{ "id": 3616743, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. THOMAS BERNARDO, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Bernardo", "decision_date": "1988-03-17", "docket_number": "No. 84-3030", "first_page": "652", "last_page": "662", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "171 Ill. App. 3d 652" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 859", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "861" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 212", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3167051 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "216-17" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0212-01" ] }, { "cite": "105 S. Ct. 2344", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "85 L. Ed. 2d 859", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "471 U.S. 1108", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6372665, 6372458, 6372257, 6372105 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/471/1108-04", "/us/471/1108-03", "/us/471/1108-02", "/us/471/1108-01" ] }, { "cite": "751 F.2d 895", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 301513 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1985, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "899" }, { "page": "900-01" }, { "page": "897-901" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/751/0895-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "688-94" }, { "page": "689" }, { "page": "695" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 N.E.2d 535", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "112 Ill. App. 3d 396", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5434430 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "411-13" }, { "page": "413" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/112/0396-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 N.E.2d 136", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "143" }, { "page": "143" }, { "page": "143" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 Ill. 2d 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3102209 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325" }, { "page": "325" }, { "page": "325" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/93/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "502 N.E.2d 1103", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. App. 3d 687", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3539949 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "694" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/151/0687-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 S. Ct. 3314", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 L. Ed. 2d 727", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "478 U.S. 1038", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6291041, 6290754, 6290409, 6290089, 6289769, 6289297, 6289532, 6291357 ], "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/478/1038-07", "/us/478/1038-06", "/us/478/1038-05", "/us/478/1038-04", "/us/478/1038-03", "/us/478/1038-01", "/us/478/1038-02", "/us/478/1038-08" ] }, { "cite": "488 N.E.2d 513", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. 2d 449", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3125912 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "461-64" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/109/0449-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 648", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204502 ], "weight": 16, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "658" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "2046" }, { "page": "658-59" }, { "page": "668-69" }, { "page": "2046-47" }, { "page": "663-66" }, { "page": "670-73" }, { "page": "2049-51" }, { "page": "658" }, { "page": "667" }, { "page": "2046" }, { "page": "665-66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 N.E.2d 219", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 Ill. App. 3d 573", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3466811 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "581-85" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/161/0573-01" ] }, { "cite": "108 S. Ct. 212", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "S. Ct.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 L. Ed. 2d 163", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 873", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "507 N.E.2d 830", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "116 Ill. 2d 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5543128 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/116/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "387 N.E.2d 316", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. 2d 134", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2991616 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/75/0134-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Ill. App. 3d 1195", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 964, "char_count": 23258, "ocr_confidence": 0.78, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.692223764918137e-08, "percentile": 0.40678607131149347 }, "sha256": "d933d1a0f93bafaa13162b6c404a59d27173d1a9a09b0ef58fd48c6b5735fdc8", "simhash": "1:ae1e548c8b0bb1b5", "word_count": 3672 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:35:27.168167+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. THOMAS BERNARDO, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE McMORROW\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a bench trial, defendant, Thomas Bernardo, was convicted of attempted murder and aggravated battery (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1975, ch. 38, pars. 8 \u2014 4, 12 \u2014 4) and sentenced to eight years\u2019 imprisonment. On direct appeal, this court vacated his conviction for aggravated battery and affirmed his conviction for attempted murder. (101 Ill. App. 3d 1195 (opinion pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 23).) While the appeal was pending, defendant filed a petition for relief under the Illinois Post-Conviction Hearing Act (the Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122 \u2014 1 et seq.) arguing that he was entitled to a new trial because he had been denied effective assistance of counsel. The trial court denied defendant\u2019s petition without an evidentiary hearing and he appeals.\nWe affirm.\nBackground\nDefendant was convicted of attempted murder for the shooting of Willie Fuller (Fuller) in an apartment building courtway in the late evening hours of November 27, 1976. Evidence presented by the State established that on that day, Fuller was visiting Mae Webb (Webb), his former girlfriend, at her apartment. Fuller had driven Webb home from the hospital where her year-old baby had been admitted with multiple bruises. While Fuller was at Webb\u2019s apartment, a man entered the front door, ordered Fuller to leave, pulled out a gun, kicked Fuller in the chest, and ran out the front entrance. Shortly thereafter, Fuller also left the apartment. When he reached the courtway, the man with the gun appeared from behind the bushes and fired three shots before running away. Two shots grazed Fuller\u2019s head and neck; a third penetrated through his leg. Thereafter officers of the Chicago police department arrived at the scene and transported Fuller to a hospital. Chicago police officers arrested defendant approximately two weeks after the incident. Defendant was in a car with Webb when he was arrested.\nDefendant denied that he shot Fuller. Defense evidence showed that on the evening in question, Fuller was at Webb\u2019s apartment, but had not driven her from the hospital to her home. At Webb\u2019s apartment, Webb told him that certain persons, including the defendant, may have been responsible for the injuries to Webb\u2019s child who was in the hospital. Webb testified that although Fuller was not the natural father of the child, he liked to think of the child as his. Fuller became angry when he learned of the child\u2019s injuries. Shortly thereafter, defendant and Rita Johnson (Johnson) appeared at the door of Webb\u2019s apartment. Fuller grabbed defendant, inquired who he was, and accused defendant of being Webb\u2019s \u201cnew boyfriend.\u201d Fuller then chased defendant down the stairs and outside the building. Meanwhile, Webb took from her apartment a gun that Fuller had previously given her and chased after the two men. As she was following them, she tripped on the sidewalk and her gun accidentally discharged several times, striking Fuller in the leg once.\nThe defense introduced evidence that Webb filed a criminal complaint against Fuller approximately a week after defendant was arrested. A few months after Webb filed her complaint against Fuller, Fuller offered to drop charges against defendant in exchange for Webb\u2019s dropping of the charges against Fuller. Webb agreed.\nThereafter, Webb, Fuller, and defendant\u2019s mother spoke in person to the partner of the assistant State\u2019s Attorney who was assigned to prosecute the defendant\u2019s case. According to Webb, Fuller told the assistant State\u2019s Attorney that Fuller was drunk on the night of the incident and that he wanted to withdraw his statement that defendant had shot him. Webb also testified that Fuller made this same retraction to defendant\u2019s attorney, Stan Hill (Hill), a month after Fuller\u2019s visit to the State\u2019s Attorney\u2019s office. Then Webb, Fuller, and Hill appeared before Judge Howard Miller, and Hill informed the judge of Fuller\u2019s recent disclosures and intention to have the charges dropped. During earlier cross-examination, Fuller denied having indicated to Webb and defense counsel that he wanted to retract his accusations and denied having appeared with them before Judge Miller.\nWebb was the first defense witness. After her testimony, Hill withdrew from the case in order to become a defense witness regarding Fuller\u2019s alleged attempt to withdraw his accusations of defendant. A second attorney, W. Maudlin Smith, filed an appearance on defendant\u2019s behalf and represented him during the remainder of the trial.\nIn rebuttal to the defendant\u2019s evidence, the State presented the testimony of an assistant State\u2019s Attorney, who had appeared on behalf of the State at the hearing wherein Hill represented to the court that Fuller intended to retract his accusations against defendant. The assistant State\u2019s Attorney testified that the person who appeared before Judge Miller and identified himself as Fuller was not the same person who had testified on behalf of the State in defendant\u2019s trial.\nThe State also presented rebuttal evidence to show that Webb had originally explained the incident to the police as an argument between Fuller and defendant during which defendant displayed a gun. State rebuttal evidence also indicated that Webb had told certain persons that she was afraid of defendant and that she felt or had been threatened by him. In surrebuttal, Webb testified that she was afraid of defendant because she had initially lied to the police about his involvement in the shooting. She also stated that her fear of losing custody of her children caused her to persist in her initial story about defendant\u2019s involvement.\nThe trial court found defendant guilty of attempted murder and aggravated battery. On direct appeal, his conviction for aggravated battery was reversed by this court, and his conviction for attempted murder was affirmed. While the appeal was pending, defendant filed a petition for post-conviction relief. As ultimately amended, defendant argued in his post-conviction petition that he received ineffective representation from Smith and that his conviction had been based on perjured testimony. In support of his petition, defendant submitted the opinion of the Illinois Supreme Court ordering Smith\u2019s disbarment (In re Smith (1979), 75 Ill. 2d 134, 387 N.E.2d 316), Hill\u2019s affidavit, and a transcript of Judge Miller\u2019s pretrial hearing wherein Hill told the judge that Fuller, also present in court at the time, wanted to withdraw his statements against defendant.\nDefendant also submitted Smith\u2019s affidavit in which Smith stated that during his representation of defendant, he was \u201csuffering from mental illness, including blackouts and depression\u201d that \u201cseriously impaired [his] legal and professional judgment.\u201d In addition to mental illness, Smith stated that he suffered \u201csevere mental and emotional strain because of pending disbarment proceedings, which have since culminated in disbarment.\u201d He stated that because of these problems, he was unable to \u201cformulate an effective defense.\u201d Defendant also argued that Smith was under a psychiatrist\u2019s care at the time of defendant\u2019s trial, that he \u201chad been involved with the possession and use of certain narcotic drugs *** [a]nd had certain cases pending against him\u201d during the trial.\nThe trial court denied defendant\u2019s petition for post-conviction relief without an evidentiary hearing, and defendant appeals.\nOpinion\nUnder the Post-Conviction Hearing Act, the defendant has the burden of showing a substantial deprivation of his constitutional rights. He is not entitled to an evidentiary hearing as a matter of right, but should be granted one if he makes a substantial showing of a constitutional violation, supporting the allegations of his petition either from the record or by affidavit. (People v. Silagy (1987), 116 Ill. 2d 357, 365, 507 N.E.2d 830, cert. denied (1987), 484 U.S. 873, 98 L. Ed. 2d 163, 108 S. Ct. 212.) With these principles in mind, we consider defendant\u2019s claims that his petition and supporting affidavits entitled him to a new trial, or at least to an evidentiary hearing with respect to whether he was denied effective assistance of counsel.\nDefendant\u2019s post-conviction petition alleged that he had been denied the effective representation of his trial counsel, who allegedly had been suffering from certain mental disabilities at the time of defendant\u2019s trial. Upon appeal, defendant now contends that his post-conviction counsel was also incompetent. Specifically, defendant maintains that his post-conviction petition failed to raise the issue of whether defendant was denied effective assistance during the direct appeal from his conviction. Defendant also asserts that his appellate counsel was ineffective because he raised only one issue on direct appeal, while the record reveals several meritorious issues regarding ineffective assistance of his trial counsel, and perjured testimony used to convict defendant at trial. We consider each of these additional assertions in the context of whether defendant received effective assistance of counsel at trial. See People v. Jackson (1987), 161 Ill. App. 3d 573, 581-85, 515 N.E.2d 219.\nDefendant argues first that his second attorney at trial, Maudlin Smith, was ineffective because he was suffering from a mental illness, drug addiction, and the mental strain of pending disbarment proceedings. Defendant maintains that if a defense attorney who represents a criminal defendant at trial is suffering from a mental disorder, active drug addiction, or mental strain that tends to interfere with his judgment and ability to function effectively as an attorney, then logic dictates that his ineffectiveness would pervade the whole proceeding and cast doubt on the fairness of the adversarial process itself. Defendant asserts that counsel who is impaired by mental illness, active drug addiction, or mental strain is the equivalent of no counsel at all. Under these circumstances, defendant maintains, a showing of actual prejudice based upon particularized errors is unnecessary.\nTo support his argument, defendant relies upon United States v. Cronic (1984), 466 U.S. 648, 80 L. Ed. 2d 657, 104 S. Ct. 2039. In Cronic, the United States Supreme Court indicated that prejudice to a criminal defendant may be presumed when the \u201ccircumstances surrounding the representation of [defendant] mandate[ ] an inference that counsel was unable to discharge his duties.\u201d (466 U.S. at 658, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 667, 104 S. Ct. at 2046.) The Cronic standard applies, for example, where there has been a total denial of counsel at a crucial stage in the accused\u2019s trial, a denial of the defendant\u2019s right to cross examine a witness (Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658-59, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 668-69, 104 S. Ct. at 2046-47), or an admission of defendant\u2019s guilt by defense counsel without defendant\u2019s consent. See People v. Hattery (1985) , 109 Ill. 2d 449, 461-64, 488 N.E.2d 513, cert. denied (1986), 478 U.S. 1038, 92 L. Ed. 2d 727, 106 S. Ct. 3314; People v. Woods (1986) , 151 Ill. App. 3d 687, 694, 502 N.E.2d 1103.\nAs examples of decisions where the courts have applied a standard closely similar to that of Cronic, defendant cites to People v. Williams (1983), 93 Ill. 2d 309, 444 N.E.2d 136, and People v. Rainge (1983), 112 Ill. App. 3d 396, 445 N.E.2d 535. Although decided before Cronic, these cases, in defendant\u2019s view, illustrate circumstances where prejudice to a defendant may be inferred or presumed because of defense counsel\u2019s mental strain. Based upon these authorities, defendant argues that it is not incumbent upon him to show that he was prejudiced by Smith\u2019s representation of him at trial; instead, such prejudice may be presumed.\nIn Williams and Rainge, the defendants were co-defendants represented in a capital case by the same attorney. The defendants\u2019 attorney was disbarred for conversion of client funds as a result of a disciplinary proceeding which was in progress during the attorney\u2019s representation of the defendants. In light of these circumstances, the Supreme Court found it could not characterize counsel\u2019s failure to make certain motions as professional misjudgments. (People v. Williams (1983), 93 Ill. 2d 309, 325, 444 N.E.2d 136, 143; see also People v. Rainge (1983), 112 Ill. App. 3d 396, 411-13, 445 N.E.2d 535.) Consequently, \u201cconsidering the unique circumstances and sequence of events in this capital case, which will rarely, if ever be duplicated, [the Court determined] that the interests of justice require that [defendants] be granted a new trial.\u201d Williams, 93 Ill. 2d at 325, 444 N.E.2d at 143; see also Rainge, 112 Ill. App. 3d at 413.\nDefendant asserts that because his trial counsel Smith was subject to disbarment proceedings during his representation of defendant, defendant is entitled to a new trial as were the defendants in Williams and Rainge. Defendant\u2019s argument is not well founded. Unlike the defendants in Williams and Rainge, the defendant here was not charged with a capital offense, but was prosecuted for the crimes of attempted murder and aggravated battery. Also, the supreme court pointedly observed in Williams that the facts of that case presented \u201cunique circumstances and sequence of events *** which will rarely, if ever be duplicated.\u201d (Williams, 93 Ill. 2d at 325, 444 N.E.2d at 143.) In view of the supreme court\u2019s remark that the result of Williams should obtain, if ever, only with great caution, we decline to adopt the defendant\u2019s suggested view that Williams enunciates a per se rule automatically permitting all criminal defendants a new trial whenever they were represented at trial by an attorney subject to disbarment proceedings.\nDefendant also contends that his trial counsel\u2019s suffering from mental illness and narcotic use presented circumstances so likely to prejudice his defense that he should be accorded a new trial without specific reference to particular errors on the part of his trial counsel. The point is not well taken. In Cronic, the United States Supreme Court determined that prejudice should not be presumed where defense counsel had only a short period of time to prepare for trial, because the matter was not a capital offense and the evidence against the defendant was neither complicated nor voluminous.\nThe circumstances of the case at bar are, in important respects, substantially similar to those of Cronic. In the instant case, the defendant was not prosecuted for offenses which could have resulted in the imposition of the death penalty. Also, the evidence against defendant was not complicated or voluminous; in fact, the State\u2019s case in essence consisted of Fuller\u2019s testimony that he saw the defendant shoot him. Defendant\u2019s theory was that Fuller was lying, because he harbored a grudge against defendant on the belief that defendant had abused one of the children of Fuller\u2019s former girlfriend, Webb, in whom Fuller still had a romantic interest. Defense evidence also sought to establish that it was Webb who accidentally shot Fuller, and that she initially named defendant as the perpetrator because Webb was fearful that the truth would cause her to lose custody of her children. This defense also did not represent complicated or voluminous evidentiary matters. For these reasons, the standard recognized in Cronic is not apposite to the facts of this case. See Cronic, 466 U.S. at 663-66, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 670-73, 104 S. Ct. at 2049-51.\nBased on the above-stated considerations, we conclude that the case at bar does not present \u201ccircumstances surrounding the representation of [defendant that] mandate[ ] an inference that counsel was unable to discharge his duties.\u201d (Cronic, 466 U.S. at 658, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 667, 104 S. Ct. at 2046.) Consequently, we determine that prejudice to the defendant may not be presumed or inferred, but must be affirmatively shown in the record in accordance with Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052. See Cronic, 466 U.S. at 665-66, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 671-73, 104 S. Ct. at 2050-51.\nThe case of Dillon v. Duckworth (7th Cir. 1984), 751 F.2d 895, cert. denied (1985), 471 U.S. 1108, 85 L. Ed. 2d 859, 105 S. Ct. 2344, upon which defendant also relies, further supports our conclusion that the Strickland standard is applicable to the facts of this case. In Dillon, the defendant\u2019s attorney had only a few years\u2019 legal experience and had never previously represented a defendant in a murder case. After three major personal tragedies came upon him in quick succession, the attorney realized \u201chow seriously this series of events had compromised his preparation.\u201d (Dillon v. Duckworth (7th Cir. 1984), 751 F.2d 895, 899.) The trial judge denied the defense attorney\u2019s request for a continuance, and the case proceeded to trial. At trial, the attorney\u2019s \u201clack of preparedness evidenced itself\u201d in such a way that no possible trial strategy could justify his actions. (Dillon, 751 F.2d at 900-01.) In concluding that defendant was entitled to a new trial, the court applied the standard for ineffective assistance of counsel set forth in Strickland. 751 F.2d at 897-901.\nIn accordance with these precedents, we consider defendant\u2019s claim that Smith rendered him ineffective assistance of counsel pursuant to the Strickland rule. Under Strickland, defendant must establish that (1) defense counsel\u2019s performance was so deficient that it fell below standards of reasonable professional performance and (2) this deficient performance so prejudiced defendant that he was denied a fair trial. (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688-94, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693-98, 104 S. Ct. at 2064-68.) Evaluation of defense counsel\u2019s performance must be premised on a strong presumption that the attorney\u2019s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 2065, 104 S. Ct. at 694-95.) In determining prejudice, the court must inquire \u201cwhether there is a reasonable probability that, absent the errors, the factfinder would have had a reasonable doubt concerning guilt.\u201d Strickland, 466 U.S. at 695, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 698, 104 S. Ct. at 2068-69.\nDefendant first asserts that during trial, Smith abandoned faith in Webb\u2019s testimony. The record indicates that Smith motioned for a mistrial after he began his representation of the defendant. Smith argued, inter alia, that while certain portions of Webb\u2019s testimony lacked credibility, the testimony was nevertheless truthful regarding the essential facts which corresponded with defendant\u2019s account of the incident. After a careful review of the record, we determine that Smith\u2019s remarks did not amount to abandonment of a key witness. Rather, his statements were an attempt to ameliorate the negative impact of the numerous inconsistencies in Webb\u2019s trial testimony. Regardless of whether his statements were or were not a preferable trial strategy, we cannot conclude that the remarks prejudiced the defendant such that, had the statements not been made, the fact finder would have held a reasonable doubt of the defendant\u2019s guilt.\nDefendant also argues that Smith failed to exercise due diligence in locating an unbiased eyewitness in time for trial. Defendant contends that there was no question the witness was crucial, because she could have testified to the effect that defendant had not committed the shooting. Defendant does not explain his attribution of this alleged failing to Smith. Because Smith did not begin his representation of defendant until mid-trial, we cannot conclude that Smith could or should have located the witness prior to trial. Accordingly, we find defendant\u2019s argument in this regard insufficient ground to grant him a new trial on the theory that Smith rendered defendant ineffective assistance of counsel.\nAs further illustration that Smith was ineffective, defendant cites to his failure to introduce certain evidence, to object to certain questions posed by the State, or to recall certain details during questioning of a witness or argument to the court. We have reviewed the matters raised by defendant, but find that any irregularity in Smith\u2019s alleged failures did not pertain to matters which would have been sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt of defendant\u2019s guilt. We find defendant\u2019s assertions with respect to his representation by Smith at trial insufficient to overturn the trial judge\u2019s denial of his post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing.\nLastly, defendant contends that his appellate counsel should have argued that he was entitled to a new trial because his conviction was based on perjured testimony. Defendant claims that the transcript of Judge Miller\u2019s pretrial hearing shows that Fuller recanted his accusation against the defendant.\nThe \u201cdeprivation of an individual\u2019s liberty based on false testimony is contrary to fundamental principles of fairness in a civilized society. [Citation.]\u201d (People v. Cihlar (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 212, 216-17, 489 N.E.2d 859, 861.) However, the trial judge, sitting as trier of fact in defendant\u2019s bench trial, determined that the individual who recanted the victim\u2019s accusation against the defendant was not, in fact, the actual victim. This factual determination is supported by the testimony of Fuller, who stated that he did not tell Hill that he wanted to withdraw his statements against the defendant and that he did not appear with Hill when Hill made a representation to this effect to Judge Miller. The fact finder\u2019s determination is also supported in the trial testimony of the assistant State\u2019s Attorney to the effect that it was only after the hearing before Judge Miller that the assistant State\u2019s Attorney learned that the person who stated his desire to withdraw the accusations against defendant was not in fact the complaining witness, Fuller. The transcript of the hearing before Judge Miller includes only Hill\u2019s representation to the court about Fuller\u2019s intention to recant his accusation against defendant, and the response of the assistant State\u2019s Attorney that, notwithstanding the individual\u2019s desire to recant his accusations, the office of the State\u2019s Attorney had spoken with individuals involved in the incident and intended to pursue prosecution. Under these circumstances, the record does not demonstrate that defendant was convicted on the basis of perjured testimony by Fuller or the assistant State\u2019s Attorney.\nIn light of these conclusions, we determine that neither defendant\u2019s trial counsel Smith, his appellate counsel, nor the attorney who represented him during post-conviction proceedings rendered defendant ineffective assistance of counsel such that he should be allowed a new trial.\nFor the reasons stated, the order of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nLINN and JOHNSON, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE McMORROW" } ], "attorneys": [ "James J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Emily Eisner, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Richard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Paula Carstensen and Joanne M. Roddy, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. THOMAS BERNARDO, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 84\u20143030\nOpinion filed March 17, 1988.\n\u2014 Rehearing denied July 13, 1988.\nJames J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Emily Eisner, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nRichard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Paula Carstensen and Joanne M. Roddy, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0652-01", "first_page_order": 674, "last_page_order": 684 }