{ "id": 3547529, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MAURICE MITCHELL, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Mitchell", "decision_date": "1987-10-27", "docket_number": "No. 85\u20141434", "first_page": "58", "last_page": "72", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "163 Ill. App. 3d 58" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "418 N.E.2d 739", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. 2d 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3046232 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "360" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/84/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "296 N.E.2d 856", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill. 2d 280", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2933485 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "282" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/54/0280-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 N.E.2d 876", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1983, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "47 Ill. 2d 312", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2902885 ], "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "320-21" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/47/0312-01" ] }, { "cite": "440 N.E.2d 843", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 109", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3098345 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0109-01" ] }, { "cite": "454 N.E.2d 792", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3491823 ], "year": 1972, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/130/0747-01" ] }, { "cite": "314 N.E.2d 324", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "20 Ill. App. 3d 911", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5343980 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/20/0911-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 N.E.2d 137", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "66 Ill. App. 3d 760", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3322188 ], "year": 1974, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/66/0760-01" ] }, { "cite": "414 N.E.2d 262", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "91 Ill. App. 3d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3148053 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/91/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "415 N.E.2d 358", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "83 Ill. 2d 411", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5473000 ], "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/83/0411-01" ] }, { "cite": "406 N.E.2d 1142", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill. App. 3d 1056", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3209147 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/84/1056-01" ] }, { "cite": "349 N.E.2d 31", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "63 Ill. 2d 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5427013 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "540-41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/63/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "377 N.E.2d 1077", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "61 Ill. App. 3d 703", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3345072 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/61/0703-01" ] }, { "cite": "102 S. Ct. 1448", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "71 L. Ed. 2d 661", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "455 U.S. 948", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11337794, 11337571, 11337384, 11337866, 11337643, 11337204, 11337717, 11337302, 11337942, 11338011, 11337470 ], "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/455/0948-08", "/us/455/0948-05", "/us/455/0948-03", "/us/455/0948-09", "/us/455/0948-06", "/us/455/0948-01", "/us/455/0948-07", "/us/455/0948-02", "/us/455/0948-10", "/us/455/0948-11", "/us/455/0948-04" ] }, { "cite": "420 N.E.2d 461", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. App. 3d 886", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3118324 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/95/0886-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 N.E.2d 373", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 Ill. 2d 497", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2993679 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "500" }, { "page": "504" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/74/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "413 N.E.2d 378", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1978, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 546", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5475380 ], "year": 1978, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "552" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0546-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1278, "char_count": 30358, "ocr_confidence": 0.785, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.1035772788655617e-07, "percentile": 0.5689717817525269 }, "sha256": "da54cb00471e3cd0c3430ea9a69b621492ed70030eea2dcf9eed08af60cd09fd", "simhash": "1:6ff47dbcfd710ed1", "word_count": 5094 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:50:46.695850+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MAURICE MITCHELL, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SCARIANO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nMaurice Mitchell was charged by information with the murder of his wife Debra Mitchell, and with armed violence. Following a jury trial, Maurice was convicted of murder and he received a 40-year sentence, from which he appeals. We affirm.\nDuring voir dire, Maurice made two motions for a mistrial based on the following grounds: (1) that the People systematically excluded blacks from the jury; and (2) that the trial judge denied a defense request \u201cthat the jurors be asked whether they belong to any organizations dealing with social services for women and children.\u201d\nAfter the jury was selected, the People agreed not to \u201cbring out any conversations that go towards the incidents that may have occurred between the defendant and the victim either before the death of Deborah [sic] Mitchell or immediately thereafter; but we will reserve the right to use this in rebuttal, all of the conversations.\u201d Additionally, the trial court allowed the defense\u2019s motion in limine to bar the People from introducing evidence of an altercation on May 11, 1983, between Maurice and Debra, although the defense was permitted to bring out the details of the incident in order to \u201cshow bias.\u201d\nAndrew Coats, Debra\u2019s father, testified that although on Decernber 3, 1983, Debra was married to Maurice, she lived separately from her husband, at Coats\u2019 apartment, and had done so since an incident occurred between Debra and Maurice on May 11, 1983. On December 3, 1983, at 1:30 a.m., Coats was watching television in his bedroom when Debra and Maurice entered the apartment. Coats returned to his bedroom with Debra, who was crying. Meanwhile, Maurice was sitting in the kitchen. At this time, Maurice said to Debra, \u201cThis is going to be your last night.\u201d Coats told the couple that he did not want to hear any arguments between them because he had a headache, and that they should go to bed. When Debra left her father\u2019s bedroom on the way to her bedroom, she passed through the kitchen. Coats testified that Maurice said to Debra, \u201cI\u2019m not kidding you. This is going to be your last night.\u201d Debra and Maurice then went to her bedroom.\nWhile they were in the bedroom, Coats heard no voices, but he did hear the sound of bedsprings. Moments later, Maurice came to Coats\u2019 bedroom and said: \u201cYou better go see your daughter, I think she done cut herself.\u201d As Coats watched Maurice leave the apartment, his daughter, who was bleeding profusely, stumbled into the kitchen and fell to the floor. The trial continued as follows:\n\u201cMR. FRANKS [Assistant State\u2019s Attorney]: Have you ever seen the defendant with a knife?\nA. Yes, I seen him with a knife.\nMR. LEMONS [Assistant Public Defender]: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\nQ. Well, have you ever seen the defendant with a pouch on his belt?\nA. Yes, I did.\nMR. LEMONS: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\u201d\nDuring cross-examination, Coats testified that he did not see Maurice with a knife on the night of the killing, and he denied that he took a knife from Debra immediately prior to her death. He also denied that two days after Debra\u2019s funeral he told Kathy Mitchell, Maurice\u2019s sister, that he had taken a knife from Debra. Finally, he denied telling his friend Josh a few days later at a gas station that he did not know what had happened to his daughter because he was on medication. During redirect examination, the following occurred:\n\u201cQ. Now, this gas station that was mentioned at Roosevelt and Keeler, did you ever see or hear what the defendant\u2019s connection was to that gas station? Did he ever do anything around that gas station?\nA. They hit a couple guys, what I heard.\nMR. LEMONS: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained. The jury will disregard that.\u201d\nOfficer Patricia Warner of the Chicago police department testified that she investigated the scene of the crime on December 3, 1983. She noticed that Debra had a long gash on her neck and a wound on the back of her right hand, but no weapon was found.\nShirley Ivy, Maurice\u2019s girlfriend for two years, was the next witness. A defense objection was sustained when the prosecution asked if Ivy had ever observed Maurice carrying a weapon. On December 3, 1983, at 3 a.m., Maurice came to Ivy\u2019s house and asked her to take him to the bus station. While he was waiting for Ivy to get ready to leave, Maurice pulled a black folding knife out of his pants and wiped it on them.\nIvy then drove Maurice to the bus station, where he bought a ticket to Detroit. She testified that during the drive to the station, Maurice again displayed the knife, and told her that he had been in a fight with Debra\u2019s brother and two other people, one of whom had a gun. Therefore, he took the gun and shot all three of them, after which Debra came at him with a knife and cut herself. At the station, Maurice told Ivy that he cut Debra and killed her during a fight. During cross-examination, Ivy testified that she called the police about the case on December 5,1983, and on December 7, 1983.\nPrior to the testimony of Debra\u2019s mother, Susie Coats, the trial court reiterated that the motion barring evidence of prior altercations between Maurice and Debra remained in effect. During Susie Coats\u2019 testimony the following exchange occurred:\n\u201cQ. When was the last time you saw your daughter alive?\nA. It was Thanksgiving of \u201983.\nQ. And what was her condition at that time?\nA. Well she seemed very nervous and tense, and she had\u2014\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained. The jury will disregard that.\nQ. Did she have any bruises on or about her person at that time?\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nA. She had a bruise on her face.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\nA. What she said that Maurice\u2014\nTHE COURT: Sustained. Ma\u2019am, don\u2019t say another word. Objection sustained. The jury will disregard.\u201d\nA subsequent motion for a mistrial due to this exchange was overruled by the trial judge.\nOfficer Peter McManamon of the Chicago police department testified that he investigated the scene on the morning of December 3, 1983, and he recounted the statements Coats made to him. The following ensued:\n\u201cQ. Now, you indicated that the defendant and Debra were constantly arguing?\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\nQ. Was there any discussion about the constant arguing in terms of past history?\nMR. RHODES: Objection. Your Honor, may I be heard?\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\n* * *\nQ. Did the witness, Andrew Coats, say that Debra Mitchell had said anything that night?\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\nQ. Did Andrew Coats say what Debra Mitchell had done during the course of the incident?\nMR. RHODES: Objection, your Honor.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\u201d\nDr. Tae An testified that her autopsy of Debra revealed that she had a laceration from the left side to the right side of her throat, which severed the jugular vein and lacerated the larynx. She also discovered a wound on the back of Debra's right hand.\nThe initial defense witness was toxicologist Michael Schaffer, who testified that an examination of Debra\u2019s blood for alcohol was positive for 300 milligrams percent ethanol. Schaffer stated that the standard for intoxication in driving cases in Illinois is 100 milligrams percent ethanol.\nCoats\u2019 friend Curtis Connors testified that he knew Kathy, Maurice, Coats, and Josh. At a gas station in December of 1983, he heard Coats tell Josh that he did not know what had happened to his daughter that night because he was asleep. Moreover, that same day Connors told Kathy about the gas station conversation.\nMaurice testified that he spent most of December 2, 1983, with Debra, and that they drank bourbon throughout the day. Maurice stated that Debra drank a lot, and they fought only when she was drunk. For example, Maurice testified that in June of 1983, Debra attacked a woman named Lala with a steak knife after accusing Maurice of spending the night with Lala. Maurice stepped between them and Debra struck him in the arm. In August of 1983, Debra attacked a woman named Lenora with a knife. When Maurice stepped between them, he was cut by Debra. On both occasions, Debra hd been drinking.\nOn their way home to Debra\u2019s house on December 3, 1983, Maurice and Debra stopped at a bar for more to drink. When Maurice wanted to leave, Debra became angry because she wanted to stay. Maurice testified that they went to Coats\u2019 house, and when Maurice announced that he was leaving, Debra picked up a butcher knife and said, \u201cYou\u2019re fixing to go to one of your B\u2019s house [sic].\u201d Coats disarmed her and said he did not want to hear any arguing. Maurice then testified that his statement to Debra that it was her last night meant that he would not take her out anymore. Coats asked them to go to bed, and returned to his bedroom.\nMaurice testified that he went to the bathroom and upon exiting it, Debra came at him with a knife. Maurice grabbed the knife and the pair fell on the bed. While Maurice tried to take the knife away from Debra, she tried to kick him in his \u201cprivates,\u201d but instead cut herself. Maurice left the bedroom and woke Coats to tell him to check, on Debra. Maurice went to the gas station to call the police, but when he thought he saw Debra\u2019s brother, he dropped the telephone and ran to Ivy\u2019s house. He testified that he did not have a knife at that time. When he arrived at the house, he asked Ivy to take him to the bus station. He testified that he left town because he feared Debra\u2019s brother. Ivy drove him to the bus station, where he bought a ticket to Detroit. Maurice testified that before being arrested in Detroit, he had attempted to make arrangements to surrender.\nIn cross-examination, Maurice stated that during arguments with Debra the two years immediately preceding her death he bit her, hit her in the mouth, slapped her, and knocked her down. On the night of the killing, Maurice owned a folding knife, and although Debra attacked him with a folding knife, he claimed that it was not his knife. Maurice testified that he tried to twist Debra\u2019s wrist to make her drop the knife, and she died by accident.\nDuring a sidebar, the trial court ruled that the People could not cross-examine Maurice concerning death threats he allegedly made toward Debra in 1983. Shortly thereafter, the following occurred:\n\u201cQ. Did you tell Shirley Ivy at that time that if the victim didn\u2019t stop bothering you, you would have to kill her?\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nA. No, sir.\nTHE COURT: Objection\u2019s sustained. The jury will disregard that last statement. It will be stricken. Miss Court Reporter, mark the transcript.\u201d\nMaurice denied telling Ivy that during the incident Debra\u2019s brother and two others came at him with a gun, and that he took the gun away and shot all three men. A defense objection was sustained and the jury was told to disregard the prosecutor\u2019s following question: \u201cDid you tell [Shirley] that you were going to try to make some money by pimping when you got [to Detroit]?\u201d Maurice also denied telling Ivy that his previous statements about the incident were a lie. At the conclusion of cross-examination, the following occurred:\n\u201cQ. You have never stabbed anybody else, have you?\nMR. LEMONS: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained. Rephrase the question.\nQ. Have you ever stabbed anybody before December 3, 1983?\nMR. LEMONS: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\u201d\nMaurice\u2019s sister Kathy corroborated her brother\u2019s stories involving Debra\u2019s attempts to stab Lala and Lenora. Kathy testified that Debra was drinking daily during 1983, and that she carried a gun in her purse. Finally, over defense counsel\u2019s objection, Kathy described the incident of May 11,1983.\nThe People\u2019s first rebuttal witness, Josh Gardner, testified that he saw Coats at the gas station some time after Debra\u2019s death, but that Coats did not tell him that he was unaware of what had happened because he was on medication. Josh did not see Connors at the gas station that day.\nCoats then testified, apparently in rebuttal to Kathy\u2019s testimony and presumably in accordance with the motion in limine that on May 11, 1983, Maurice knocked Debra to the floor and said, \u201cGive me the package.\u201d When Coats told Debra to comply, she retrieved a gun and gave it to Maurice, who then left. Coats\u2019 testimony continued as follows:\n\u201cQ. What had happened to Maurice that day?\nA. Well, she said something about somebody shot at him, or something. Something like that.\nMR. LEMONS: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained. The jury will disregard it.\n* * *\nQ. And after the defendant had knocked your daughter down on the ground, did the defendant say anything to you?\nA. Well, his sister told us, said, \u2018Leave her alone.\u2019\nMR. RHODES: Objection.\nTHE COURT: Sustained.\u201d\nThe defendant objected to the admission of Coats\u2019 prior consistent statements regarding the events on the morning of the killing; nevertheless, a stipulation was entered into that a court reporter would testify as to the contents of these statements. Coats\u2019 statements to the court reporter were later made a part of the record in the trial court.\nAt the instructions conference, the trial court refused Maurice\u2019s tendered jury instructions concerning justified use of force (self-defense), voluntary manslaughter (unreasonable belief and passion), and involuntary manslaughter. Also, the trial court denied defense counsel\u2019s motion for a continuance so he could bring in Detective Antonacci to testify that when Ivy called the police in December of 1983, she never mentioned that Maurice had a knife. The trial court also refused to enforce a subpoena issued to Leonard Coleman, ruling that his testimony concerning prior bad acts by Debra were irrelevant, given that self-defense was not an issue.\nThe defendant made three motions for a mistrial, which were all denied. The defense asserted the following as reasons for a mistrial: (1) Maurice was denied the right to present a defense; (2) improper questions were put to Maurice in respect to his smoking of marijuana and; (3) improper questions were asked of him concerning alleged threats by Maurice to Coats.\nDuring closing argument, the trial court overruled an objection to the prosecutor\u2019s comment that, \u201cThis is a cut and dried murder case. There is no death penalty hearing, so you shouldn\u2019t concern yourselves with any penalty. That\u2019s in the Judge\u2019s province.\u201d\nThe jury returned with a guilty verdict and the defendant\u2019s motion for a new trial was denied. The trial court then sentenced Maurice to 40 years in prison.\nOpinion\nI\nThe defendant argues that the trial court improperly refused to give instructions regarding the justified use of force, voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter. Both parties agree that the trial court should have given these instructions if there was even very slight evidence presented which might legitimately lead a jury to the conclusion that Maurice committed voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, or acted in self-defense. People v. Lockett (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 546, 552, 413 N.E.2d 378; People v. Simpson (1978), 74 Ill. 2d 497, 500, 384 N.E.2d 373.\nThe defense has not met the above requirement. The evidence adduced at trial by the People was totally consistent with a murder charge. Especially noteworthy is the fact that the cut on Debra\u2019s neck extended virtually from ear to ear, severing her jugular vein and lacerating her larynx, which is not the type of wound generally inflicted by an individual acting in self-defense. Moreover, the defendant himself testified that the killing was an accident. This court has held that it was proper to refuse self-defense instructions in cases where a gun went off accidentally while the defendant and the deceased struggled for it. People v. Purrazzo (1981), 95 Ill. App. 3d 886, 420 N.E.2d 461, cert. denied (1982), 455 U.S. 948, 71 L. Ed. 2d 661, 102 S. Ct. 1448; People v. Dzambazovic (1978), 61 Ill. App. 3d 703, 377 N.E.2d 1077.\nThe only evidence presented at trial which can be considered as tending to show an intent to kill was Maurice\u2019s alleged statement to Ivy that he killed Debra in a fight; but this contradicts another statement he made to Ivy in respect to Debra\u2019s death, and, as noted, he also testified that Debra died by accident. Maurice\u2019s statement to Ivy that he killed Debra in a fight is not by itself enough evidence to warrant a voluntary manslaughter instruction. The case at bar is governed by our supreme court\u2019s opinion in People v. Bratcher (1976), 63 Ill. 2d 534, 349 N.E.2d 31, in which the defendant at the time of his arrest stated that he feared that he would be physically harmed, although he testified at trial that he acted solely out of anger. The Bratcher court, after mentioning the \u201cvery slight evidence\u201d standard for the giving of an instruction alluded to above and advocated here by the defendant, indicated that \u201cthe evidence presented in this case is insufficient to meet that minimal level. To hold otherwise would permit a defendant to demand unlimited instructions, which are wholly unrelated to the case but are based upon the merest factual reference or witness\u2019s comment.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (63 Ill. 2d 534, 540-41; see also People v. Currie (1980), 84 Ill. App. 3d 1056, 406 N.E.2d 1142.) Accordingly, absent adequate evidence of the requisite intent to cause serious bodily harm, the trial court\u2019s decision not to give a voluntary manslaughter instruction or a self-defense instruction was correct.\nThe People distinguish adequately the defense\u2019s cases on the giving of instructions, in all of which there was some objective evidence pointing to the requisite intent. There is no such evidence in the case at bar. For example, in most of the cases cited by the defendant there were witnesses to the fight. (People v. Leonard (1980), 83 Ill. 2d 411, 415 N.E.2d 358; People v. Buchanan (1980), 91 Ill. App. 3d 13, 414 N.E.2d 262; People v. Cruz (1978), 66 Ill. App. 3d 760, 384 N.E.2d 137; People v. Dortch (1974), 20 Ill. App. 3d 911, 314 N.E.2d 324.) In the other two cases relied on by the defendant (People v. Brooks (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 747, 474 N.E.2d 1287; People v. Boothe (1972), 7 Ill. App. 3d 401, 287 N.E.2d 289), the wounds suffered by the deceased were consistent with a theory of self-defense; however, as we have previously pointed out in the case sub judice Debra\u2019s deep gash to her throat, which severed her jugular vein and lacerated her larynx, is not the type of wound inflicted by an individual who is acting in self-defense. Moreover, our case can be distinguished from People v. Pietryzk (1987), 153 Ill. App. 3d 428, 505 N.E.2d 1228, wherein this court remanded the cause because the trial court failed to give instructions on voluntary manslaughter and self-defense. Unlike the case at bar, in Peitryzk the defendant conceded that he intended to cause injury and that the victim\u2019s death was not an accident. Similarly, in the recent case of People v. Phillips (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 142, this court remanded the cause for a new trial because the circuit court failed to give an instruction on voluntary manslaughter-sudden passion, despite the defendant\u2019s testimony that he purposely acted after a disagreement with the deceased. In Phillips there was some evidence that the defendant had the intent to cause serious bodily harm; thus, a voluntary manslaughter instruction should have been given. In the instant case, however, there was insufficient evidence before the jury to satisfy the intent element of the crime of voluntary manslaughter; hence, the trial court did not err in refusing to instruct the jury thereon.\nThe defendant also contends that an involuntary manslaughter instruction should have been given. Here again, however, there was inadequate evidence of the requisite intent: recklessness. The defendant can point to no evidence in the record that suggests that he acted in conscious disregard of a risk. (People v. Ward (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 443, 451, 463 N.E.2d 696; People v. Simpson (1978), 74 Ill. 2d 497, 504, 384 N.E.2d 373.) On the contrary, according to his testimony he was attempting to eliminate, or at least to mitigate, a risk by getting the knife away from Debra. Therefore, the trial court properly refused to instruct the jury about voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter, and the justifiable use of force.\nII\nThe People allege that the defendant twice waived the argument that he was entitled to an evidentiary hearing on the issue of whether the prosecution excluded venire persons on the basis of race, as decided by the United States Supreme Court in Batson v. Kentucky (1986), 476 U.S. 79, 90 L. Ed. 2d 69, 106 S. Ct. 1712. First, the State cites People v. Sanchez (1986), 115 Ill. 2d 238, 503 N.E.2d 277, for the proposition that a Batson issue is waived if not included in the post-trial motion. However, although Sanchez involves an issue as to jury selection, it is not a case in which a party alleges that venire persons were excluded because of their race. The appellate court has already decided that the failure to raise a Batson in a post-trial motion does not result in a waiver, deference being given to the plain error rule. (People v. Brown (1987), 152 Ill. App. 3d 996, 998-99, 505 N.E.2d 397.) Brown obtains here and protects the constitutional rights of the accused.\nHowever, as to the second issue relating to jury selection, the People contend that the defendant waived the Batson issue by failing to properly preserve a record. Since the record does not indicate the race of the prospective jurors, this court cannot determine whether the People purposefully discriminated against blacks when picking the jury; hence, the issue must be deemed waived. In a case directly on point, this district elaborated upon the matter of preserving the record for a Batson determination as follows:\n\u201c[Rjeversal is not warranted here as defendant has failed to make a prima facie showing of purposeful discrimination against black jurors. In order to do so in the instant case, defendant would have to show that blacks were being excluded from the jury for no apparent reason other than race. Defendant fails to meet his burden because the racial makeup of the prospective jurors excused by use of the peremptory challenges is not established in the record.\n* * *\nWe note that other than counsel\u2019s statement, the record indicates neither the race of the prospective jurors excused by peremptory challenge nor does it show the racial identities of the seated jurors. Absent an adequate record, this issue must be considered waived. [Citation.]\u201d People v. Johnson (1986), 150 Ill. App. 3d 1075, 1084-85, 502 N.E.2d 304.\nIn the case sub judice, as in Johnson, the only record of the race of the excluded jurors is the statement of defense counsel. Neither is there any record of the race of the remainder of the venire. Without such information, the defendant has not made a prima facie case of purposeful discrimination. (People v. Brown (1987), 152 Ill. App. 3d 996, 505 N.E.2d 397.) Consequently, he has waived the Batson issue. See People v. Partee (1987), 157 Ill. App. 3d 231, 511 N.E.2d 1165.\nIII\nThe defendant contends that the prosecutor repeatedly asked questions which he knew were objectionable. The exact subject matter of these questions varied; nevertheless, the inquiries can be divided into two categories. One type of questioning injected Maurice\u2019s prior \u201cbad acts.\u201d The other line of questioning concerned disagreements between Maurice and Debra. It should be recognized that objections to these questions were sustained, so improper information was not in a technical sense before the jury.\nAlthough this court does not condone the prosecution\u2019s practice of asking questions that were clearly inappropriate, we must decide whether the improper questioning was a material factor in the jury\u2019s arriving at a verdict. (People v. Howard (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 938, 951, 460 N.E.2d 432; accord People v. Flax (1986), 147 Ill. App. 3d 943, 953, 498 N.E.2d 667.) The evidence of guilt in the case at bar is so overwhelming that any improper questions were at most harmless. Maurice\u2019s statement that it would be Debra\u2019s last night, the severity of her wound, the jury\u2019s apparent acceptance of Ivy\u2019s damning testimony, and his flight to Detroit immediately after the commission of the offense, coupled with the absence of any probative evidence from the defense, would doubtless lead any reasonable jury to a guilty verdict. Indeed, the defendant does not argue on appeal that he was not guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nThe Illinois case with a fact pattern most similar to the instant case is People v. Flax (1986), 147 Ill. App. 3d 943, 498 N.E.2d 667. In Flax, the court held that although there were approximately 10 improper questions, the defendant was not unfairly prejudiced in light of the overwhelming evidence of his guilt, which included numerous eyewitnesses. (147 Ill. App. 3d 943, 952-53, 498 N.E.2d 667.) The case cited by the defendant to support his contention that he was prejudiced by improper questioning is People v. Weinger (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 857, 428 N.E.2d 924. That case is distinguishable from the instant one, however, because in Weinger the improper questioning was more pervasive, given that in that case there were some 35 improper questions. In addition, in Weinger there was some doubt as to whether the defendant was the killer of the victim or whether another individual, whose alibi at trial was unconvincing, had murdered the deceased. (101 Ill. App. 3d 857, 866, 428 N.E.2d 924.) Accordingly, we believe that the types of questions asked (i.e., regarding Maurice\u2019s prior behavior and prior disagreements between Debra and Maurice) were not of the kind that would have had a significant impact upon the jury\u2019s decision.\nIV\nDefense counsel argues that the prosecution did not perfect its impeachment of Maurice in two respects. The first of these concerns a threat that Maurice supposedly made to Coats. Yet, Coats returned to testify that Maurice did threaten to kill him. Therefore, the impeachment was perfected and there was no error.\nThe second relates to Maurice\u2019s alleged use of marijuana laced with PCP on the night of the killing. Admittedly, the prosecution did not perfect impeachment on this subject. However, the error was harmless, especially in light of the fact that evidence was adduced at trial that Maurice had been drinking alcohol heavily during the entire day. Moreover, as we have noted earlier, the evidence of Maurice\u2019s guilt was overwhelming. Accordingly, we deem Maurice\u2019s alleged use of marijuana laced with PCP to be a collateral matter and we do not see how it could have contributed to the verdict. People v. Green (1983), 118 Ill. App. 3d 227, 235, 454 N.E.2d 792.\nV\nThe defendant asserts that he should have been granted a continuance to procure a witness who would testify that Ivy did not mention that Maurice had a knife when she talked with the police. The granting of continuances for the purpose of producing witnesses is a matter within the discretion of the trial court, and a denial thereof will not be reversed absent a showing of an abuse of that discretion. (People v. Williams (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 109, 116, 440 N.E.2d 843.) We hold that the trial court\u2019s decision in this respect was not an abuse of discretion. It should be noted also that the offered testimony would have been cumulative, since Ivy herself conceded that she might not have mentioned Maurice\u2019s possession of a knife when she spoke with the police. Furthermore, the applicable standard for deciding whether Detective Antonacci should have been permitted to testify is whether it was natural or probable for Ivy to mention the knife when she spoke with him. (People v. Henry (1970), 47 Ill. 2d 312, 320-21, 265 N.E.2d 876; People v. Green (1983), 118 Ill. App. 3d 227, 233, 454 N.E.2d 792.) It was not an abuse of discretion for the trial judge to conclude that it would not have been natural for Ivy to advise the detective that Maurice brandished a knife. Moreover, there is no evidence in the record that the police questioned her during either phone call to elicit information. Accordingly, the trial court did not err.\nVI\nDefendant raises several issues on appeal which were not in-eluded in his post-trial motion: the introduction of Coats\u2019 prior consistent statement; the exclusion of a potential witness\u2019 testimony; the prosecutor\u2019s statement in closing argument regarding the potential penalty in this case; the trial court\u2019s refusal to ask the venire about their membership in certain organizations; the admission of Maurice\u2019s hearsay statement through Ivy\u2019s testimony; and the sufficiency of the information charging Maurice. We hold these issues to have all been waived because they were not raised in a timely manner. (People v. Pickett (1973), 54 Ill. 2d 280, 282, 296 N.E.2d 856.) Furthermore, we decline to examine these matters under the plain error rule (73 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)), because of the very damaging evidence against Maurice and the relatively insignificant nature of the alleged errors. People v. Jackson (1981), 84 Ill. 2d 350, 360, 418 N.E.2d 739.\nVII\nFinally, the defendant objects to the manner in which the State impeached Connors. The People\u2019s question to Connors regarding a prior misdemeanor conviction was objected to and the objection was sustained by the trial court. Connors already had admitted to a conviction for armed robbery, and later testified that he was on probation for burglary. Therefore, Connors\u2019 credibility had been substantially discredited, and any error was harmless, especially due to the conclusive evidence of Maurice\u2019s guilt. Finally, any damage was cured by the trial court\u2019s instruction to disregard the question about the misdemeanor. People v. Sanchez (1986), 115 Ill. 2d 238, 503 N.E.2d 277.\nIn light of the foregoing, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nSTAMOS and HARTMAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE SCARIANO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Steven Clark and Richard F. Faust, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Thomas V. Gainer, Jr., and Marie Quinlivan Czech, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MAURICE MITCHELL, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 85\u20141434\nOpinion filed October 27, 1987.\nRehearing denied January 5, 1987.\nSteven Clark and Richard F. Faust, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Thomas V. Gainer, Jr., and Marie Quinlivan Czech, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0058-01", "first_page_order": 80, "last_page_order": 94 }