent with United Equitable\u2019s assignment of \u201call rights and privileges for the settlement and investigation of individual policy claims\u201d to RCA, United Equitable\u2019s obligation to obtain prior authorization from RCA to be entitled to reimbursement for expenses incurred in investigating and settling claims, United Equitable\u2019s payment of the same premium to RCA which United Equitable had received from United Fire and the parties\u2019 express understanding that the agreement will expire \u201cwhen all individual policy claims are settled or paid and fully reimbursed\u201d by RCA to United Equitable.\nNotwithstanding the foregoing, RCA maintains that under the retrocessional agreement, it is responsible only for the \u201cnet line retention,\u201d or 10% of the first $50,000 of loss on any one claim. In support of this interpretation, RCA cites the third paragraph of the retrocessional agreement which, as we have noted, states:\n\u201cThe limit of liability herein for any one individual claim shall be the claim amount that Transco/Transre had in force on individual United Fire policies; all as outlined and further clarified in Paragraph 11 of Exhibits \u2018A\u2019 and \u2018B\u2019 attached to the Treaty-Agreement.\u201d\nThe \u201cclaim amount that Transco/Transre had in force\u201d is the entire policy amount, since Transco was the underwriting manager responsible for issuing these policies for United Fire, which was liable for the entire policy amount. Exhibits A and B are the underwriting management agreements between Transco and United Fire. Paragraph 11, as noted earlier, required Transco to obtain reinsurance covering all but 10% of the first $50,000 of United Fire\u2019s risk. Paragraph 11, however, did not limit United Fire\u2019s (or United Equitable\u2019s) potential liability to the net line retention. RCA conceded in its answer to United Equitable\u2019s complaint that if any of the reinsurance previously contracted for was not available at the time of loss, United Fire (and thus United Equitable) would be obligated to pay that reinsurer\u2019s share.\nIn our judgment, paragraph 11 of the underwriting management agreements contains no limitation on any party\u2019s liability. Rather, the language of paragraph 11 merely describes the liability undertaken by United Fire, reinsured by United Equitable and passed through United Equitable to RCA.\nThe intent of parties to a contract must be determined with reference to the contract as a whole, not by reference to particular words or isolated phrases, but by viewing each part in light of the others. (La Throp v. Bell Federal Savings & Loan Association (1977), 68 Ill. 2d 375, 381, 370 N.E.2d 188.) We agree with United Equitable that RCA\u2019s construction \u201cdepends upon taking a phrase of the Retrocessional Agreement out of context and assigning to it a meaning it cannot possibly have in light of the rest of the contract.\u201d RCA\u2019s construction is wholly inconsistent with RCA\u2019s unqualified assumption of United Equitable\u2019s liability, RCA\u2019s right to exercise control over the investigation and settlement of claims, RCA\u2019s receipt of the same premium from United Equitable that United Equitable had received from United Fire and the circumstances under which the agreement will terminate.\nRCA contends in the alternative that even where an agreement does not appear to be ambiguous on its face, the court may consider parol and extrinsic evidence in determining whether an ambiguity actually exists. Although a few appellate court opinions appear to support this proposition (the cases are collected in Sunstream Jet Express, Inc. v. International Air Service Co. (7th Cir. 1984), 734 F.2d 1258, 1265-68), we will follow the rule laid down by our supreme court in Rakowski v. Lucente (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 317, 472 N.E.2d 791.\nThere, the court held that where a written agreement is clear and explicit, the court must enforce it as written, and both the meaning of the instrument and the intention of the parties must be gathered from the face of the document without the assistance of parol evidence or other extrinsic aids or of evidence of what the parties may have understood as to the meaning of the language. 104 Ill. 2d 317, 323, 472 N.E.2d 791. See also Sheridan v. James W. Rouse & Co. (1982), 109 Ill. App. 3d 841, 846-47, 441 N.E.2d 647.\nWe believe that the retrocessional agreement is clear and explicit. Accordingly, under the rationale of Rakowski v. Lucente, we may not consider parol evidence or extrinsic aids or evidence of what the parties may have understood as to the meaning of the language. The judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nLORENZ and PINCHAM, JJ., concur.\nReinsurance is defined as:\n\u201cA contract by which an insurer procures a third person to insure him against loss or liability by reason of [the] original insurance. A contract that one insurer makes with another to protect the latter from a risk already assumed. It binds the reinsurer to pay to the reinsured the whole loss sustained in respect to the subject of the insurance to the extent to which he is reinsured.\u201d Black\u2019s Law Dictionary 1157 (5th ed.).\nRCA was licensed only as a reinsurer.\nRetrocessional agreements are agreements by which an insurance company which has agreed to reinsure a risk assigns all or a portion of that risk to a reinsurer who accepts such risk. In effect, a retrocessional agreement is reinsurance of reinsurance. Transcontinental Underwriters Agency, S.R.L. v. American Agency Underwriters (3d Cir. 1982), 680 F.2d 298, 299 n.2.\nUnited Equitable has represented that another reinsurer of the United Fire/ Transco policies also is in liquidation.\nAlthough the phrase \u201callocated claims expenses\u201d is not defined in the retrocessional agreement, it may mean that to the extent expenses can be attributed to the investigation or settlement of a particular policy claim, RCA is ultimately liable for the payment thereof. This is the circuit court\u2019s interpretation which, we may add, RCA has not challenged on appeal.\nThe paragraph in the retrocessional agreement on which RCA relies for its interpretation appears in a section entitled \u201cDescription of Treaty Agreement,\u201d which describes the liability United Equitable had assumed from United Fire.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SULLIVAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Michael R Connelly and William E. Snyder, both of Chadwell & Kayser, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.", "Duane C. Quaini, Kirk R. Ruthenberg, and Roger K. Heidenreich, all of Sonnenschein, Carlin, Nath & Rosenthal, of Chicago, for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "UNITED EQUITABLE INSURANCE COMPANY, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. RE-INSURANCE COMPANY OF AMERICA, INC., Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 86 \u2014 2834\nOpinion filed May 29, 1987.\nRehearing denied July 23, 1987.\nMichael R Connelly and William E. Snyder, both of Chadwell & Kayser, Ltd., of Chicago, for appellant.\nDuane C. Quaini, Kirk R. Ruthenberg, and Roger K. Heidenreich, all of Sonnenschein, Carlin, Nath & Rosenthal, of Chicago, for appellee." }, "file_name": "0724-01", "first_page_order": 746, "last_page_order": 753 }