{ "id": 2513483, "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Marcellus Lindsey, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Lindsey", "decision_date": "1974-01-16", "docket_number": "No. 56292", "first_page": "137", "last_page": "146", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "17 Ill. App. 3d 137" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "295 N.E.2d 462", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "54 Ill.2d 143", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2934870 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/54/0143-01" ] }, { "cite": "289 N.E.2d 631", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 Ill.2d 564", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5393878 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/52/0564-01" ] }, { "cite": "287 N.E.2d 465", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "52 Ill.2d 170", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5395792 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/52/0170-01" ] }, { "cite": "125 A.L.R. 19", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "220 Ill.App. 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5432046 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/220/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "390 U.S. 377", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170914 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/390/0377-01" ] }, { "cite": "228 N.E.2d 557", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "84 Ill.App.2d 117", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2553591 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/84/0117-01" ] }, { "cite": "77 A.L.R.2d 1233", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1241" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "223 N.E.2d 215", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "78 Ill.App.2d 2", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2570041, 2568682 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/78/0002-01", "/ill-app-2d/78/0002-02" ] }, { "cite": "265 F.Supp. 136", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 1566369 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/265/0136-01" ] }, { "cite": "103 N.E.2d 363", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "411 Ill. 118", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5312417 ], "year": 1967, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/411/0118-01" ] }, { "cite": "143 N.E.2d 239", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "11 Ill.2d 360", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2786129 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "373" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/11/0360-01" ] }, { "cite": "226 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill.2d 167", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2864216 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0167-01" ] }, { "cite": "207 N.E.2d 446", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "32 Ill.2d 484", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2838692 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/32/0484-01" ] }, { "cite": "439 F.2d 1047", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 755239 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/439/1047-01" ] }, { "cite": "171 N.E.2d 9", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1971, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "21 Ill.2d 23", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2730645 ], "year": 1971, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "25-26" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/21/0023-01" ] }, { "cite": "251 N.E.2d 202", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 Ill.2d 124", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2842982 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/43/0124-01" ] }, { "cite": "224 N.E.2d 813", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "37 Ill.2d 69", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2863889 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/37/0069-01" ] }, { "cite": "239 N.E.2d 433", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "40 Ill.2d 116", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2855147 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/40/0116-01" ] }, { "cite": "241 N.E.2d 653", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ill.App.2d 281", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5323490 ], "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/99/0281-01" ] }, { "cite": "304 U.S. 458", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 10805 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1966, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/304/0458-01" ] }, { "cite": "289 N.E.2d 652", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "8 Ill.App.3d 660", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2758575 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/8/0660-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 914, "char_count": 21625, "ocr_confidence": 0.721, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.469846561363513e-07, "percentile": 0.9456391086893483 }, "sha256": "ccb0d6f97169ce1d7c79926622a04eca1da696bbed3b472f3ccc83a9113b00f8", "simhash": "1:aa1ab5aedf47afeb", "word_count": 3647 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:35:57.081722+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Marcellus Lindsey, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "Mr. JUSTICE LEIGHTON\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis is an appeal from a judgment of conviction for murder. Defendant, Marcellus Lindsey, and one Eddie Wells, were charged with the attempted robbery and murder of Jack Montgomery in the City of Chicago on May 16, 1969. Wells, who shot Montgomery and caused his death, agreed to a plea bargain and pled guilty. He was sentenced to serve two to four years. Defendant, who allegedly was an accountable party, refused a plea bargain, insisted on a trial, and was found guilty. He was sentenced to serve 14 to 20 years.\nUrging that his conviction be reversed, defendant presents three issues for our review. (I.) Whether he was adequately admonished by the trial court when he requested and was granted leave to act as his own lawyer with his court-appointed counsel assisting him. (II.) Whether it was an abuse of judicial discretion for the trial judge to prevent defendant from obtaining assistance of counsel during crucial phases of his trial, after the court had ruled that he could represent himself with his court-appointed counsel assisting him. (III.) Whether defendant\u2019s in-court identification was the product of highly suggestive procedures conducive to irreparable misidentification.\nThese issues are raised from events that occurred during defendant\u2019s trial. Therefore, except as it may be necessaiy for our discussion, we will not state the facts from which the offenses arose.\nI.\nDefendant was brought to trial the day after Eddie Wells pleaded guilty. His lawyer, at the time, was Mr. Joseph Malek of the Illinois Bar who had been defendant\u2019s court-appointed counsel for more than 18 months. In contrast with Eddie Wells, the record shows that defendant was insisting on a trial. When Mr. Malek stated this fact, he was instructed to consult with the defendant, \u201cexplain everything to him,\u201d.and report to the court. This was done; and a short time later, the case was called. Mr. Malek then told the trial judge that he had expressed his views on the charges pending against defendant and \u201c* * * I indicated to Mr. Lindsey that he has a right to a bench or jury trial, I indicated to him the maximum penalty on each indictment and the.offer that has been made and Mr. Lindsey indicated that he wants to go to trial.\u201d In answer to the assistant state\u2019s attom\u00e9y\u2019s inquiry, defendant said he wanted a trial by jury. The court accepted defendant\u2019s, decision and ordered.that jurors be sent to his courtroom.\nAfter jury selection began, Mr. Malek reported to the trial judge that defendant wanted to represent himself. The trial judge convened the parties in his chambers and undertook to explain to defendant the seriousness of the charges against him and the necessity that he be represented by counsel. Defendant was asked if he understood what was said to him and he said he did. At the end of a long colloquy, defendant told the trial judge, \u201cI suggest that Mr. Malek stay on call and proceed with trial.\u201d The trial judge asked him, \u201cStay on call to assist you?\u201d Defendant answered, \u201cThat\u2019s right.\u201d The trial judge said, \u00ae I see nothing wrong with that.\u201d He followed this statement with a long inquiry of defendant concerning his age, his education, experience in life, and then ruled \u201c* # * that the desires of the defendant, Marcellus Lindsey, are to be respected, he has that constitutional right to. represent himself, however, I am ordering you, Mr. Malek to assist him.\u201d Selection of the jury then continued.\nIn this appeal, defendant contends that before he was granted leave to represent himself, with Mr. Malek assisting him, he was not given the admonishments required by Supreme Court Rule 401(a). Defendant argues that, although required by the rule, the trial court did not determine whether he understood the nature of the charges (murder and attempt to rob) nor did the court determine whether he understood the minimum and maximum sentences prescribed by law for the offenses for which he was being tried. Defendant insists that the trial judge had the duty to give him the admonitions of Rule 401(a) because he made a waiver of counsel before going to trial.\nThe purpose of Supreme Court Rule 401(a) is to provide a procedure which will eliminate any doubt that a defendant understands the nature and consequences of the charge against him before a trial court accepts his waiver of the right to counsel; it is a procedure that precludes a defendant from waiving assistance of counsel without full knowledge and understanding. (See People v. Schrodt, 8 Ill.App.3d 660, 289 N.E.2d 652; Supreme Court Rule 401(a), Ill. Rev. Stat. 1971, ch. 110A, par. 401(a).) A waiver, as this concept applies to the waiver of the right to counsel, is an intelligent relinquishment or abandonment of a known right or privilege. See Johnson v, Zerbst (1938), 304 U.S. 458, 82 L.Ed. 1461, 58 S.Ct. 1019; People v. Brown, 99 Ill.App.2d 281, 241 N.E.2d 653; McKenzie v. State (Fla. App. 1966), 187 S.2d 69.\nA waiver of counsel occurs when a defendant, knowing his rights and intelligently exercising them, informs a court that he does not wish counsel; that he wants to stand alone. (People o. Bowman, 40 Ill.2d 116, 239 N.E.2d 433.) A finding that the right to counsel has been waived is not to be made lightly. (People v. Blanchard, 37 Ill.2d 69, 224 N.E.2d 813.) Such a finding should be preceded by a careful inquiry by the court, aimed at determining the defendant\u2019s ability to conduct his own defense. (See People v. Morris, 43 Ill.2d 124, 251 N.E.2d 202.) \u201cThe right of a defendant to represent himself, when his choice is intelligently made, is as basic and fundamental as his right to be represented by counsel.\u201d (People v. Sinko, 21 Ill.2d 23, 25-26, 171 N.E.2d 9.) When the court determines that the defendant can represent himself and that waiver of counsel is knowing and intelligent, counsel of record, if there be one, is relieved and the defendant conducts his own defense. (United States v. Spencer (2 Cir. 1971), 439 F.2d 1047; People v. Bush, 32 Ill.2d 484, 207 N.E.2d 446.) Where, however, a defendant requests that he be allowed to conduct his own defense with the assistance of a court-appointed lawyer, he does not waive the right to counsel. He seeks, instead, the best of both worlds: freedom to conduct his own defense and benefit from the assistance of counsel. In such a case, it is within the trial court\u2019s discretion to decide whether defendant may have an attorney to assist and advise him. People v. Allen, 37 Ill.2d 167, 226 N.E.2d 1; compare People v. Burson, 11 Ill.2d 360, 143 N.E.2d 239.\nIn this case, defendant told the trial court that he wanted to conduct his own defense, with his lawyer remaining in the case to assist him. It is true, as defendant contends, that the trial judge did not in open court determine whether he understood the nature of murder and attempted robbery. Nor did the judge in open court determine whether defendant understood the minimum and maximum sentences provided by law for the two offenses. Nonetheless, we are of the opinion that the rule admonitions need not have been given defendant because, by his request that he be allowed to conduct his own defense with his court-appointed lawyer assisting him, he did not make a waiver of counsel within the meaning of Supreme Court Rule 401(a).\nII.\nWith defendant acting as his own lawyer, and Mr. Malek under orders to assist him, selection of the jury was resumed. But a short time later, defendant expressed the desire to waive his right to a trial by jury. He was admonished by the trial judge concerning his waiver, it was accepted, and the jury panel was dismissed. The case then proceeded as a bench trial with defendant still representing himself and Mr. Malek assisting him.\nThereafter, the State called two witnesses and during their examinations, Mr. Malek made objections on which the trial judge ruled, without comment. However, when at one point Mr. Malek asked that the trial proceed, the trial judge told him, \u201cYou are not the attorney in this case.\u201d Mr. Malek responded, saying, \u201cI am his co-counsel, Judge.\u201d The trial judge replied, \u201cYou\u2019re not his co-counsel, you are assisting him. He\u2019s his own counsel. He doesn\u2019t want to hire you. He has fited you.\u201d\nA short time after this statement, the State called Ronald Pluta, tire Chicago Police Department investigator who, at about 11:30 A.M. on May 16, 1969, had responded to the call sent out when Jack Montgomery was shot. After giving the details of his investigation of the shooting, Pluta testified that \u201c[a]t the original scene of the robbery and shooting, we were also given information relative to a second subject that was in the company of Eddie Wells at the time. This individual was known as TIoneybear,\u2019 a street name used by the subject.\u201d In answer to further questions, Pluta testified that he knew the defendant and knew him by the street name \u201cHoneybear.\u201d\nWhen Pluta was turned over for cross-examination, defendant said to the trial judge, \u201cYour Honor, I would like to have Mr. Malek cross-examine for me.\u201d The trial judge refused to allow Mr. Malek to cross-examine Pluta.\nWycee Williams was one of the State\u2019s two occurrence witnesses to the shooting of Jack Montgomery. He was called by the prosecution; and when it was time to cross-examine him, the trial judge asked defendant if he had any questions to ask Williams. Defendant said he did not. Mr. Malek, however, apparently believed that Williams\u2019 testimony required cross-examination. Pie addressed the court, saying, \u201cExcuse me, Judge, as Mr. Lindsey\u2019s co-counsel * \u201c The trial judge interrupted Mr. Maleic, saying to him, \u201cNo, you are not co-counsel. You talk to Mr. Lindsey, he can speak for himself. He demanded that he be attorney of record and that he represent himself.\u201d After this exchange, and as a result of Mr. Malek\u2019s suggestion, Wycee Williams was recalled. Although it was Mr. Malek who wanted to question Williams, he was not allowed to conduct the cross-examination. Instead, the trial judge ordered him to be seated, and directed defendant to cross-examine Williams. When at one point of defendant\u2019s attempt at the cross-examination Mr. Malek said \u201cI would like to help, Judge,\u201d his request was ignored.\nAfter Williams was dismissed as a witness, Ronald Pluta was recalled by the prosecution. When his direct testimony was completed, defendant said to the trial judge, \u201cYour Honor, before cross-examining the witness, could I have my co-counsel cross-examine?\u201d The trial judge replied, \u201cNo, we have passed that. The answer is no.\u201d Mr. Malek was not allowed to cross-examine Pluta.\nThe record shows- that defendant called Eddie Wells as his first witness. The trial judge was informed by the prosecuting attorney that Wells was represented by counsel. The judge announced that \u201cMr. Wells will be admonished properly.\u201d At that point, Mr. Malek spoke to the court, saying \u201cExcuse me. If this is a matter of technicality, may I intervene on behalf of my co-counsel here with respect to Mr. Wells.\u201d The trial judge refused to allow' Mr. Malek to speak. Wells was then sworn, and, before continuing with the admonishment of Wells, the trial judge asked defendant if he had a statement. Defendant replied, \u201cYour Honor, it is too technical for me to understand what Mr. Malek is saying.\u201d When Mr. Malek made another attempt to speak, the trial judge said to him, \u201cNo, no, I will not stand for any interruptions. When I am through you can make a statement.\u201d Mr. Malek then tried to explain that \u201cMr. Lindsey cannot comprehend, Judge, what I am trying to tell him.\u201d The judge replied, \u201cMr. Lindsey was admonished at the start of this matter in great detail. Please be seated.\u201d\nPointing to these occurrences, defendant contends that he was deprived of assistance of counsel during crucial phases of his case by the trial judge\u2019s refusal to let Mr. Malek cross-examine witnesses and make objections. Defendant insists it was an abuse of judicial discretion for the trial judge to tell him he could represent himself with Mr. Malek assisting him and then, for no reason other tiran his decision to conduct his own defense, prevent Mr. Malek from giving assistance when it was needed.\nWe begin with the observation that when defendant was granted leave to conduct his own defense, he could have been required to elect between tire right to represent himself and the right to the assistance of counsel. (People v. Ephraim, 411 Ill. 118, 103 N.E.2d 363.) And it would not have been error, after a proper finding, for the trial court to have refused defendant the opportunity to conduct his defense with the assistance of counsel. (Lopez v. Pitchess (C.D. Cal. 1967), 265 F.Supp. 136; see People v. Bright, 78 Ill.App.2d 2, 223 N.E.2d 215; Annot., 77 A.L.R.2d 1233, 1241.) It was within its judicial discretion for the court either to have granted or denied defendant\u2019s request that Mr. Malek assist him in the conduct of his defense. People v. Allen, 37 Ill.2d 167, 226 N.E.2d 1.\nNevertheless, the trial court did not initially restrict or limit the availability of Mr. Malek as counsel assisting the defendant. Therefore, it was to be expected that defendant was free to turn to Mr. Malek with any request for assistance that was reasonable and proper. Of course, this expectation was always subject to the' trial court\u2019s constant duty to protect the judicial process from deterioration occasioned by improper or inadequate conduct by the defendant. See People v. Burson, 11 Ill.2d 360, 373, 143 N.E.2d 239.\nA study of the record, however, discloses that none of defendant\u2019s requests for assistance from Mr. Malek was improper; none had any tendency to deteriorate the judicial process; all were courteously and respectfully expressed. In fact, defendant\u2019s requests would have expedited the trial. The only reason the trial judge refused to allow Mr. Malek to assist the defense was because defendant had elected to represent himself. In our judgment, this was an abuse of judicial discretion. We are of the opinion that it was prejudicial to tell the defendant he could represent himself, with a court-designated lawyer to assist him, and then, at crucial phases of his trial, when he made reasonable requests for assistance, prevent the lawyer from assisting him. The judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded. People v. Martin, 84 Ill.App.2d 117, 228 N.E.2d 557.\nIII.\nThere may be another trial in this case, the same occurrence witnesses for the State may be called, and the question of the aHegedly tainted in-court identification may arise again. Therefore, it is necessary that we decide whether the showing of photographs to two witnesses in their direct examination made defendant\u2019s in-court identification the product of a highly suggestive procedure that was conducive to irreparable misidenti-fication. Simmons v. United States (1968), 390 U.S. 377, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247, 88 S.Ct. 967.\nThe first of the two witnesses was Samuel Daniels. He testified that on May 16, 1969, he was the manager of a grocery store at 3003 West Polk Street in Chicago; that about 11:00 A.M., Jack Montgomery, a cookie truck driver, came to collect a bill; that while Montgomery was in the store, Wycee WiHiams, a truck driver for a pickle company, came in to make a delivery; and that Montgomery finished his business and went to his truck. Daniels said that he looked out and saw \u201ctwo boys\u201d near the truck. One, he recognized as Eddie WeHs; the other boy he did not recognize. However, Daniels described the unknown boy as \u201c* * * five-five, maybe a little taHer, weighed about one hundred forty pounds. He was a dark-complexioned boy.\u201d Daniels said that he looked at both boys for about 12 minutes; he looked at the unknown boy for 6 to 7 seconds.\nShortly after Montgomery reached his truck, Daniels said he heard \u201ca rumble,\u201d then a shot; and he saw Eddie Wells running with a gun in his hand. The other boy ran in the same direction. Daniels was then shown a photograph, People\u2019s Exhibit 4, and he was asked if he recognized it. He said he did; that it was a photograph which had been shown to him by certain Chicago policemen an hour or so after Mon-gomery was shot. Daniels was asked if he had ever told a Chicago policeman that the photograph \u201c* \u201d * accurately represents the picture of the person who was with Eddie Wells when Jack Montgomery was shot * * Daniels answered, \u201cWell, that picture favors him.\" He was then asked to, and he did identify defendant in court as the person who was with Wells on the occasion of the shooting. However, when he was cross-examined by defendant, Daniels said he was not certain of his identification.\nThe second occurrence witness was Wycee Williams. He testified that he was in Daniels\u2019 store on the morning of May 16; that Montgomery, who was there, left and went to his truck; that he saw two boys run from the truck, one with a gun in his hand; that the boy who did not have a gun was wearing a red shirt, was dark skinned, and \u201chad a kind of bushy hair.\u201d Williams was shown a photograph, People\u2019s Exhibit 6, which he identified as the one he picked out from among ten that Investigator Ronald Pluta showed to him in his home on May 18, 1969. He said that the picture truly and accurately depicted the person he saw running away from the truck on May 16, the one with the red shirt, bushy hair \u201c* # \u201d and dark-complected skin.\u201d Williams was asked to, and he did, identify defendant in court as that person.\nFrom the showing of these photographs to Daniels and Williams, defendant contends that these witnesses\u2019 in-court identification of him was the product of a highly suggestive procedure. He argues that use of the photographs suggested the identification testimony because the two witnesses were identifying the person they saw in the pictures shown them, not defendant in court.\nWe do not agree with this contention nor with the argument in its support. Putting to one side the evidentiary value of Daniels\u2019 testimony, it was proper to show him a picture of the defendant (assuming it existed) and ask him if he had not previously recognized the person it portrayed. Daniels had testified that he did not recognize the boy who was with Eddie Wells the morning of the shooting. Showing him a valid picture was a proper way to refresh his recollection. (See Paden v. Rockford Palace Furniture Co., 220 Ill.App. 534; Annot., 125 A.L.R. 19.) As to Wycee Williams, showing him the photograph, People\u2019s Exhibit 6, was proper. The preliminary questions asked him established an adequate foundation; they revealed he had an independent recollection of the person he said was with Wells on May 16, 1969. Neither the photographs shown the two witnesses nor the questions asked them were suggestive in any way. Therefore, the showing of photographs to Daniels and Williams, as part of their direct examination, did not make their in-court identification of defendant the product of a highly suggestive procedure that was conducive to irreparable misidentification. People v. Hayes, 52 Ill.2d 170, 287 N.E.2d 465; People v. Stringer, 52 Ill.2d 564, 289 N.E.2d 631; People v. Jackson, 54 Ill.2d 143, 295 N.E.2d 462.\nIV.\nThe judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for a new trial, or for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views expressed in this opinion.\nReversed and remanded with directions.\nHAYES, P. J., and STAMOS, J., concur.\nThe record does not show the offense to which Wells pled guilty. Nor does it show Wells\u2019 criminal record compared to defendant\u2019s which, at the time of this conviction, consisted of two prior misdemeanors. It appears from the State\u2019s evidence that defendant was not the dominant figure in the attemped robbery and murder of Montgomery. In fact, Wells, as a defense witness, testified that it was he who planned the attempt to rob Montgomery; and that the plan was executed by him and a companion whose name was \u201cBobby,\u201d not the defendant. The trial judge, however, disbelieved Wells\u2019 testimony.\nSupreme Court Rule 401(a) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1971, ch. 110A, par. 401(a)) provides as follows:\n\u201c(a) Waiver of Counsel. Any waiver of counsel shall be in open court. The court shall not permit a waiver of counsel by a person accused of a crime punishable by imprisonment in the penitentiary without first, by addressing the defendant personally in open court, informing him of and determining that he understands the following:\n(1) the nature of the charge;\n(2) the minimum and maximum sentence prescribed by law, including, when applicable, the penalty to which the defendant may be subjected e e e. i\n(3) that he has a right to counsel, and, if he is indigent, to have counsel appointed for him by the court.\u201d\nThis picture, on its face, shows that it was taken by the Chicago Police Department on June 30, 1969, the day after defendant was arrested. Therefore, in stark impeachment of Daniels, the picture could not have been shown to him \u201can hour or so after Montgomery was shot\u201d because it was not in existence. This fact, together with Daniels' uncertain and vague identification of the defendant, practically destroys him as a witness whose testimony can sustain the conviction in this case.", "type": "majority", "author": "Mr. JUSTICE LEIGHTON" } ], "attorneys": [ "James J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Shelvin Singer, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Edward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Elmer C. ICis-sane and James R. Carlson, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Marcellus Lindsey, Defendant-Appellant.\n(No. 56292;\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nJanuary 16, 1974.\nJames J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Shelvin Singer, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nEdward V. Hanrahan, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Elmer C. ICis-sane and James R. Carlson, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0137-01", "first_page_order": 159, "last_page_order": 168 }