{ "id": 3578573, "name": "DANIEL J. RYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. E.A.I. CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellants and Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellants (McNulty Brothers Company et al., Third-Party Defendants-Appellees)", "name_abbreviation": "Ryan v. E.A.I. Construction Corp.", "decision_date": "1987-07-21", "docket_number": "No. 86\u20140623", "first_page": "449", "last_page": "466", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "158 Ill. App. 3d 449" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "305 N.E.2d 571", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "16 Ill. App. 3d 63", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2521209 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/16/0063-01" ] }, { "cite": "461 N.E.2d 551", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 Ill. App. 3d 419", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3523017 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "425" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/122/0419-01" ] }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 567", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "439 N.E.2d 126", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. App. 3d 643", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3160008 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/1024-01" ] }, { "cite": "81 Ill. 2d 591", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "405 N.E.2d 1283", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. App. 3d 1008", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3205638 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/84/1008-01" ] }, { "cite": "81 Ill. 2d 602", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "408 N.E.2d 1051", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 1145", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3186417 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1149" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/1145-01" ] }, { "cite": "478 N.E.2d 1057", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Ill. App. 3d 472", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3080917 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1090" }, { "page": "1090" }, { "page": "1090" }, { "page": "1091" }, { "page": "1091" }, { "page": "1093-94" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/101/1085-01" ] }, { "cite": "378 N.E.2d 502", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "72 Ill. 2d 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5444072 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/72/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 N.E.2d 277", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "279" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 Ill. App. 3d 691", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2726795 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "694" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/43/0691-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1355, "char_count": 32415, "ocr_confidence": 0.765, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.2897420971658946e-07, "percentile": 0.786093513560057 }, "sha256": "49588e8eef35123537db08feabc4666cbc02e4aa4873c1d03f9e2bb9ee60b178", "simhash": "1:92c508162a971785", "word_count": 5336 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:06:35.906533+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [ "SCARIANO, P.J., and STAMOS, J., concur." ], "parties": [ "DANIEL J. RYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. E.A.I. CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellants and Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellants (McNulty Brothers Company et al., Third-Party Defendants-Appellees)." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE BILANDIC\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nPlaintiff Daniel J. Ryan, who suffered injuries while working on a demolition and remodeling project, brought suit against the E.A.I. Construction Corporation (EAI) \u00e1nd La Salle Partners, Inc. (La Salle) under the Structural Work Act (the Act). (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 48, pars. 60 through 69.) EAI brought a third-party action against plaintiff\u2019s employer, McNulty Bros. Company (McNulty) for contribution and Dr. Arthur Connor (Connor), plaintiff\u2019s treating physician, for medical malpractice. The case was tried before a jury on plaintiff\u2019s action and the third-party cause of action against McNulty.\nThe jury returned verdicts in favor of the plaintiff and against EAI and La Salle in the amount of $1,219,659.25, and in favor of EAI on its contribution action against McNulty, finding contribution from McNulty in the amount of 2\u00bd% of the amount awarded to plaintiff. EAI\u2019s other counts against McNulty were dismissed and the medical malpractice count was severed.\nEAI and La Salle\u2019s post-trial motions seeking judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, a new trial, were denied and this appeal followed. For the following reasons, we affirm.\nThis case arose out of an accident that occurred during a remodeling project on a building located at 11 South La Salle Street in Chicago, Illinois. Plaintiff, a construction worker employed by McNulty, was injured when a wall he was working on collapsed. Defendant La Salle is the managing and leasing agent on behalf of the owners of the building, Roanoke Association, Ltd. La Salle hired EAI, the general contractor. EAI hired McNulty as subcontractor to perform the demolition work. Both EAI and La Salle occupied offices on the same floor of that building and both are one of several different corporate entities in a development investment group.\nThe contract between EAI and McNulty contained a description of the work to be performed and stated that McNulty would furnish \u201call labor, tools, equipment, materials, scaffolding, supervision, engineering ***, to complete the demolition work.\u201d\nAt the time of the accident, plaintiff was on a scaffold cutting a \u201cchase\u201d or narrow indentation into a clay tile wall located in a staircase between floors. When he had cut the chase across the length of the wall, except for a two-foot section in the middle, the wall collapsed causing heavy debris to fall on him and the scaffold. The falling debris broke through the scaffold causing plaintiff to fall and land with debris falling on top of him. He sustained serious injuries.\nAt trial, conflicting evidence was presented on three focal issues in the case: the nature of the instructions given by EAI to McNulty regarding the demolition of the walls, the extent of supervision, instruction and control EAI exercised over the work, and the extent of supervision, instruction and control that La Salle had over the entire project.\nDon Jenkins, EAI\u2019s project superintendent, testified that McNulty was instructed to remove all interior walls and was given an architectural drawing to assist them in the removal. However, McNulty employees testified that the field instructions given by EAI during the project were inconsistent with earlier instructions and with the drawings provided.\nMcNulty\u2019s foreman, Lester Eby, was told by Jenkins to leave the wall up and prepare the stairwell between the 15th and 16th floors for closure by cutting a \u201cchase\u201d into the east wall along its entire length. Eby relayed these instructions to John Bronson, another McNulty employee, who in turn told the plaintiff to do the \u201cchasing.\u201d\nOn the day of the accident, Jenkins and Eby observed plaintiff working and told him to hurry up. Neither made any comments about the manner in which the work was being done.\nPlaintiff\u2019s expert testified that since the wall was clay and hollow, chasing removed necessary support from the wall. In his opinion, this was an unsafe practice because it created instability in the wall and made collapse of the wall foreseeable.\nThe evidence on control and supervision on the site was also conflicting. EAI was responsible for coordinating and scheduling work, insuring job safety, approving completed work by the various subcontractors, and had authority to stop work in progress. Safety meetings were conducted regularly. McNulty as subcontractor performed the demolition work under the direction of EAI.\nBruce Peterson, senior vice-president and secretary-treasurer for La Salle, testified that La Salle and another company, Equity Associates, were owned by La Salle Partners Holding Co. EAI is a wholly owned subsidiary of Equity Associates. Mr. Peterson is an officer in all of these entities and all of the companies\u2019 offices are located at the building at 11 South La Salle. While La Salle was the manager and leasing agent of the building on behalf of the owners, they had an ownership interest through their lease. The group of companies shared expenses and allocation of these expenses was done by an internal accounting function.\nThe La Salle \u201cpeople\u201d attended job meetings that involved all or a majority of the subcontractors working on the building. La Salle admitted hiring EAI and in turn, EAI hired McNulty. The evidence shows that EAI\u2019s project superintendent\u2019s checks were signed by La Salle.\nDr. Connor, plaintiff\u2019s treating physician, testified that the plaintiff suffered a disc herniation as well as injuries to his elbow and knee. Plaintiff chose treatment by chymopapin rather than a spinal fusion operation. This treatment was followed by rehabilitation therapy. Dr. Connor also testified that plaintiff\u2019s condition and injuries are permanent and possible future medical treatment includes spinal fusion surgery. That surgery has a 50% chance of a good result and, if successful, plaintiff may some day return to light work but can never return to construction work.\nDr. Treister, the examining physician, also testified that plaintiff\u2019s disc condition was permanent and if future spinal fusion surgery were performed, it could increase plaintiff\u2019s walking and standing tolerance and would provide some relief from pain.\nI\nFirst we will consider the errors assigned in the appeal of defendants EAI and La Salle from the judgment entered in favor of plaintiff.\nA\nInitially, plaintiff contends that EAI and La Salle have failed to preserve certain issues on appeal. The record shows that an oral motion for directed verdict was made on behalf of La Salle at the close of plaintiff\u2019s case in chief but was not renewed at the close of all of the evidence. EAI never made any motions for directed verdict. However, in defendants\u2019 amended post-trial motions, both EAI and La Salle prayed that the trial court enter judgment notwithstanding the verdict for a number of reasons, one of which was that the verdict was contrary to the law.\nSection of the Civil Practice Law (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. provides: \u201cRelief after trial may include the entry of judgment if under the evidence in the case it would have been the duty of the court to direct a verdict without submitting the case to the jury, even though no motion for directed verdict was made ***.\u201d The trial court denied defendants\u2019 post-trial motions and, therefore, the correctness of that ruling is properly before us. v. City of Chicago (1976), 43 Ill. App. 3d 691, 694, 358 N.E.2d 277, 279, rev\u2019d on other grounds (1978), 72 Ill. 2d 100, 378 N.E.2d 502.\nB\nEAI and La Salle maintain that judgment notwithstanding the verdict should have been granted in their favor because: (1) there was no evidence that La Salle was \u201cin charge of\u201d the work; and (2) the evidence fails to show a wilful violation of the Act.\nWell-established rules govern Structural Work Act cases. The Act is designed to protect workers engaged in extrahazardous activities from certain risks inherent in the nature of their jobs. (Urman v. Walter (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1090, 428 N.E.2d 1051, appeal denied (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 557.) Although the Act should be liberally construed, it is not intended to cover all injuries that may occur on or near a construction site. 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1090, 428 N.E.2d 1051.\nThe elements of a cause of action under the Act are: (1) the device involved must be included in the Act; (2) the device involved must be used in the construction of a building or \u201cother structure\u201d within the Act; (3) the device must be unsafe, or not safely placed or operated; (4) defendants (those who are \u201cin charge of\u201d the work) must have \u201cwilfully violated the Act\u201d; and (5) plaintiff\u2019s injury must be proximately caused by defendants\u2019 violation. (Emphasis added.) 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1090, 428 N.E.2d 1051.\nThe first issue is whether La Salle was \u201cin charge of\u201d the work under the Act. Since La Salle contends that judgment notwithstanding the verdict should have been entered in their favor, we must view the evidence in a light most favorable to the plaintiff and unless that evidence overwhelmingly favors a finding that La Salle was not \u201cin charge of\u201d the work and no contrary verdict based on that evidence could ever stand, we must not disturb the jury\u2019s verdict. Pedrick v. Peoria & Eastern R.R. Co. (1967), 37 Ill. 2d 494, 229 N.E.2d 504.\nCivil liability under the Act attaches to those parties having charge of the work. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 48, par. 69.) This statutory language is not confined to the exercise of supervision and control over the work but is a generic term which is liberally construed to effectively include two classes of potential defendants: (1) those having the right to supervise and control the actual work from which the injury arises; and (2) those with overall responsibility for the work being performed on the jobsite. Johnson v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 472, 477, 478 N.E.2d 1057.\nThe determination of whether a party is in charge of the work depends upon an evaluation of the totality of the circumstances. Various factors probative of \u201chaving charge of\u201d the work are often enumerated by courts and do not require a lengthy discussion in this case. See, e.g., Johnson v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 472, 479-80, 478 N.E.2d 1057.\nLiability is extended to those having some responsibility and opportunity to prevent dangerous work methods at the construction site in general without regard to their having a direct supervisory connection with the particular task which gives rise to the injury. (Hausam v. Victor Gruen & Associates (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 1145, 1149, 408 N.E.2d 1051, appeal denied (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 602.) Moreover, whether a party had charge of the work is a question of fact for the jury to determine.\nViewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the plaintiff as we must, and under the totality of the surrounding circumstances, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence concerning the nature of La Salle\u2019s relationship to the rehabilitation project to support the jury\u2019s finding that La Salle was \u201cin charge of\u201d the work within the meaning of the Act.\nNext, EAI and La Salle argue that judgment notwithstanding the verdict should have been granted in their favor because the evidence does not show a wilful violation of the Act as: (1) the scaffold itself was not defective; (2) there was no violation of any safety standard; and (3) plaintiff\u2019s own conduct was the sole proximate cause of his injuries, i.e., plaintiff positioned the scaffold. We find their arguments unpersuasive.\nIt is uncontested that the scaffold itself was not defective. Under the Act, the scaffold must not only be erected and constructed safely, it must also be placed and operated to give proper and adequate protection. (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 48, par. 60.) This issue is also a question of fact for the jury to decide. Ewert v. Wieboldt Stores, Inc. (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 1008, 405 N.E.2d 1283, appeal denied (1980), 81 Ill. 2d 591.\nBy its terms, section 1 of the Act provides that all \u201cscaffolds *** used in constructing or maintaining buildings *** should be erected, placed and operated *** to protect persons employed or engaged thereon *** and in such manner as to prevent the falling of any material that may be used or deposited thereon.\u201d (Urman v. Walter (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1091, 428 N.E.2d 1051, appeal denied (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 557.) The persons protected under the Act are protected from the falling of \u201cany material\u201d that may be used or deposited on the device. Urman v. Walter (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1091, 428 N.E.2d 1051, appeal denied (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 557.\nDefendants\u2019 reliance on Matthews v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 1024, 414 N.E.2d 147, in support of their arguments is misplaced. It has been held that Matthews\u2019 narrow construction of the Act is not supported by any case authority and runs contrary to the express language of the Act. Prange v. Kamar Construction Corp. (1982), 109 Ill. App. 3d 1125, 1129, 441 N.E.2d 889; Urman v. Walter (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 1085, 1093-94, 428 N.E.2d 1051, appeal denied (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 557; see Navlyt v. Kalinich (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 137, 290 N.E.2d 219 (where the supreme court held that the Act covered injuries where a worker who was installing sewer tile in a trench was killed when the walls of the trench collapsed on him).\nIn the case sub judice, the evidence undeniably demonstrates that the plaintiff falls within the class of person intended to be protected by the Act and that the scaffold, while itself not defective, falls within the scope of the Act. Therefore, the evidence was sufficient to support the jury\u2019s verdict.\nNext, defendants contend that the only breach of a safety standard was committed by McNulty. This argument misses the point. It is only necessary that a defendant know or, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have known of the existence of a dangerous condition in order to demonstrate a wilful violation of the Act. (Kohutko v. Four Columns, Ltd. (1986), 148 Ill. App. 3d 181, 187, 498 N.E.2d 522.) The evidence shows that both EAI and La Salle employees were present while plaintiff was performing his work. EAI, in charge of the construction as the general contractor, may not escape liability by closing its eyes to the defect at the time of the accident if the evidence shows that ordinary care in inspection would have uncovered the defect. (Katz v. Shaf Home Builders, Inc. (1981), 94 Ill. App. 3d 526, 529, 418 N.E.2d 822.) The evidence in this case was conflicting as to who gave the direct order to perform the work in the manner in which plaintiff proceeded. However, the question of who gave the order is not outcome determinative. Rather, a wilful violation of the Act is a question of fact for the jury and the evidence was sufficient to enable the jury to conclude that there was indeed a wilful violation of the Act.\nNext, defendants maintain that plaintiff\u2019s actions were the sole proximate cause of his injuries because he positioned the scaffold and it was his cutting into the mortar at the bottom of the wall that caused the wall to collapse.\nThe question of proximate cause trader the Act is a question of law only when facts are not disputed and where there can be no difference in the judgment of reasonable men. (Koehan v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 844, 848, 463 N.E.2d 921, appeal denied (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 566.) Comparative negligence is not applied in actions brought under the Act. The only inquiry is an assessment of the defendants\u2019 culpability and not the plaintiff\u2019s conduct. (Hollis v. R. Latoria Construction, Inc. (1985), 108 Ill. 2d 401, 410, 485 N.E.2d 4; Simmons v. Union Electric Co. (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 444, 459-60, 473 N.E.2d 946.) In this case, the question of proximate cause was a question of fact for the jury. After hearing the evidence the jury found that defendants\u2019 statutory violation was a proximate cause of plaintiff\u2019s injury and therefore their finding of liability under the Act was appropriate.\nDefendants\u2019 motions for judgment notwithstanding the verdict and for a new trial were properly denied.\nC\nNext, defendants contend that a series of evidentiary and instruction errors, individually or cumulatively, resulted in the denial of a fair trial.\nThe first evidence complained of involves production of documents. The record shows that in reliance on LeMaster v. Chicago Rock Island Pacific R.R. Co. (1976), 35 Ill. App. 3d 1001, 343 N.E.2d 65, appeal denied (1976), 63 Ill. 2d 552, the plaintiff sought and the trial court permitted evidence of defendants\u2019 untimely production of certain relevant documents. Defendants now contend that the sole purpose and effect of this evidence put them in an unfavorable light in the jury\u2019s eyes. We find that this evidence was properly admitted.\nIn LeMaster, the court held:\n\u201cAlthough an inadequate disclosure may not be as serious as a complete nondisclosure by a concealing party, there may be instances wherein a trial court may properly allow evidence of an inadequate disclosure to be presented to the jury. The admission of such evidence is within the sound discretion of the trial court.\u201d (35 Ill. App. 3d 1001, 1012, 343 N.E.2d 65.)\nThe record shows that plaintiff made several pretrial requests for production, without objection by defendants. Nonetheless, five boxes of documents pertaining to relevant drawings for the rehabilitation work were produced by defendants at 8:50 a.m. on the first day of trial. Plaintiff\u2019s counsel advised the court and defendants of his intentions regarding this evidence prior to the witness\u2019 being sworn. The court reserved its ruling until the line of questioning began. At first, defendants failed to object to the testimony. Subsequently, defendants objected generally as to relevancy and did not move to strike or instruct the jury to disregard the testimony until the following day. Defendants cannot now claim error. Their attempts to distinguish Le-Masters are unpersuasive.\nThe admission of facts of nondisclosure or late disclosure are governed by ordinary common law principles of evidence and are therefore within the discretion of the trial court. (Carter v. Chicago & Illinois Midland Ry. Co.) (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 431, 434, 474 N.E.2d 458, appeal denied (1985), 106 Ill. 2d 553.) In the case at bar, the defendants have failed to demonstrate any prejudice. Therefore the admission of the evidence was not an abuse of discretion.\nDefendants assert that the trial court erred in allowing certain testimony of plaintiff\u2019s expert. Mr. Gordon testified that industry standards for cutting into a clay wall are incorporated by reference into the Chicago Building Code. Defendants maintain that Mr. Gordon was not qualified to testify whether the standards were incorporated by reference and even if so qualified, his testimony was an impermissible statutory interpretation.\nThe record shows however that Mr. Gordon did not interpret the code. He merely testified that the industry-wide code was incorporated by reference into those portions of the Chicago Building Code which refer to the type of work at issue. The court took judicial notice of the code after plaintiff tendered a certified copy to the court.\nIllinois favors the permissive use of expert testimony in all types of cases where the jury would be aided in its understanding of the facts. (Johnson v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 472, 482, 478 N.E.2d 1051.) In Wilson v. Clark (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 186, 417 N.E.2d 1322, cert. denied (1981), 454 U.S. 836, 70 L. Ed. 2d 117, 102 S. Ct. 140, our supreme court adopted Federal Rule of Evidence 703, which expressly permits an expert witness to give his opinion on the basis of facts not in evidence so long as those facts are \u201cof a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject. Johnson v. Commonwealth Edison Co. (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 472, 483, 478 N.E.2d 1051.\nMoreover, in Illinois, a contractor, builder or other qualified person may give expert opinion testimony on subjects in the field of construction or matters which relate to the construction, installation, maintenance, use, or repair of structures, buildings and the like. Expert testimony in this field covers such things as proper mode of doing construction work, conformity with plans and specifications, adequacy of safeguards and many others. See S. Gard, Illinois Evidence Manual R. 7:18 and Comments, at 295-96 (2d ed. 1979).\nTherefore, following the policy of Federal Evidence Rule 703, this testimony was a proper comment on literature and materials available in the field of expertise that the witness was qualified -under. The portion of the expert\u2019s testimony at issue was minimal, the court took judicial notice of the document which established its reliability, and defendants had every opportunity to cross-examine the witness.\nDefendants also claim error because the trial court excluded testimony by the plaintiff or his expert regarding plaintiff\u2019s positioning of the scaffold. Defendants submit that such evidence was relevant to plaintiff\u2019s conduct being the sole proximate cause of the injury and that they were prejudiced by its exclusion. This evidence was properly excluded as the only inquiry to be made is an assessment of the defendants\u2019 culpability and not the plaintiff\u2019s conduct. Simmons v. Union Electric Co. (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 444, 473 N.E.2d 946.\nDefendants argue that the court erroneously permitted references to insurance by the plaintiff. The record shows that plaintiff referred to the workers\u2019 compensation insurer twice in his direct testimony when he stated that \u201cthe nurse from Aetna told him about a doctor who could perform chymopapin treatment,\u201d and again when he said that the rehabilitation nurse from Aetna explained his rehabilitation program to him. The references were inadvertent and the court admonished the plaintiff not to mention it again. A reference to insurance during trial is not per se reversible. (Joynt v. Barnes (1979), 71 Ill. App. 3d 187, 198, 388 N.E.2d 1298, appeal denied (1979), 79 Ill. 2d 611.) Since defendants fail to demonstrate any prejudice, there was no error.\nNext, defendants contend that the trial court erroneously submitted Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Civil, Instruction No. 5.01 (2d ed. 1971). This is the \u201cmissing witness\u201d instruction which permits the jury to infer that the testimony of a witness which a party failed to call would be adverse to the party when the witness was under the control of the party, not equally available to the other party, and no reasonable excuse for the failure to call the witness has been shown. The witness referred to was a mechanical engineer employed by and listed by defendants as their expert and deposed twice. Defendants had previously obtained a continuance of the trial to enable this witness to testify.\nThe record also indicates that when the court inquired about the witness\u2019 whereabouts and whether he was in fact ever even notified to appear at the trial, defense counsel\u2019s responses were evasive. Defendants now maintain that there is no foundation in the record to support this instruction.\nThe court determined that in all likelihood, defendants would have produced the witness unless his testimony was in fact unfavorable and therefore the proper foundation was present. (Tonarelli v. Gibbons (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 1042, 1047, 460 N.E.2d 464, appeal denied (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 551.) The trial court did not abuse its discretion in submitting this instruction. Hollembaek v. Dominick\u2019s Finer Foods, Inc. (1985), 137 Ill. App. 3d 773, 776, 484 N.E.2d 1237.\nD\nDefendants next argue that the jury\u2019s verdict was improper because there was no evidentiary basis for an award for future lost earnings and, therefore, the jury engaged in conjecture and surmise resulting in an excessive verdict. The question of damages is one of fact for the jury and courts of review will not interfere with the jury\u2019s assessment of damages unless: (1) the award is palpably inadequate or a proved element of damages has been ignored; (2) the amount of the verdict is shown to be erroneous or the result of passion or prejudice; or (3) it clearly appears from the uncontradicted evidence that the amount of the verdict bears no reasonable relationship to the loss suffered by the plaintiff. Greco v. Coleman (1985), 138 Ill. App. 3d 317, 322, 485 N.E.2d 1118, appeal denied (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 581.\nA review of the record reveals nothing to indicate that the jury award was based on anything other than the evidence. The evidence shows that plaintiff was 24 years old at the time of trial. He suffered a disc herniation as well as other serious injuries which are permanent in nature. Future medical care includes the possibility of spinal fusion surgery with a 50% chance of a good result. Even if that surgery is successful, plaintiff may only be able to return to light work but can never return to construction work. Dr. Connor testified that the plaintiff\u2019s functional disability would hinder him for the rest of his life. In addition to the cash value of earnings reasonably certain to be lost in the future, evidence was presented on other elements of damages.\nBased on the record before us, we conclude that the jury was properly instructed and the verdict falls within the necessarily flexible limits of fair and reasonable compensation. The verdict is not so large as to shock the judicial conscience. Considering the evidence showing the severity of plaintiff\u2019s injuries and the deference properly accorded to the discretion of the jury, the amount is within the limits of fair and reasonable compensation. Ciborowski v. Philip Dressler & Associates (1982), 110 Ill. App. 3d 981, 987, 443 N.E.2d 618, appeal denied (1983), 93 Ill. 2d 541.\nII\nWe now consider the errors assigned by EAI, third-party plaintiff, from the judgment requiring McNulty, third-party defendant, to contribute 2V2% of the amount of damages awarded to plaintiff.\nA\nEAI argues that the trial court erroneously dismissed counts I and III of their amended third-party complaint because both counts stated valid causes of action for indemnity.\nIn count I of the amended third-party complaint, EAI sought judgment against McNulty \u201cequal to any judgment awarded plaintiff in the case against EAI\u201d for breach of contract. EAI now argues that this count does not seek indemnification. We disagree.\nDismissal of count I was proper for two reasons. First, the complaint failed to allege consequential damages suffered as a result of McNulty\u2019s alleged breach of contract. (See Sherman v. Village of Williamsville (1982), 106 Ill. App. 3d 174, 181, 435 N.E.2d 548, appeal denied (1982), 91 Ill. 2d 581.) Second, where a breach of contract is alleged and the recovery sought is reimbursement for damages assessed, the claim is essentially one of contractual indemnity and is barred under section 1 of \u201cAn Act in relation to indemnity in certain contracts\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 61). Ludgin v. John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co. (1986), 145 Ill. App. 3d 703, 711, 495 N.E.2d 1237, appeal denied (1986), 113 Ill. 2d 560.\nThe statute voids as against public policy any contract or agreement to indemnify another person from that person\u2019s own negligence. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 61.) Count I was therefore properly dismissed.\nCount III, seeking recovery under express contractual indemnity, was also properly dismissed. EAI argues that this indemnity agreement does not violate the statute because the agreement specifically states that it does not call for indemnification of EAI for its own negligence and EAI is only \u201ctechnically\u201d liable under the Act as McNulty is the active tortfeasor. We disagree.\nA similar argument was unsuccessful in Cox v. Lumbermens Mutual Casualty Co. (1982), 108 Ill. App. 3d 643, 439 N.E.2d 126, appeal denied (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 567, where an owner attempted to avoid the prohibition of the statute arguing that the contract was not void because of a technical violation of the Act. (108 Ill. App. 3d 643, 439 N.E.2d 126.) In any construction case, if a party is found to be liable to the plaintiff under either a negligence theory or under the Structural Work Act, there has necessarily been a determination of that party\u2019s culpability. In the case of the Act, a verdict against a defendant necessitates a finding that the defendant \u201cwilfully violated\u201d the statute, even if the defendant is only passively or technically negligent. If contractual indemnity provisions were enforced in that context, the result would enable a defendant to seek indemnity for his wilful violation of the Act. That result is contrary to the statute. (108 Ill. App. 3d 643, 647, 439 N.E.2d 126; Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 61.) Moreover, in the case at bar, the jury returned a verdict in favor of EAI on its contribution action against McNulty. The jury\u2019s assessment of the degree of McNulty\u2019s culpability at 2\u00bd% supports the conclusion that EAI\u2019s wilful violation of the Act was not merely technical.\nB\nNext, EAI contends that the court\u2019s issue instruction submitted by McNulty improperly framed the issues on the third-party action by failing to set forth some of EAI\u2019s theories of recovery against McNulty. The instruction submitted by EAI was properly refused by the court as duplicative and unsupported by the evidence.\nC\nEAI contends that the verdict in its favor and against McNulty for 2Vz% of the amount awarded to the plaintiff is against the manifest weight of the evidence. It further contends that the verdict on its contribution action should have been for 99% of plaintiff\u2019s award. EAI therefore seeks judgment notwithstanding the verdict for 99% or, in the alternative, a new trial.\nA jury verdict should not be set aside merely because the jury could have drawn different inferences and conclusions from conflicting testimony. (Turner v. Chicago Transit Authority (1984), 122 Ill. App. 3d 419, 425, 461 N.E.2d 551.) Unless a conclusion opposite that reached by the jury is clearly evident or the jury\u2019s verdict is palpably erroneous, the verdict will not be found to be against the manifest weight of the evidence. It is the sole province of the jury to determine the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given the evidence, and resolve controverted issues of fact. The evidence was sufficient to support the verdict and in the absence of a showing that the verdict was the result of any passion or prejudice, we will not disturb the verdict on appeal.\nIll\nLastly, defendants contend that the severance of the medical malpractice count was an abuse of discretion. We disagree. The trial court possesses broad discretionary powers to sever separate claims, separate defenses or separate parties. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, pars. Rogala v. Silva (1973), 16 Ill. App. 3d 63, 305 N.E.2d 571.) Considering the complex nature of the issues involved, the number of witnesses, parties and claims, we conclude that severance of the medical malpractice claim was not an abuse of discretion.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nSCARIANO, P.J., and STAMOS, J., concur.\nRule 703 reads in full:\n\u201cThe facts or data in the particular case upon which an expert bases an opinion or inference may be those perceived by or made known to him at or before the hearing. If of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject, the facts or data need not be admissible in evidence.\u201d Fed. R. Evid. 703.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE BILANDIC" } ], "attorneys": [ "James P. DeNardo, of McKenna, Storer, Rowe, White & Farrug, of Chicago, for appellants.", "Michael J. Gallagher, D. Patterson door, James A. Foster, and Judith A. Schieber, all of Cassiday, Schade & Gloor, of Chicago, for appellee McNulty Bros. Company.", "Joseph R. Curcio, of Joseph R. Curcio, Ltd., and David A. Novoselsky and Kathleen M. Krist, both of David A. Novoselsky & Associates, both of Chicago, for appellee Daniel J. Ryan. ." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "DANIEL J. RYAN, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. E.A.I. CONSTRUCTION CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellants and Third-Party Plaintiffs-Appellants (McNulty Brothers Company et al., Third-Party Defendants-Appellees).\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo.\nOpinion filed July 21, 1987.\nJames P. DeNardo, of McKenna, Storer, Rowe, White & Farrug, of Chicago, for appellants.\nMichael J. Gallagher, D. Patterson door, James A. Foster, and Judith A. Schieber, all of Cassiday, Schade & Gloor, of Chicago, for appellee McNulty Bros. Company.\nJoseph R. Curcio, of Joseph R. Curcio, Ltd., and David A. Novoselsky and Kathleen M. Krist, both of David A. Novoselsky & Associates, both of Chicago, for appellee Daniel J. Ryan. ." }, "file_name": "0449-01", "first_page_order": 473, "last_page_order": 490 }