{ "id": 3515300, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES EDENS, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Edens", "decision_date": "1988-08-16", "docket_number": "No. 85\u20143735", "first_page": "1033", "last_page": "1048", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "174 Ill. App. 3d 1033" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "514 N.E.2d 998", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188309 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "228" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 N.E.2d 541", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 268", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5476013 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "275" }, { "page": "280" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0268-01" ] }, { "cite": "508 N.E.2d 221", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "155 Ill. App. 3d 391", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3464753 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "416" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/155/0391-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 N.E.2d 569", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 192", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3152614 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "202-03" }, { "page": "214-15" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0192-01" ] }, { "cite": "476 N.E.2d 1321", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "132 Ill. App. 3d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3441139 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "7" }, { "page": "8" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/132/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "463 N.E.2d 929", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 Ill. App. 3d 140", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3429084 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "154" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/124/0140-01" ] }, { "cite": "431 N.E.2d 344", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "88 Ill. 2d 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3082585 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "501" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/88/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "474 N.E.2d 1280", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "130 Ill. App. 3d 753", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3493557 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "757" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/130/0753-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 500", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "140 Ill. App. 3d 928", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3532980 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/140/0928-01" ] }, { "cite": "513 N.E.2d 852", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 Ill. App. 3d 991", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3612605 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1001" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/159/0991-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 N.E.2d 608", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3194979 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "82" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/85/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "252 N.E.2d 534", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "43 Ill. 2d 228", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2844115 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "232" }, { "page": "232" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/43/0228-01" ] }, { "cite": "420 N.E.2d 645", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. App. 3d 992", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3119902 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1001" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/95/0992-01" ] }, { "cite": "362 N.E.2d 291", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "66 Ill. 2d 346", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5464792 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "349" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/66/0346-01" ] }, { "cite": "290 N.E.2d 201", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "53 Ill. 2d 95", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2925046 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/53/0095-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1278, "char_count": 35644, "ocr_confidence": 0.763, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0350216744142903e-07, "percentile": 0.549206150628859 }, "sha256": "de9767e65660e17dd9cbdb450e800fc83d654ab72114211a8cc33ee415adc428", "simhash": "1:ba36be57f576a272", "word_count": 6029 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:48:34.473456+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES EDENS, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE SCARIANO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nJames Edens, Ramon (Ricco) Montague, and Deborah Weathersby were charged with murder, home invasion and attempt (murder) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, pars. 9 \u2014 1, 12 \u2014 11, 8 \u2014 4) in connection with an incident which occurred on March 21, 1984, at the residence of Harry Schennault in the City of Chicago. Edens was granted a severance from his codefendants, convicted of all counts by a jury, and sentenced to 65 years for murder, with concurrent sentences of 30 years for attempt (murder) and home invasion.\nThis appeal concerns only defendant James Edens, who raises the following issues: (1) whether he was proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt; (2) whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to call Deborah Weathersby as a witness; (3) whether the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to publish to the jury prior statements of Weathersby, the State\u2019s chief witness; and (4) whether the trial court erred in imposing an extended-term sentence on the murder conviction and the maximum sentence on the other counts.\nThe State\u2019s first witness was Ray Simpson, who testified that his mother, Phyllis Alvarez, the sister of Yvonne Schennault, was employed as a housemaid for the Schennaults. He last spoke with his mother on March 19, 1984, about her moving out of the Schennault house \u201c[bjecause of the dope and dealing and all the other law-breakers going by.\u201d On March 21, while at work, he received a call notifying him that his mother had been shot.\nThe State\u2019s second witness, Joseph Airhart, testified that he was a Chicago police officer, and that on March 21, 1984, he was working alone in a marked squad car when he received a call regarding a home invasion in progress. He proceeded to 80th and Yates and observed an elderly gentleman dressed only in his underwear, whom he later learned was Harry Schennault, running down the street. Schennault, bleeding from his right cheek and his left leg, told Airhart that he had been shot. The officer proceeded to the Schennault residence, where he saw a woman who appeared to be dead lying on the floor bleeding.\nLilly Lovett testified that she worked as a clerk for Harry Schennault and that she knew Phyllis Alvarez, Harry\u2019s sister-in-law. On March 21, 1984, at about 2:30 in the afternoon, Lovett went to Harry\u2019s house, where she found Mrs. Alvarez downstairs and Harry upstairs in the bedroom going over some paperwork while on the telephone. Lovett went up to Harry\u2019s bedroom and sat in a chair against the wall while she was going through some papers. At about 3:30 Deborah Weathersby rang the bell, and Mrs. Alvarez called up to Harry, who told her to let Deborah in. Lovett looked down from upstairs and recognized Weathersby. The next thing she heard was Mrs. Alvarez scream, \u201coh, no\u201d and two shots. After Lovett told Harry that it was a robbery, she heard him tell his friend on the telephone to call the police. Lovett ran through a bathroom and into the hallway, where she encountered a man with a gun. She begged him not to shoot, and he chased her upstairs to Phyllis\u2019 bedroom, where she unsuccessfully tried to lock the door. She then broke the window and jumped out, during which time she heard more shots. She stayed on the roof until the police came with a ladder.\nA few days later Lovett was taken to the police station to view a lineup, where she identified Ricco Montague as the man she saw with the gun, both in the hallway with Alvarez and upstairs chasing her into the bedroom. She had never seen Montague before that date. On cross-examination, Lovett stated that she saw only two people in the house, Weathersby and Montague; she did not see James Edens in the Schennault house.\nDeborah Weathersby, who was charged as a codefendant, testified for the prosecution. She stated that Ricco Montague was her boyfriend in March of 1984 and that she was a very good friend of Mr. Schennault, whom she had worked for in the past. Several weeks prior to March 21, 1984, Deborah had conversations with Montague about getting into Schennault\u2019s house in order to rob him of the drugs and money she knew were there. Weathersby testified that on March 21, 1984, she met Montague at a store at 81st Street and Cottage Grove Avenue; Montague had arrived there in a car driven by Edens. She had called Schennault\u2019s house and told him she was coming over. The plan, which the three discussed on the way to the house, was that she and Ricco would go in first, and Edens would come in later. She testified that she saw three weapons in the car; Edens and Montague each had a gun, and there was a rifle in a briefcase. When they arrived at the Schennault home Alvarez let Weathersby and Montague in; Edens was still in the car. Montague grabbed Alvarez; they struggled and he shot her.\nAccording to Weathersby, Edens came into the house, and he and Montague went upstairs toward Schennault\u2019s bedroom. She heard shots, Lovett\u2019s pleas, a lot of running, and more gunshots. She then heard Edens say that Schennault had called the police and that they had to leave. They ran out to Edens\u2019 car and went to pick up Edens\u2019 wife at her place of employment.\nThe four of them returned to Edens\u2019 house, where they ate dinner and watched the news, during which time Weathersby left to make a phone call. She got money together and went to Detroit for a few days, but she later returned to Chicago and turned herself in to the police. She accompanied the police to the defendant\u2019s apartment and identified the car and defendant when he drove up.\nOn cross-examination, Weathersby admitted that she had been buying and selling drugs for five years, ever since she was 18 years old, and had worked as a prostitute for Schennault. She admitted that she was told that if she testified at Edens\u2019 trial the State would recommend a sentence of six years. She also testified that the first time she spoke with the police she told them that Edens, whom she knew as Bob, had gone into the house first, and that she lied because she was afraid of Montague. Eventually she gave the assistant State\u2019s Attorney a written statement which she said was the truth as was her testimony at the trial.\nEdens was arrested when Weathersby led the police to his apartment. During questioning he told Detective McGuire that on March 21, 1984, he received a call from Montague, who asked Edens to pick him up at 22nd Street and the Dan Ryan Expressway. When he did so, Weathersby was with Montague, and the three of them drove to Oak Brook to pick up Edens\u2019 wife at work at 4:30. They all returned to Edens\u2019 apartment, where they watched television. McGuire further testified that Edens told him that there was \u201csomething about the murders on the TV,\u201d and Edens figured that Deborah and Ricco might have done it. They made several phone calls, and at about 9 o\u2019clock, when Edens\u2019 brother Marcus came over, they drove Ricco and Deborah back to the city.\nAssistant State\u2019s Attorney Joseph J. McNerney testified that he went to the police station after being notified that two suspects were in custody regarding a homicide, home invasion, robbery and investigation on the south side. He reviewed police reports and listened to a tape recording of the interview with Deborah Weathersby before he interviewed her; he then took a court-reported statement of her version of the facts.\nMcNerney then interviewed Edens. He advised Edens of his rights, and Edens asked what the evidence was against him. When McNerney told him he was implicated as one of the three offenders in this case, Edens responded that all he did was to pick up Montague and Weathersby after the robbery and that he had not shot anyone. McNerney told Edens that he had been implicated in the robbery by Weathersby. Edens then indicated to McNerney that he had participated in the robbery, but that he did not have a gun, and that Ricco and not he had done the shooting. Edens said he was just doing it for drugs and money. At that point, according to McNerney, Edens told him he wanted to wait until his brother came in order to tell the whole story. McNerney told Edens he could not wait to talk to his brother and left to write up defendant\u2019s statement with which he returned 40 minutes to an hour later. When he read the statement to him, Edens denied telling McNerney anything about the facts of the case and refused to sign the statement. McNerney stated that Edens refused to sign the statement because he realized that he was going to be charged with murder.\nAfter the State rested, defense counsel requested leave to call Deborah Weathersby as his own witness. The court denied the request, ruling that the defendant had had ample opportunity to cross-examine her when she testified. When defense counsel requested permission to play Weathersby\u2019s tape-recorded statement for the court in order to show that it was impeaching, the court denied the request, stating that defense counsel had the tape in his possession when Weathersby was on the stand and had failed to use it for impeachment at that time.\nEdens\u2019 testimony in court was substantially the same as the answers he had given to Detective McGuire during his initial interrogation: that he picked up Montague and Weathersby late in the afternoon and that he had never been at the Schennault house and was not there with Ricco and Deb at the time of the robbery and murder. Edens testified that he had never seen People\u2019s exhibit No. 26, which was a handwritten statement prepared by Assistant State\u2019s Attorney McNerney. He further claimed that a statement of his in typewritten form and a one-page typed statement by Weathersby were not presented in court and that he was not read his Miranda rights by the detectives.\nFollowing the defendant\u2019s testimony, the court, on objection by the State, refused to allow the reading of Weathersby\u2019s court-reported statement, ruling that it was a prior consistent statement. The court also ruled that the tape of Weathersby\u2019s statement to the police was not admissible.\nThe jury found Edens guilty of all charges. At the sentencing hearing, the State argued for an extended term while the defendant argued for the minimum term of 20 years. The court found that the offense was accompanied by \u201cexceptionally brutal and heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty\u201d and that the defendant was a willing participation, thereby making him eligible for an extended-term sentence. The court also considered the defendant\u2019s premeditation and deliberation and the total absence of remorse on the defendant\u2019s part. He was sentenced to 65 years for murder and concurrent sentences of 30 years each for home invasion and attempt (murder).\nI\nThe defendant first argues that he was not proved guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the only testimony linking him to the crimes came from Deborah Weathersby, who claimed he was an accomplice, and an oral admission testified to by Assistant State\u2019s Attorney McNerney which defendant claims he never made.\nDefendant argues that Weathersby must be disbelieved because she is a drug user and seller and an accomplice testifying in return for a substantial reduction in charge and sentence. In addition, he contends that the testimony of an impartial eyewitness, Lilly Lovett, did not substantiate the testimony of Weathersby.\nAs to his first point, defendant cites People v. Strother (1972), 53 Ill. 2d 95, 290 N.E.2d 201, for the proposition that \u201cthe testimony of a narcotics addict is subject to suspicion due to the fact that habitual users of narcotics become notorious liars.\u201d (53 Ill. 2d at 99.) As the State points out, however, there is no evidence that Weathersby was a drug addict, but merely testimony that she had used drugs.\nAs to defendant\u2019s second contention that Weathersby was an accomplice who testified in exchange for a reduced sentence, there is no question based on the record but that she was one of the two primary participants in the planning and carrying out of the home invasion, that her boyfriend Ricco Montague murdered Phyllis Alvarez, and that she received a sentence of six years in return for her testimony against Montague and Edens.\nThe Illinois Supreme Court discussed uncorroborated accomplice testimony in People v. Wilson (1977), 66 Ill. 2d 346, 362 N.E.2d 291, as follows:\n\u201c[T]he rule that uncorroborated accomplice testimony is a sufficient ground on which the trier may base a conviction has found almost overwhelming favor in Illinois. [Citations.] This court has never questioned the wisdom of regarding such testimony with skepticism and suspicion, however. It is fraught with serious weaknesses such as the promise of leniency or immunity and malice toward the accused. [Citation.] Such testimony should be subject to careful scrutiny, \u2018acted upon with great caution\u2019 [citation], and have the \u2018absolute conviction of the truth\u2019 [citation]. It is also true that whether accomplice testimony, corroborated or uncorroborated, is a satisfactory basis for conviction goes to the weight of the evidence and is, therefore, in the province of the jury or the court.\u201d 66 Ill. 2d at 349.\nMoreover, as this court stated in People v. Harvey (1981), 95 Ill. App. 3d 992, 420 N.E.2d 645:\n\u201cIt is for the trier of fact to determine the credibility of witnesses, the weight to be given their testimony, and the inferences to be drawn from the evidence. [Citations.] *** The fact that a witness is an accomplice or expects leniency does not destroy the competency of his testimony; however, it does affect the weight thereof and the credibility to be accorded the witness.\u201d 95 Ill. App. 3d at 1001.\nThe jury heard the testimony of Weathersby in which she stated that Edens drove her and Montague to the Schennault house on March 21, 1984. She testified that they discussed the robbery before arriving and that both Ricco and Edens, who came into the house later, carried guns. Weathersby described the defendant, his car, and led the police to his apartment. The jury also heard defendant state that he picked up Weathersby and Montague after the robbery, thus accounting for her ability to identify him, his car, and the location of his apartment.\nThe defendant further contends that the proof that Weathersby falsely testified that Edens was at the scene of the robbery is found in testimony of Lilly Lovett, who told of seeing a man with a gun, whom she identified as Ricco Montague, struggle with Phyllis Alvarez. She heard two shots and warned Harry Schennault. At the point at which Weathersby said that the two men, Montague and Edens, went up the stairs to the hallway Lovett saw only Montague; she never saw Edens in the house. Defendant would have the court conclude that this means that Edens was not present. We concur with the State\u2019s reasoning, however, that since Lovett was running away after she heard the initial shots, it is more than likely that the jury concluded that she would not have seen him.\nThe jury heard the evidence relating to Weathersby: her past selling of drugs, her relationship with Schennault and Ricco, her plea bargain with the State, her status as an accomplice, and her admission that she lied to the police when she first talked to them; yet the jury believed her testimony. As the supreme court has said:\n\u201cIt is peculiarly the province of the jury to weigh the evidence, judge the credibility of witnesses and determine the facts. A reviewing court will not set aside a jury\u2019s verdict of guilty unless the evidence is so palpably contrary to the verdict or so unreasonable, improbable or unsatisfactory as to cause a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused.\u201d People v. Sumner (1969), 43 Ill. 2d 228, 232, 252 N.E.2d 534.\nThe jury was also aware of the testimony of Assistant State\u2019s Attorney McNerney, who stated that the defendant admitted his participation in the robbery but not the murder. McNerney testified also that Edens made an oral statement but later refused to sign it in written form after he realized that he was going to be charged with murder. Defendant maintains, however, that he told McNerney the same thing he told Detective McGuire and the same thing he testified to in court, which was that he picked up Montague and Weathersby after the robbery.\nAs we have previously noted, the jury heard the testimony and made their decision based on their determination of the facts. The evidence presented is not \u201cso palpably contradictory to the verdict or so unreasonable, improbable or unsatisfactory\u201d as to cause the reviewing court to set aside the jury\u2019s verdict. 43 Ill. 2d at 232.\nII\nAfter the State had rested, defense counsel stated his intention to call Deborah Weathersby as a witness for the defendant. The State objected, and the court denied defendant\u2019s request. The court\u2019s reasoning is reflected in the following exchange:\n\u201cTHE COURT: Hearing nothing, Mr. Malek, be advised in any way that would warrant the recall of a witness that was subjected to extensive cross-examination relative to all statements she made, relative to her recollection of what transpired on the date and time in question, hearing nothing to support your position requesting that she be recalled, I am going to deny.\nMR. MALEK [defense counsel]: Judge, how can you say\u2014\nTHE COURT: I am going to deny you the right to recall her in your case.\nMR. MALEK: Judge, how can you say, you being the Judge, that she has said everything in her statements? You don\u2019t know that.\nTHE COURT: I said you had all that information available to you.\nMR. MALEK: The fact I have, it doesn\u2019t necessarily mean I have to use it in cross. I can use it in cross, in my case-in-chief, any way I see fit.\nTHE COURT: Without giving me a reason as to why you want to recall her, Counsel?\n* * *\nTHE COURT: She is a witness on the stand. She was subjected to your cross-examination.\nMR. MALEK: To answer your question, I am going to lay a foundation for her impeachment.\nMR. STEED [assistant State\u2019s Attorney]: That is totally improper.\nTHE COURT: Your request to call her as a witness is denied.\u201d\nDefendant cites Supreme Court Rule 238 (107 Ill. 2d R. 238) for the proposition that either party is permitted to call a witness and impeach her with prior inconsistent statements. That rule states:\n\u201c(a) The credibility of a witness may be attacked by any party, including the party calling him.\n(b) If the court determines that a witness is hostile or unwilling, he may be examined by the party calling him as if under cross-examination.\u201d (107 Ill. 2d R. 238.)\nWe fail to perceive that the defendant was denied his right to call and lay the foundation for the impeachment of and later, if necessary, to impeach Weathersby since he was given ample opportunity to do so during her cross-examination. See People v. Agee (1980), 85 Ill. App. 3d 74, 405 N.E.2d 1245.\nDefendant cites no authority to support his contention that at a critical point such as the one at issue a trial judge may bar the calling of a witness only if it is determined that her testimony is incompetent or has no relevancy to the issues on trial.\nThe trial judge in the case sub judice pointed out that Weathers-by\u2019s cross-examination had taken two hours, and that defense counsel had all the necessary information in his possession at that time had he wanted to use it to impeach her. In her testimony, Weathersby admitted that she initially told the police a different story than the one she gave from the witness stand. During Weathersby\u2019s direct examination defendant objected to any discussion of her previous statement on the ground that \u201cthere has been no impeachment [sic],\u201d and the court sustained the objection. Moreover, inconsistencies in Weathersby\u2019s statements to the police as to who entered the house first and who carried in the sawed-off 30-30 were explored during cross-examination. Here, the trial court refused to allow the defense to recall the witness. As this court stated in People v. Agee (1980), 85 Ill. App. 3d 74, 405 N.E.2d 1245:\n\u201cHowever, in People v. Sanders [citation], the court refused to permit the defense to recall a witness after completion of cross-examination. In noting that the defense was in no way prejudiced by this refusal, the court stated that without a \u2018clear abuse, a reviewing court should not disturb the trial court\u2019s exercise of discretion with respect to the recalling of a witness.\u2019 [Citation.] Therefore it appears that although the trial court has the authority to recall a witness under the circumstances presented here, it is under no duty to do so, and absent a clear abuse of discretion, the trial court\u2019s ruling should not be disturbed.\nDefendant in the case at bar failed to fully pursue the cross-examination of the victim. In this case the information was available to the defendant, and the prosecution was in no way responsible for the failure of defendant to elicit the desired testimony, and it cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing defendant\u2019s request.\u201d 85 Ill. App. 3d at 82.\nThe situation in Agee parallels that in the case at bar. It was brought out during her direct testimony that Weathersby had given authorities more than one version of the incident. Defendant attacked her credibility on cross-examination, and on redirect Weathersby explained that she did not tell the police the truth the first time because she was afraid of Montague. Consequently, the jury was made fully aware of her inconsistent statements, and it chose to believe her explanation. The trial judge determined that further testimony on the subject from Weathersby would serve no useful purpose. We do not find such determination to be an abuse of his discretion.\nIll\nDefendant further argues that the trial court erred in refusing to allow him to publish to the jury Weathersby\u2019s prior tape-recorded statement; accordingly, the same discussion we have had as to the issue in part II of this opinion pertains here as well. After the court had ruled that he could not recall her as a witness, defense counsel stated that he wished to play the tape as an offer of proof which would go to the impeachment of Weathersby, and when he explained to the judge the contents of the tape that he felt would be impeaching, the judge replied, \u201cMy question to you, Mr. Malek, did you have those tapes in your possession when Deborah Weathersby was on the stand?\u201d Upon receiving an affirmative answer from counsel, the court denied the request, reasoning that counsel had not laid a foundation for his proposed impeachment at the appropriate time.\nIn People v. Rios this court said,\n\u201cA court may abuse its discretion when it refuses to allow defendant to recall a witness to perfect a foundation. This is so because the concept of justice demands that the defendant be given every, opportunity to present testimony to the jury that may cast doubt upon the veracity of a State\u2019s witness.\u201d (People v. Rios (1986), 145 Ill. App. 3d 571, 581, 495 N.E.2d 1103.)\nHowever, the situation in Rios was different than the one we confront in the instant case, in that in Rios the \u201cState was aware of the existence and content of the tape several months prior to the defendant\u2019s trial, but the prosecutors never revealed this information to the defendant,\u201d although he had made a specific request for it. (People v. Rios, 145 Ill. App. 3d at 577-78.) Moreover, defendant\u2019s counsel \u201cdid not have an opportunity to listen to the tape until the third day of trial after he had already questioned\u201d two critical witnesses. The judge in the instant case did not abuse his discretion when he denied defendant\u2019s motion to play the tape since defendant had previously had ample opportunity to use it to impeach Weathersby.\nIV\nDefendant\u2019s final contention is that the trial court erred in imposing an extended-term sentence as to his murder conviction and the maximum sentence on the other counts, which he argues were all excessive. The presentence investigation report showed that prior to his arrest for the offense forming the subject matter of this case defendant had never been arrested. He was 24 years old at the time of the commission of this offense, had served in the Air Force, had received an honorable discharge, had completed two years of college, was married and had a good employment record. In addition to the fact that this was Edens\u2019 first offense, he argues that he was the least culpable of the three defendants in that he was not in the house when Alvarez was killed and he did not fire the shots.\nThe State cites People v. Rosenberger (1984), 125 Ill. App. 3d 749, 466 N.E.2d 608, for the proposition that the lack of a prior record will not necessarily be considered persuasive by the trial court in sentencing. The Rosenberger court considered an extended sentence of 80 years appropriate under the circumstances of the case even though defendant had no prior record. Moreover, this court has subsequently stated:\n\u201cAlthough defendant had no prior criminal record and presented evidence of his good character at the sentencing hearing, the most important factor to be considered in imposing sentence is the seriousness of the defendant\u2019s crime. [Citation.] Moreover, we note that at his sentencing hearing, defendant expressed no remorse for his actions. The court could have taken this into account in imposing an extended-term sentence.\u201d People v. Johnson (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 991, 1001, 513 N.E.2d 852.\nDefendant further argues that the extended term imposed for the murder conviction must be vacated because, first, the court erred in finding that \u201cthis offense was accompanied by exceptionally brutal and heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty,\u201d and second, except in unusual circumstances a person convicted of murder under a theory of accountability cannot be subjected to an extended term.\nAs to defendant\u2019s first contention, he cites People v. Kane (1986), 140 Ill. App. 3d 928, 489 N.E.2d 500, in which the defendant admitted that he and his codefendant took a gun, entered a cab, announced a holdup, shot the driver in the neck, took his money and fled. The court determined that the defendant did the shooting, and the record indicated that he had at least two prior juvenile burglary adjudications. The trial judge sentenced defendant to 80 years for murder and 60 years for armed robbery; his codefendant, found not to have done the shooting, received a sentence of 20 years. In reducing defendant\u2019s sentence, this court found that the crime was not \u201cexceptionally\u201d brutal or heinous. However, we also considered the fact that the defendant was only 17 years old at the time the crime was committed and that he had expressed remorse at his sentencing hearing. In the instant case, Edens was 24 years old at the time of the commission of the crime, the court found that the \u201coffense was accompanied by exceptionally brutal and heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty,\u201d and, equally important, the judge determined that the defendant showed \u201ca total absence of remorse.\u201d\nIn the second case cited by defendant, this court vacated an extended-term sentence of a defendant who, while robbing a dice game, shot and killed one person and shot and wounded three other persons. This court stated, \u201cWe have construed this statute [(Ill. Rev. Stat. 1983, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 5\u20143.2(2))] as not permitting imposition of an extended term except when the degree of brutality of heinousness is exceptional.\u201d People v. Holiday (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 753, 757, 474 N.E.2d 1280.\nDefendant\u2019s argument fails to swerve us from the basic principle that it is within the court\u2019s discretion to determine what constitutes \u201cexceptionally brutal and heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty\u201d for the purpose of imposing an extended sentence. Our supreme court has stated that the phrase \u201cexceptionally brutal or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty\u201d does not require torture or unnecessary pain, and, citing Webster\u2019s Third World Dictionary, stated that the word \u201cheinous\u201d has been defined as \u201chatefully or shockingly evil\u201d or \u201cgrossly bad\u201d; and that the term \u201cbrutal\u201d includes any conduct which is \u201cdevoid of mercy or compassion,\u201d or \u201ccruel or coldblooded.\u201d (People v. La Pointe (1981), 88 Ill. 2d 482, 501, 431 N.E.2d 344.) The La Pointe court pointed to the premeditated, cold-blooded deliberation involved in the crime and the defendant\u2019s complete lack of remorse as reasons for upholding an extended-term sentence.\nAs to defendant\u2019s conviction in the instant case under the theory of accountability, the State points to People v. Clay as authority for the principle that the application of the extended-term statute is determined by the offense, not by the extent or nature of the offender\u2019s participation therein, and the fact that a defendant is convicted under the theory of accountability or that his participation in the crime was less than that of his co-offenders does not preclude the imposition of an extended sentence upon him. (People v. Clay (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 140, 154, 463 N.E.2d 929.) In Clay the defendant supplied all the necessary background information for a robbery of his neighbors. He remained in his apartment during the crime only because he knew he would be recognized by the victims. In the course of the robbery, a 10-year-old girl was killed with a shotgun. This court upheld an extended-term sentence for defendant although it reduced it from 80 to 60 years.\nThis court further stated in People v. Johnson (1985), 132 Ill. App. 3d 1, 476 N.E.2d 1321:\n\u201c[T]his court upheld the imposition of extended-term sentences where the defendant\u2019s conviction was based on an accountability theory and where the court found there was brutal and heinous conduct on behalf of the defendant indicating wanton cruelty.\u201d (132 Ill. App. 3d at 7.)\nIn Johnson, a defendant who participated in the robbery and rape of a woman but did not actually kill her was found guilty of all charges and given an extended-term sentence. The trial judge found that the offenses were accompanied by \u201c \u2018exceptional brutality or heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty such as to authorize extended term.\u2019 \u201d (132 Ill. App. 3d at 8.) This court found no error in the sentence.\nIn People v. Jordan (1984), 103 Ill. 2d 192, 469 N.E.2d 569, several causes were consolidated on appeal since each case asked the court to interpret the Illinois statute on sentencing for an extended term. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 1005 \u2014 8\u20142(a).) Defendant Rowe contended that the extended-term sentence for his murder conviction was not valid because his conviction was based on an accountability theory. The evidence at Rowe\u2019s trial showed that he took part in the robbery of a grocery store and that his participation in the crime was limited to restraining an employee of the store. However, his accomplice was armed and fatally shot the store owner. At the sentencing hearing, the trial judge found that there was \u201cbrutal and heinous conduct on behalf of the defendant indicating wanton cruelty.\u201d 103 Ill. 2d at 202-03.\nThe Jordan court compared this issue of accountability to the enhanced penalty of consecutive sentences and reasoned:\n\u201cThe court then noted that the legislature was presumed to know that the accountability statute had been so interpreted and \u2018[h]ad the General Assembly intended that the consecutive sentencing provisions be inapplicable to a defendant found guilty under [that statute] it would have been a simple matter to provide for an exception as it did in section 9 \u2014 1(b)(6)(a) of the Criminal Code of 1961.\u2019 [Citation.] We note that section 9\u2014 1(b)(6)(a) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 9 \u2014 1(b)(6)(a)) provides specifically that the victim be actually killed by the defendant and not by any other party to the crime.\nHowever, the legislature did not provide in section 5 \u2014 5\u2014 3.2(b)(2) that the defendant himself commit the brutal or heinous act. We therefore conclude that the enhanced penalty of an extended-term sentence may be imposed upon a defendant found guilty upon an accountability theory.\u201d 103 Ill. 2d at 214-15.\nThis court recently applied the principle of Jordan in People v. Lekas (1987), 155 Ill. App. 3d 391, 508 N.E.2d 221, a case in which two brothers were accused of armed robbery, murdering the victim, a woman of over 60 years, in the home of her son-in-law and then setting fire to the house. Phillip\u2019s confession, introduced at trial, placed him at the scene of the crime and implicated his brother as the actual killer. As we stated:\n\u201cPhillip further argues that the extended-term sentence was an abuse of discretion because he was 19 at the time of his arr\u00e9st, had no prior convictions, and the State\u2019s evidence showed that he did not shoot Mrs. Samp. However, our supreme court has authorized imposition of extended-term sentences for defendants found guilty under an accountability theory. [Citation.] Christopher, the actual trigger man, was given a proportionately greater 70-year sentence.\u201d (155 Ill. App. 3d at 416.)\nWe note in the instant case, the \u201ctrigger\u201d man, Ricco Montague, was also given a proportionately higher sentence, natural life imprisonment.\nMoreover, \u201cthe standard of review of a sentence claimed to be excessive is whether in fact the trial court exercised its discretion and, if so, whether this discretion was abused.\u201d (People v. Cox (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 268, 275, 412 N.E.2d 541.) As the supreme court further stated in another case:\n\u201cThis court, *** has the power to reduce a sentence imposed by the trial court. However, this court has held that the matter of imposing sentence is a matter of judicial discretion and the standard to be applied in determining whether a sentence is excessive is: Did the trial judge abuse his discretion? [Citation.] In La Pointe, this court also emphasized that the trial court is normally the proper forum in which a suitable sentence is to be determined and that the trial judge\u2019s decisions in regard to sentencing are entitled to great deference and weight. [Citation.] It is not the function of this court to serve as a sentencing court, and we will not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court \u2018merely because we would have balanced the appropriate factors differently if the task of sentencing would have been ours.\u2019 \u201d People v. James (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 214, 228, 514 N.E.2d 998, quoting People v. Cox (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 268, 280.\nAs previously noted, the trial judge made a specific finding that the offense in the instant case was accompanied by \u201cexceptionally brutal and heinous behavior indicative of wanton cruelty,\u201d and he further found \u201ca total absence of remorse\u201d on the part of the defendant. When we review the facts of this case in which the armed defendants fiendishly planned this robbery, savagely invaded a home in the middle of the afternoon, brutally shot Phyllis Alvarez, a victim who in no way antagonized the perpetrators of the crime or provoked the shooting, inhumanly terrorized Lilly Lovett, and mercilessly shot Harry Schennault, we cannot say that the judge abused his discretion in imposing an extended-term sentence upon defendant.\nAccordingly, for the reasons expressed, we affirm the circuit court of Cook County. ;\nAffirmed.\nBILANDIC and EGAN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE SCARIANO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Paul Bradley, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard J. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, James E. Fitzgerald, and Judith M. Pietrucha, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES EDENS, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 85\u20143735\nOpinion filed August 16, 1988.\nRehearing denied October 18, 1988.\nPaul Bradley, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard J. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, James E. Fitzgerald, and Judith M. Pietrucha, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "1033-01", "first_page_order": 1055, "last_page_order": 1070 }