{ "id": 3587996, "name": "MICHIGAN AVENUE NATIONAL BANK, OF CHICAGO, as Conservator of John Carlisle Stumer, Incompetent, et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants and Appellees-Cross-Appellants, v. EVANS, INCORPORATED, Defendant and Counterplaintiff and Appellant-Cross-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "Michigan Avenue National Bank v. Evans, Inc.", "decision_date": "1988-11-15", "docket_number": "No. 87\u20142371", "first_page": "1047", "last_page": "1064", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "176 Ill. App. 3d 1047" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "100 Ill. 276", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2824397 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/100/0276-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 U.S. 313", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3549435 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1881, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/138/0313-01" ] }, { "cite": "276 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "2 Ill. App. 3d 142", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2756146 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/2/0142-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 N.E.2d 914", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 Ill. App. 3d 214", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3612215 ], "year": 1975, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/159/0214-01" ] }, { "cite": "131 Ill. 393", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5418289 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/131/0393-01" ] }, { "cite": "436 N.E.2d 645", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1890, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "106 Ill. App. 3d 1046", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3035984 ], "year": 1890, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/106/1046-01" ] }, { "cite": "423 N.E.2d 1170", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "98 Ill. App. 3d 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8499141 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/98/0243-01" ] }, { "cite": "339 N.E.2d 529", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "33 Ill. App. 3d 1015", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2872291 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/33/1015-01" ] }, { "cite": "44 Ill. App. 376", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5066962 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "381" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/44/0376-01" ] }, { "cite": "82 N.E.2d 661", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1892, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "401 Ill. 424", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5306861 ], "year": 1892, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/401/0424-01" ] }, { "cite": "76 N.E.2d 786", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1948, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "333 Ill. App. 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5031625 ], "year": 1948, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "116" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/333/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "166 U.S. 375", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 3592620 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386" }, { "page": "1043" }, { "page": "602" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/166/0375-01" ] }, { "cite": "129 F. Supp. 319", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 4259722 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/129/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "660 F.2d 91", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 391073 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "95" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/660/0091-01" ] }, { "cite": "210 N.E.2d 603", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "62 Ill. App. 2d 305", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5299305 ], "year": 1987, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/62/0305-01" ] }, { "cite": "465 N.E.2d 139", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 Ill. App. 3d 267", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3633726 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/125/0267-01" ] }, { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 1229", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. 2d, 286", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3129637 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/108/0286-01" ] }, { "cite": "403 N.E.2d 610", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. App. 3d 949", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3224214 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/82/0949-01" ] }, { "cite": "455 N.E.2d 246", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Ill. App. 3d 754", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5659528 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/118/0754-01" ] }, { "cite": "452 N.E.2d 542", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "116 Ill. App. 3d 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3519489 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/116/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 N.E.2d 1067", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "90 Ill. App. 3d 13", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3159348 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/90/0013-01" ] }, { "cite": "377 N.E.2d 365", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "60 Ill. App. 3d 559", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3354124 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/60/0559-01" ] }, { "cite": "392 N.E.2d 363", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "74 Ill. App. 3d 119", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3270212 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/74/0119-01" ] }, { "cite": "358 N.E.2d 906", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "44 Ill. App. 3d 650", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2810639 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/44/0650-01" ] }, { "cite": "111 N.E.2d 378", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "349 Ill. App. 500", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App.", "case_ids": [ 5102146 ], "year": 1976, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app/349/0500-01" ] }, { "cite": "134 N.E.2d 806", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "8 Ill. 2d 571", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2716749 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/8/0571-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 N.E.2d 462", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "4 Ill. App. 3d 549", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2915089 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/4/0549-01" ] }, { "cite": "360 N.E.2d 1168", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill. App. 3d 350", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2974463 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "354" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/46/0350-01" ] }, { "cite": "75 N.E.2d 874", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "398 Ill. 324", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2460412 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/398/0324-01" ] }, { "cite": "54 N.E.2d 554", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "386 Ill. 334", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 2493743 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "342" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/386/0334-01" ] }, { "cite": "419 N.E.2d 652", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. App. 3d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3119784 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "22" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/95/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "51 Minn. L. Rev. 1139", "category": "journals:journal", "reporter": "Minn. L. Rev.", "year": 1967, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1150" } ], "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "58 A.L.R.3d 384", "category": "reporters:specialty", "reporter": "A.L.R. 3d", "year": 1974, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "397" } ], "opinion_index": 1 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1496, "char_count": 40515, "ocr_confidence": 0.77, "pagerank": { "raw": 2.769394188916618e-07, "percentile": 0.8342129212938669 }, "sha256": "493399709d7a2179e6e4a73101b72ebfb11bf0449acdde8ba2d4f1dd971216b7", "simhash": "1:8a4a52fb5e58beb1", "word_count": 6777 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T15:43:30.106689+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "MICHIGAN AVENUE NATIONAL BANK, OF CHICAGO, as Conservator of John Carlisle Stumer, Incompetent, et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants and Appellees-Cross-Appellants, v. EVANS, INCORPORATED, Defendant and Counterplaintiff and Appellant-Cross-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE EGAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe plaintiffs filed a declaratory judgment action against the defendant, Evans, Incorporated, for construction of a lease executed in 1978 on a store located in the City of Chicago (the Store). In substance, the plaintiffs-lessors claimed that the lease provided that the defendant-lessee was to pay rent based, in part, on a percentage of gross sales which were to include wholesale sales. Those sales, the plaintiffs claimed, included ones where delivery was made not only at the Store but ones where delivery took place elsewhere. The plaintiffs also claimed that gross sales were to include layaway charges, credit and finance charges and insurance renewals which were attributable to stores other than the Store. The complaint sought an accounting of all sums received by the defendant for wholesale sales and the other charges for a period beginning with the inception of the 1978 lease.\nThe defendant\u2019s answer contended that the rent based on percentage was restricted to retail sales. In the alternative, the defendant counterclaimed for reformation of the lease.\nThe trial court entered judgment for the plaintiffs on one of the five counts of its complaint and judgment for the defendant on three of them. One count had been withdrawn by the plaintiffs during the trial. The court ruled that the percentage rent was to include wholesale sales but restricted the accounting of those sales to a period of two years before the suit was filed. It denied the defendant\u2019s counterclaim for reformation. The court allowed the plaintiffs attorney fees and other costs and denied attorney fees to the defendant for its successful defense on three of the counts. The court denied the plaintiffs\u2019 claim concerning layaway charges, credit and finance charges and insurance renewals.\nThe defendant appeals from the judgment in favor of the plaintiffs on the rent, from the judgment against it on its counterclaim for reformation and on its denial of attorney fees. The plaintiffs cross-appeal from the order limiting their damage award to a period of two years, from the order denying them prejudgment interest from the date when percentage rent was \u201cdue\u201d and from the order reducing their claim for attorney and accountant fees and denying their claim for paralegal fees. They do not appeal from the order denying their claim as to other charges.\nThe parties entered into a 15-year lease in 1962 under which the defendant rented the first five floors of the Store. The term was August 1, 1964, to July 31, 1979. The first four floors were used for retail sales while the fifth contained offices. The 1962 lease (Primary Lease) required the defendant to pay, in addition to a fixed amount, a percentage of the gross sales \u201cmade in, at or from\u201d the demised premises.\nThe lease also provided that the store was to be used for the \u201cmanufacturing, remodeling, storing, cleaning, sale and display of women\u2019s and misses\u2019 wearing apparel and women\u2019s and misses\u2019 wearing apparel accessories of every character and description and for the performance of incidental and related services.\u201d It added that, since the rental payable was in part based upon the volume of gross sales, the defendant would at all times conduct the premises as \u201cprimarily a store for the sale at retail of women\u2019s and misses\u2019 wearing apparel.\u201d\nWhen the defendant needed more space in the building, it entered into additional leases for a particular area in the building. Those leases were called side or supplemental leases. Some of those leases were expressly for uses like display, storage of office supplies, photography, a computer room, storage of furs, executive offices, personnel and general offices. The rest of those leases provided that their purpose was the same as the purpose of the Primary Lease. Almost all of those leases were made subject to all of the terms of the Primary Lease.\nIn January 1977, the parties began negotiations for a new lease in anticipation of the July 31, 1979, expiration of the 1962 Primary Lease. The negotiations continued over a period of several months, producing several letters and drafts before the final agreement was executed on March 7, 1978. The lease included all of the demised premises which had previously been covered by 16 leases.\nIn 1979 or 1980 the defendant began selling furs to institutional or wholesale customers at markups of 20% to 25%. By fiscal year 1984 such sales had grown to about $4 million per year.\nAfter the new lease had been in effect for several years, the plaintiffs\u2019 accounting firm examined the defendant\u2019s books and discovered that the defendant was making wholesale shipments from the Store but was not including them in the gross sales statements it was required to furnish. The plaintiffs notified the defendant of their claim, and the defendant responded, as it does here, that \u201cgross sales\u201d did not include furs sold at wholesale and shipped from the Store for delivery elsewhere. After a trial, the court held that they did.\nWe will first address the defendant\u2019s argument that the trial court\u2019s holding that the sales were made \u201cin, at or from\u201d the premises was clearly erroneous.\nAt the outset it is appropriate to respond to the defendant\u2019s arguments that the lease did not permit a wholesale operation, that by its terms the defendant was restricted to retail sales and that the nature of percentage rent contemplates a retail operation where customers come to the store to make purchases. All those arguments we reject. The lease itself states that the premises shall be used \u201cprimarily,\u201d not exclusively, as a retail store. Moreover, the lease expressly excludes from gross sales \u201c[m]erchandise sold at not more than gross cost to other retailers *** or to wholesalers.\u201d Those sales meet the definition of \u201cwholesale sales.\u201d (Stolze Lumber Co. v. Stratton (1944), 386 Ill. 334, 342, 54 N.E.2d 554.) It necessarily follows that the parties recognized that the defendant might engage in wholesale sales, and if the sale was for more than gross cost, it would be subject to the percentage rental provision, assuming it was made \u201cin, at or from\u201d the premises. We have found no testimony in the record concerning such sales, but in oral argument the attorney for the defendant informed us that in practice the provision covered overstocked and damaged goods. Regardless of how the defendant had restricted its operation, the fact remains that it did participate in wholesale sales on the premises.\nThe defendant has also cited a law review article written by Denz, Lease Provisions Designed to Meet Changing Economic Conditions, 1952 U. Ill. L.E 344, in support of its argument that, in construing the lease, a court should remember that this lease was not designed for wholesale purposes but, like its predecessor, \u201crequired\u201d a retail operation.\nFirst, we repeat that we cannot say that the leases \u201crequired\u201d a retail operation. Second, the article does not purport to be an expression of the law. It is designed to be a practical guide to drafters of leases. It contains not a single case citation. Moreover, the article does not contain any pronouncement that wholesale sales may never be included in percentage leases. Instead, it simply says that percentage leases are \u201cnot adapted *** to most wholesale businesses.\u201d (Emphasis added.) See Denz, 1952 U. Ill. L.F. at 352.\nFinally, the defendant\u2019s contention that the lease was meant to include only those transactions in which customers would come to the Store is rebutted by the fact that although the original and supplementary leases did not provide for mail-order sales, the defendant used the premises for mail-order sales for almost 15 years, implicitly recognizing that such sales were included in gross sales. This evidence is probative, since the court may consider the conduct of the parties indicating the construction of the agreement adopted by them. (Cedar Park Cemetery Association, Inc. v. Village of Calumet Park (1947), 398 Ill. 324, 75 N.E.2d 874.) The final lease provided expressly that mail-order sales were included in gross sales.\nThe wholesale operation began in 1979 or 1980. It was based on long-term contracts with institutional customers, requiring the customer to purchase a guaranteed amount of merchandise each year. Two locations were involved; one in New York City and the other at the Store. Customers could view a line of furs as presented in showrooms at the New York facility, at which wholesale buyers could meet with the defendant\u2019s representatives and have orders written up after making the selection.\nAt the same time the defendant established a wholesale division at the 13th floor of the Store. The furs for wholesale sales were kept in storage principally on the 13th floor. The long-term contracts were drafted and executed by the defendant\u2019s corporate counsel in offices at the Store. Customers did not execute those contracts at the Store but at some other location, such as their own stores. There was no showroom facility at the Store. Many of the customers selected the merchandise after viewing it in New York. Others made their selections from photographs or prior knowledge of the merchandise. About half of all such sales, imported furs, were shipped from the Store; the other half, domestic furs, were shipped from New York. The contract provided that title passed FOB when the goods were delivered to the carrier for shipment and that the defendant bore the risk of loss while the merchandise was on the dock prior to the carrier taking possession.\nThe New York facility employed 25 persons, 3 of whom worked part time on wholesale sales. The Chicago store had three full-time employees working on wholesale sales under the supervision of a wholesale manager who procured , wholesale accounts and maintained existing ones. He identified several wholesale orders addressed to \u201cEvans Wholesale Division\u201d at 36 South State Street. An invoice was introduced in evidence which had printed on it \u201cEvans Wholesale Division 36 South State Street.\u201d Whenever the Chicago office received a copy of an order, it sent the original to the New York office. Both New York and Chicago offices received copies of all the purchase orders. The personnel at the Store processed orders and verified that they were shipped as ordered.\nThe wholesale agreements provided for a twice-yearly caravan to be held at the Store. A caravan is a special promotion, and the defendant agreed to provide the furs. The customers would usually call the wholesale manager at the Store to tell him what goods they wanted delivered for those sales. The customers would often call the manager directly when they wanted to order imported furs. When a customer called with an order, the manager made a copy and shipped the order to New York, although the merchandise would be shipped from Chicago. The Store had in-stock merchandise that it could use to fill an order immediately. The 13th-floor vault was used as a warehouse for wholesale furs. Credit approval was made, and payments were received, at the Store.\nIt thus appears that with respect to furs shipped from the Store, New York\u2019s only function was to receive copies of the orders that were to be filled and to provide a facility for selection by some, but not all, purchasers. As between Chicago and New York, contrary to the defendant\u2019s argument, the evidence is overwhelming that Chicago was the dominant location for the sales in question.\nSince the lease does not define the term \u201csale,\u201d it will be assumed that the word is intended to be used in its usual meaning. (32 Ill. L. & Prac. Sales \u00a72 (1957).) A \u201csale\u201d consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 26, par. 2 \u2014 106(1); Burras v. Itek Corp. (1977), 46 Ill. App. 3d 350, 354, 360 N.E.2d 1168.) Under the wholesale sale contract, the passing of title occurred when the goods were delivered to the carrier. Therefore, since the sale consists of passing of .title, and title passed at the point of delivery to the carrier, the wholesale sales delivered to the carrier in Chicago occurred in Chicago, not New York, whether or not the purchase orders were \u201caccepted\u201d in New York, as the defendant urges.\nThe defendant\u2019s argument ignores the fact that the defendant\u2019s wholesale manager testified that it had no control where the wholesale accounts sent their purchase orders. In any event, a large number of orders were received in Chicago and the merchandise was then shipped pursuant to the Chicago order. New York simply received a copy of that order.\nWhile not necessary to our decision, we feel obliged to express some doubt that the purchase orders represented \u201coffers\u201d requiring \u201cacceptance\u201d by the defendant either at Chicago or New York. The parties had already entered into contracts which required the buyers to purchase a minimum amount of furs in a certain period. It is fairly arguable that the purchaser\u2019s order constituted an acceptance.\nThe defendant argues that title passed when the furs were delivered to the carrier at the loading dock of the building which was not part of the demised premises. Therefore, it contends, the sale was not in, at or from the Store. The lease, however, gives the defendant the right to use the loading dock. That establishes that the sale was made at least \u201cfrom\u201d the Store.\nThe principal function of a court in construing a lease is to discern and give effect to the intention of the parties as expressed in the language of the document when read as a whole. The court cannot remake a contract to give a litigant a better bargain than he himself was satisfied to make, and when the terms are clear and unambiguous, they must be enforced. (Walgreen Co. v. American National Bank & Trust Co. (1972), 4 Ill. App. 3d 549, 281 N.E.2d 462.) We judge that the terms are clear and unambiguous, and the trial court correctly held that the sales in question were made \u201cin, at or from\u201d the premises.\nThe court\u2019s holding is supported by extrinsic evidence as well. Where the terms of an agreement are claimed to be doubtful or uncertain, the court may consider the conduct of the parties indicating the construction of the agreement adopted by them. (Cedar Park Cemetery Association, Inc. v. Village of Calumet Park (1947), 398 Ill. 324, 75 N.E.2d 874.) In this regard, we note that the trial court heard testimony that, up until this dispute arose, the defendant treated the wholesale sales as Illinois sales for income tax purposes. The defendant\u2019s comptroller testified that this was due to an error in the accounting department which was discovered and changed after the lessors began making inquiries. The trial court was not required to accept that explanation and could consider the evidence as a manifestation of the defendant\u2019s construction of the terms of the lease.\nBoiled down, the defendant\u2019s position is that the lease should be construed to mean that the percentage rental should be applied only to the first five floors and the fixed rent only to the rest of the premises. The lease does not restrict the defendant\u2019s use to any part of the premises. Therefore, it may be argued, acceptance of the defendant\u2019s position could mean that the defendant would be free to transfer its entire retail operation to any of the floors above the fifth floor and pay no percentage rent. Cf. Fox v. Fox Valley Trotting Club (1956), 8 Ill. 2d 571, 134 N.E.2d 806.\nThe legal effect of an agreement is to be enforced even if the parties arguably failed to express their real intention, since the parties\u2019 intentions are to be determined from the unambiguous language used. (Schoen-McAllister Co. v. Oak Park National Bank (1953), 349 Ill. App. 500, 111 N.E.2d 378.) The contract must be enforced as written, not as one party later finds he would prefer it to be written. Sigma Delta Tau Society v. Alongi (1976), 44 Ill. App. 3d 650, 358 N.E.2d 906.\nThe construction of an agreement given by the trial court will not be set aside unless contrary to the manifest weight of the evidence. (Spircoff v. Spircoff (1979), 74 Ill. App. 3d 119, 392 N.E.2d 363.) For a judgment to be against the manifest weight of the evidence, an opposite conclusion must be clearly evident. (John Allen Co. v. Neuendorf (1978), 60 Ill. App. 3d 559, 377 N.E.2d 365.) No such opposite conclusion is clearly evident in this case, and the trial court\u2019s judgment on count I of the complaint is affirmed.\nThe defendant argues next that the lease should be reformed because it intended that the new lease incorporate the 16 existing leases, expressing percentage clauses for five of the floors and fixed rentals for 11. We note that the only complaint for reformation we have found in the record asks that the lease be reformed by removing, from the percentage rental provision, rooms A and B of the subbasement storage, the seventh-floor shipping space, the fifteenth-floor space used by the defendant for executive and general office purposes and the thirteenth- and nineteenth-floor storage and shipping spaces. The supplemental leases, however, also covered floors 6, 10, 16 and 18. The eighteenth floor was expressly restricted to use for photography purposes. The tenth floor was to be used for computers and general offices. Those four floors were not included in the prayer for reformation in the complaint. Our decision, however, would be the same if they were.\nIn order to entitle a party to reformation of a contract, he must show a mistake by both parties or a mistake by one party which is known and concealed by the other party. (Ballard v. Granby (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 13, 412 N.E.2d 1067.) The presumption exists that a written instrument conforms to the intention of the parties. (Sheldon v. Colonial Carbon Co. (1983), 116 Ill. App. 3d 797, 452 N.E.2d 542.) That presumption may be overcome only by clear and convincing evidence. (Beynon Building Corp. v. National Guardian Life Insurance Co. (1983), 118 Ill. App. 3d 754, 455 N.E.2d 246.) There is no evidence in the record that the plaintiffs intended or understood that the areas previously rented under the supplemental leases were not to be subject to the percentage rent requirement in the new lease. Even if it may be held that the defendant showed that it was mistaken, that is not enough. Friedman v. Development Management Group, Inc. (1980), 82 Ill. App. 3d 949, 403 N.E.2d 610.\nFurther, there is no suggestion, nor does the defendant argue, that the plaintiffs were guilty of any fraud or concealment. The parties negotiated over a long period of time through persons experienced in law, real estate and accounting. The defendant\u2019s corporate attorney testified that he viewed the 1978 lease to determine if it was consistent with the intent of his client and he believed that it was. He believed that a \u201cscrivener\u2019s error\u201d occurred when the lease did not provide that the percentage sales were to apply only to the first four floors. But the evidence shows that some floors were used for both wholesale and retail sales. The defendant\u2019s comptroller testified that furs were shipped on occasion from the third floor under wholesale purchase orders and that the thirteenth floor was used for filling both retail and wholesale orders. We agree with the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the defendant failed to establish any mistake which would entitle it to reformation.\nBoth parties filed petitions for attorney fees. The defendant sought $60,000 and the plaintiffs, $37,000. The court denied any fees to the defendant and granted the plaintiffs one-third the amount sought. Both parties allege error.\nThe lease provided that each party was to pay the \u201cother party\u2019s costs,\u201d including reasonable attorney fees, incurred in \u201cenforcing the other parties [sic] obligations\u201d or incurred in any litigation where the party incurring the costs \u201cshall receive judgment in its favor.\u201d\nWe disagree with the plaintiffs\u2019 argument that the defendant is entitled to no attorney fees for its successful defense of three of the counts of the complaint. In support of their position, the plaintiffs insist that they, not the defendant, sought to enforce the other party\u2019s obligations. The plaintiffs\u2019 argument, however, ignores the other provision of the lease which grants attorney fees to a party who received \u201cjudgment in its favor.\u201d The Federal and foreign State cases cited by the plaintiffs concerning \u201cprevailing parties\u201d are not persuasive. They are based on specific language of a statute. Nor do we agree with the defendant that the court ignored its successful defense.\nDuring oral argument, the attorney for the defendant told the trial court that the court could properly hold that this was a case where both parties should bear their own attorney fees. In his remarks before ruling, the judge said that he found much \u201cduplication of work\u201d by the attorneys for the plaintiffs, and he made it clear that he was taking into consideration the fact that the defendant did prevail on some of the counts. His remarks may be construed to mean that he was offsetting an unexpressed amount due the defendant from the amount due the plaintiffs. At least, it cannot be said that the record shows that the court gave no consideration to the fact that the defendant did come within the terms of the lease as a party that received judgment in its favor. Although neither party has argued, in the trial court or here, the effect of the court\u2019s ruling on the counterclaim for reformation, it is not unreasonable to infer that the court considered it. The defendant has not demonstrated error.\nAwarding attorney fees and the proportion to be paid are within the sound discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. (In re Marriage of Bussey (1985), 108 Ill. 2d, 286, 483 N.E.2d 1229.) We are unable to say that the proportion of attorney fees to be paid the plaintiffs represents an abuse of discretion.\nWe find no error in the trial court\u2019s reduction by one-half of the accountant fees paid by the plaintiffs and denial of any fees for work done by paralegals. Contrary to the plaintiffs\u2019 argument, the trial judge did articulate his reason for reducing the accountant\u2019s fees. He said that he did not think that the entire cost of the accountant should be born by the defendant \u201cespecially when there is only one [count] upon which the parties are successful.\u201d\nThe paralegal fees claimed were $848. The record indicates that the services included such things as indexing discovery documents, issuing subpoenas and delivering a copy of a brief to a judge\u2019s chambers. The court did not abuse its discretion in denying these costs. See Losurdo Brothers v. Arkin Distributing Co. (1984), 125 Ill. App. 3d 267, 465 N.E.2d 139.\nThe plaintiffs also contend that the court erred by limiting the period for which the defendant was to pay increased rent to two years before the filing of the suit on April 25, 1984, rather than for the period beginning with its first statement submitted to the plaintiffs after the commencement of the wholesale sale operation. The defendant relies principally on the following provision of the lease:\n\u201cIt is understood and agreed by and between the parties that notwithstanding the basis for determining the amount of percentage rental payable during each lease period shall be said periodic statements and said quarterly statements required to be furnished by the Lessee, the Lessors shall have the right to have such periodic statements and such quarterly statements and, the records and books of account of the Lessee, inspected, checked and audited at the office of the Lessee on the demised premises by a reputable firm of Public Accountants acceptable to the Lessee, at any time within two (2) years after any such sworn statement shall have been delivered to the Lessors and, in the event any such audit discloses any inaccuracies in such sworn statement, the percentage rental payable by the Lessee shall be finally determined and adjusted in accordance with such audit, and if such inaccuracies are more than four percent (4%) of the sworn statement as submitted, Lessee shall pay for such audit, but otherwise the expense of such audit shall be borne by the Lessors.\u201d\nAnother provision of the lease allowed the lessors to inspect and audit the sales records once a year for any period of time within the preceding three-year period and provided that the lessee need not keep such sales records for more than a three-year period.\nThe court construed these provisions to show an intention of the parties to treat the lessee\u2019s sales statements as accepted and approved after two years from their delivery unless an audit showed errors. The issue was presented to the court in the defendant\u2019s motion for summary judgment. The court denied the motion but restricted the plaintiffs\u2019 discovery to a two-year period preceding the filing of the complaint.\nAs is obvious, the defendant\u2019s position is not based on the express provisions of the lease; rather, it argues that the court should infer that the plaintiffs agreed to surrender a legal right to a 10-year limitation period because the defendant gave the plaintiffs the right to examine its books for two years and agreed to keep its books for three years.\nThe defendant has referred us to no case supporting its position nor has our research disclosed one. There are many cases, however, dealing with agreements purporting to limit liability or to limit the time within which a claim may be advanced. Such agreements purporting to limit time are not favored in the law and are construed strictly against the party invoking them. Downing v. Wolverine Insurance Co. (1965), 62 Ill. App. 2d 305, 210 N.E.2d 603; 54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions \u00a725 (1987); 22 Ill. L. & Prac. Insurance \u00a7525 (1956).\nA position similar to the defendant\u2019s was taken in President & Directors of Georgetown College v. Madden (4th Cir. 1981), 660 F.2d 91. In that case the contractor contended that the parties had agreed to a one-year limitation, rather than the statutory 12 years, relying on a provision which required the contractor to remedy any defects in the work and pay for damages to other work resulting therefrom \u201cwhich shall appear within a period of one year from the date of final acceptance of the work.\u201d The court of appeals rejected the contractor\u2019s argument, holding that the provision simply gave the owner certain rights for one year after the completion of the building, and it did not affect any of the remedies that were available to the owners after that time. President & Directors of Georgetown, 660 F.2d at 95.\nThe same reasoning applies to this case. The lease gave the lessors certain rights for a two-year period and imposed an additional obligation on the lessee to maintain records for three years. The grant of those certain rights to the plaintiffs and the imposition of an additional obligation on the defendant do not by implication take away the plaintiffs\u2019 statutory right. Indeed, the section of the lease dealing with remedies specifically states that \u201call rights and remedies of the lessors herein enumerated shall be cumulative, and none shall exclude any other right and remedy allowed by law.\u201d\nTuroff v. Eastern Airlines, Inc. (N.D. Ill. 1955), 129 F. Supp. 319, involved a suit for personal injury. The defendant airline relied on a time limitation in a tariff that the defendant had published. The ticket sold to the plaintiff recited that it was sold \u201csubject to tariff regulations.\u201d The district court struck the airline defense, relying on the United States Supreme Court\u2019s pronouncement in a suit involving an agreement purporting to limit liability, The Majestic (1897), 166 U.S. 375, 41 L. Ed. 1039, 17 S. Ct. 597, in which the Supreme Court held that the terms of such an agreement must be \u201cdistinctly declared and deliberately accepted.\u201d (The Majestic, 166 U.S. at 386, 41 L. Ed. at 1043, 17 S. Ct. at 602.) There is no distinct declaration in this lease that the plaintiff was ceding its statutory right.\nA court does not have the power by construction to write a new agreement into which the parties have not entered. (Sigma Delta Tau Society v. Alongi (1976), 44 Ill. App. 3d 650, 358 N.E.2d 906.) In our judgment the court\u2019s construction of the lease agreement to restrict the plaintiffs\u2019 right to recover to a two-year period was against the manifest weight of the evidence.\nThe plaintiffs\u2019 last assignment of error is the court\u2019s denial of their claim for prejudgment interest. The lease provided as follows:\n\u201cAny amount due from Lessee to Lessors hereunder which is not paid when due shall bear interest at the rate of ten percent (10%) per annum from the date due until paid ***.\u201d\nThe defendant argued in the trial court, as it does here, that the amount became \u201cdue\u201d, as that term is used in the lease, only after the trial court made the finding on liability. The trial court accepted that argument and fixed the rate of interest at 10% to run from that date. At a later hearing the court accepted another argument by the defendant and reduced the interest to the statutory 9% covering judgments.\nThe judgment order included the following language:\n\u201cPlaintiffs\u2019 request for interest on overdue rent at the rate of 10% per annum from the date such amounts were due is denied ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nSince the trial court gave no reasons for its holding and the language used in the judgment order seems at odds with the position urged by the defendant, we cannot be certain of the basis of the court\u2019s decision. The defendant in this court repeats its argument that the amount became \u201cdue\u201d when the trial court found on liability.\nAgain, since the lease itself does not define the term, it will be assumed that the word \u201cdue\u201d is intended to be used in its usual meaning. The word was defined in Roth v. Kaptowsky (1948), 333 Ill. App. 112, 116, 76 N.E.2d 786, aff'd (1948), 401 Ill. 424, 82 N.E.2d 661, as \u201c[o]wing, irrespective of whether the time of payment has arrived.\u201d In Elkins v. Wolfe (1892), 44 Ill. App. 376, 381, it was defined to mean \u201cought to be paid,\u201d \u201cpayable,\u201d \u201cowing and demandable.\u201d\nWe believe that the plaintiffs\u2019 position is correct that the amount became due, that is \u201cpayable,\u201d or \u201cowing\u201d or \u201cdemandable\u201d at the time that the defendant filed its required statements and not when the trial court made its finding of liability. The same issue was raised in John Kubinski & Sons, Inc. v. Dockside Development Corp. (1975), 33 Ill. App. 3d 1015, 339 N.E.2d 529. In that case the contract provided that the issuance of a final certificate of engineers was made a condition precedent to the release of any part of the amounts retained. The defendant argued that until the issuance of the certificate or a legal excuse for its nonproduction had been judicially established, no part of the sums became due under the contract. That argument was rejected by the appellate court and the plaintiff\u2019s right to prejudgment interest was upheld.\nThe plaintiffs\u2019 claim in this case was made under the contract and not the Interest Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 17, par. 6402); but it could have been brought under the statute, since it was an instrument in writing. (Montgomery Ward & Co. v. Wetzel (1981), 98 Ill. App. 3d 243, 423 N.E.2d 1170.) The difference would be that the plaintiff would be limited to 5% instead of 10%. There is no reason to test the plaintiffs\u2019 right to contractual interest by different standards than those used to determine a party\u2019s right to statutory interest. To recover under the statute, the party need only show an instrument in writing and that the amount due was fixed and determinable. An amount may be fixed and determinable even where it requires legal ascertainment. (La Grange Metal Products v. Pettibone Mulliken Corp. (1982), 106 Ill. App. 3d 1046, 436 N.E.2d 645.) As in La Grange Metal, the amount due here was capable of easy and exact computation. See also Heissler v. Stose (1890), 131 Ill. 393.\nWe emphasize that the statute distinguishes between claims for interest based on an instrument in writing and claims brought for unreasonable and vexatious refusal to pay. In claims brought for unreasonable refusal to pay, a good-faith dispute would preclude an award for prejudgment interest. It would not preclude an award for a claim brought under a written instrument. (Phelps v. O\u2019Malley (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 214, 511 N.E.2d 914.) The fact that the defendant disputed the claim here in good faith is not relevant. Since the plaintiff met the requirements of the law, the court had no discretion in the matter. John Kubinski & Sons, Inc. v. Dockside Development Corp. (1975), 33 Ill. App. 3d 1015, 339 N.E.2d 529.\nWe find no merit in the defendant\u2019s other argument that the plaintiffs\u2019 right to interest could be maintained only in an action at law and not in a declaratory judgment action. See Albright v. Phelan (1971), 2 Ill. App. 3d 142, 276 N.E.2d 1.\nThe trial court ordered that the plaintiffs were to recover the statutory interest of 9% covering judgments from the date of the judgment rather than the contractual rate of 10%. This ruling was correct. United States Mortgage Co. v. Sperry (1891), 138 U.S. 313, 34 L. Ed. 969, 11 S. Ct. 321; Palmer v. Harris (1881), 100 Ill. 276.\nFor these reasons, we reverse the judgment of the court restricting the plaintiffs\u2019 damages to a period beginning two years before the filing of the suit, and we reverse the judgment of the court denying the plaintiffs\u2019 claim for prejudgment interest. We remand the cause to the circuit court with directions to enter an award for appropriate damages consistent with this opinion and an award for prejudgment interest at the rate of 10% from the date to be fixed by the court consistent with this opinion until the date of the judgment, and at the rate of 9% thereafter. In all other respects the judgment is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed in part, reversed and remanded with directions in part.\nSCARIANO, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE EGAN" }, { "text": "JUSTICE BILANDIC,\ndissenting:\nI agree with the majority that the trial court correctly ruled against Evans on its counterclaim. However, I respectfully dissent from the conclusion drawn by the majority that \u201cwholesale sales\u201d are included in the determination of percentage rental under the lease.\nThe percentage lease has its roots in the English feudal lease where the serf paid the lord of the land or \u201cland-lord,\u201d an agreed portion of the crops he raised. This age-old principle is now applied to the retail business, substituting a percentage of the lease income for a percentage of the crops raised. Percentage leases are common in all urban centers throughout the country. See Denz, Lease Provisions Designed to Meet Changing Economic Provisions, 1952 U. Ill. L. F. 344, 351.\n\u201cSince the rent payable under a percentage lease is based upon business volume, it is applicable only when two factors exist:\n(1) Goods or services are sold at retail.\n(2) The volume of sales bears a direct relationship to the nature and location of the premises.\u201d Denz, 1952 U. Ill. L.F. at 351-52.\n\u201c[O]ne of the foremost purposes of percentage leases is to allow the landowner-lessor to receive a rental based on the value of the location of the leased premises; thus, it can be presumed that parties to a percentage lease intend that all receipts representing profit-making transactions reasonably related to the location are to be included in the calculation of percentage rentals.\u201d (Annot., 58 A.L.R.3d 384, 397 (1974).) In light of this purpose, the rental base should be presumed not to include sales to employees, transfers to branch stores, and sales to other stores at wholesale. The physical location of the business plays an insignificant role in these situations. Note, Resolving Disputes Under Percentage Leases, 51 Minn. L. Rev. 1139, 1150 (1967).\nThe lease executed on March 7, 1978, at the very outset identifies the parties, the demised premises, the term and a broad description of the use of the premises. The fixed rental of over $41/2 million and the manner of payment is covered in one paragraph. Pages 4 through 15 of the lease are devoted to the percentage rental formula.\nIt is undisputed that the parties are well informed and experienced business people. Obviously they were aware of the purpose and function of a percentage lease.'It is a tool that is not designed for a wholesale operation. Referring to Denz, Lease Provisions Designed to Meet Changing Economic Conditions, 1952 U. Ill. L.F. 344, the majority states:\n\u201cMoreover, the article does not contain any pronouncement that wholesale sales may never be included in percentage leases. Instead, it simply says that percentage leases are \u2018not adapted *** to most wholesale businesses.\u2019 (Emphasis added.) [Citation.]\u201d (176 Ill. App. 3d at 1052.)\nThe lease at bar does not specifically state between pages 4 and 15 that \u201cwholesale sales\u201d shall be included in computing percentage rental. On the contrary, the percentage rental provisions end at page 15 with a clear expression of a contrary intent.\n\u201cIn view of the fact that the rental payable to the Lessors under the terms of this Lease is in part based upon the volume of gross sales made in, at and from the demised premises, the Lessee covenants and agrees that during the term of this Lease, the Lessee *** will at all times maintain its corporate existence and conduct in the demised premises primarily a store for the sale at retail of men\u2019s, women\u2019s and misses\u2019 wearing apparel ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe final clause of the percentage rental provisions states:\n\u201c[T]he Lessee shall at all times during the term hereof continue to conduct and operate on the demised premises a store for the sale at retail of men\u2019s, women\u2019s and misses\u2019 wearing apparel of essentially the same character as the store heretofore conducted and operated in said Building by the Lessee.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nIt is clear to me that the correct construction of the percentage lease provisions is that the percentage is computed primarily on the basis of retail sales. Likewise, it is clear that the parties did not intend to include \u201cwholesale sales\u201d as a part of the percentage formula.\nThe prior series of leases did not have a provision that specifically included \u201cwholesale sales.\u201d The parties chose not to make a specific inclusion of \u201cwholesale sales\u201d in the percentage rental formula in the 1978 lease. This specific omission leads me to the conclusion that the parties did not intend to include \u201cwholesale sales\u201d as part of the percentage rental formula.\nThe analysis of the majority requires us to create an inclusion of \u201cwholesale sales\u201d by implication. \u201c[Wjhere there is any doubt or uncertainty as to the meaning of the language used in a lease it should be construed most strongly against the lessor and in favor of the lessee.\u201d J.B. Stein & Co. v. Sandberg (1981), 95 Ill. App. 3d 19, 22, 419 N.E.2d 652; see also 24 Ill. L. & Prac. Landlord & Tenant \u00a744 (1980).\nIt is important to recognize that the amount of rent to be paid to the lessor should be clear and unequivocal. It should not be the subject of speculation or require an inference or implication. There is no specific provision for inclusion of \u201cwholesale sales.\u201d It is not appropriate for us to create one by implication.\nHaving determined that \u201cwholesale sales\u201d are not included in gross sales for the purpose of computing percentage rental, it is my opinion that the judgment of the trial court in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant on count I should be reversed. This conclusion would require a reversal of the award of attorney fees to the plaintiff, render moot the extension of the percentage rental period and prejudgment interest, and require remandment to the trial court for determination of reasonable attorney fees to the defendant for its successful defense of all four counts of plaintiff\u2019s complaint.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE BILANDIC," } ], "attorneys": [ "Arvey, Hodes, Costello & Burman, of Chicago (Irwin I. Zatz and Edwin A. Wahlen, of counsel), for appellant.", "Gardner, Carton & Douglas, of Chicago (Michael P. Padden and Mary Beth Cyze, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "MICHIGAN AVENUE NATIONAL BANK, OF CHICAGO, as Conservator of John Carlisle Stumer, Incompetent, et al., Plaintiffs and Counterdefendants and Appellees-Cross-Appellants, v. EVANS, INCORPORATED, Defendant and Counterplaintiff and Appellant-Cross-Appellee.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 87\u20142371\nOpinion filed November 15, 1988.\nBILANDIC, J., dissenting.\nArvey, Hodes, Costello & Burman, of Chicago (Irwin I. Zatz and Edwin A. Wahlen, of counsel), for appellant.\nGardner, Carton & Douglas, of Chicago (Michael P. Padden and Mary Beth Cyze, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "1047-01", "first_page_order": 1069, "last_page_order": 1086 }