{ "id": 2628548, "name": "THE 400 CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. GEDO et al., Defendants-Appellants", "name_abbreviation": "400 Condominium Ass'n v. Gedo", "decision_date": "1989-05-11", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201487\u20143390", "first_page": "582", "last_page": "590", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "183 Ill. App. 3d 582" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "393 N.E.2d 646", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. App. 3d 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3272724 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "248" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/75/0243-01" ] }, { "cite": "459 N.E.2d 1164", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "121 Ill. App. 3d 805", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3560945 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "810" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/121/0805-01" ] }, { "cite": "439 N.E.2d 980", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "108 Ill. App. 3d 782", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3010880 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "786" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/108/0782-01" ] }, { "cite": "187 N.E.2d 545", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "39 Ill. App. 2d 31", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2455171 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/39/0031-01" ] }, { "cite": "236 N.E.2d 1", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1963, "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. App. 2d 327", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5322196 ], "year": 1963, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "332" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/92/0327-01" ] }, { "cite": "527 N.E.2d 167", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "172 Ill. App. 3d 892", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5085003 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "894" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/172/0892-01" ] }, { "cite": "240 N.E.2d 9", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "98 Ill. App. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2649435 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "20" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-2d/98/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "318 N.E.2d 527", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "23 Ill. App. 3d 82", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2504586 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "84-85" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/23/0082-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 N.E.2d 1194", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "64 Ill. App. 3d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3332664 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "249" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/64/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "440 N.E.2d 1073", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "109 Ill. App. 3d 654", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5451122 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "659" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/109/0654-01" ] }, { "cite": "420 N.E.2d 780", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. App. 3d 839", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3116344 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "841" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/95/0839-01" ] }, { "cite": "393 N.E.2d 646", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "75 Ill. App. 3d 243", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3272724 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "245" } ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/75/0243-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 851, "char_count": 19586, "ocr_confidence": 0.77, "pagerank": { "raw": 6.42198847946437e-08, "percentile": 0.39675672211005353 }, "sha256": "8439545107cde9079b0440340985777f12faa27ba12cabfaf6a6b9ad0cccff7e", "simhash": "1:0c6edb4f7aca74c8", "word_count": 3171 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:15:47.196010+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE 400 CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. GEDO et al., Defendants-Appellants." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE JIGANTI\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThis case involves a declaratory judgment that floors 8 through 39 of a multi-use high-rise building located at 400 East Randolph Street in Chicago were restricted to residential use only. The defendants are doctors who own condominium units on floors 8 through 39 and use those units to render professional services. The plaintiff, 400 Condominium Association (Association), filed a complaint against the doctors alleging that their business use of the units violated section 21 of the \u201cDeclaration of Condominium Ownership,\u201d which provides that \u201c[ujnits located on Levels one through seven and Level forty may be used for purposes other than housing and related common purposes.\u201d The trial court found that the only reasonable interpretation of section 21 is that it restricts the use of units on levels 8 through 39 to residential use only. The doctors have appealed, contending that the trial court erred in interpreting section 21 as a restriction on the use of their units.\nThe condominium documents pertinent to this appeal are the \u201cDeclaration of Condominium Ownership\u201d (Declaration) and the \u201cArticles of Incorporation of the Association\u201d (Articles). The Declaration states that there has been formed an Association which \u201cshall be the governing body for all of the Unit Owners, for the *** administration and operation of the Property, as provided in the [Condominium Property] Act, this Declaration and the By-Laws of the Association.\u201d Paragraph 5 of the Articles provides:\n\u201cThe purpose or purposes for which the corporation is organized are: To maintain, operate and manage a condominium residential building and improvements situated at 400 East Randolph Street, Chicago, Illinois.\u201d\nSecond, section 21 of the Declaration provides as follows:\n\u201cUse and occupancy restrictions. Units located on Levels one through seven and Level forty may be used for purposes other than housing and related common purposes.\u201d\nThe Association, taking the position that these two provisions served to restrict levels 8 through 39 to residential use only, filed a three-count amended complaint against the defendant doctors. Count I alleged that the doctors\u2019 business use of condominium units on levels 8 through 39 constituted a violation of the Declaration and sought an injunction, an involuntary sale of the doctors\u2019 units and costs and attorney fees. Count II alleged that the business use of the units in question constituted a nuisance. Count III requested a declaratory judgment that section 21 of the Declaration restricted the units on levels 8 through 39 to residential use. Following a hearing on the parties\u2019 cross-motions for summary judgment, the trial court found that \u201cthe only reasonable construction of paragraph 21 of the Declaration of Condominium is a restrictive covenant which favors residential use only on floor levels 8 through 39.\u201d The court accordingly granted the Association\u2019s motion for summary judgment on count III and denied the doctors\u2019 cross-motion on that count. The trial court granted the doctors\u2019 motion for summary judgment on the common-law nuisance claim in count II, but denied their motion for summary judgment on count I. The doctors have appealed, contending that the trial court erred in interpreting section 21 of the Declaration as a use restriction.\nBecause restrictions on the free use of property are disfavored (Cimino v. Dill (1982), 108 Ill. App. 3d 782, 786, 439 N.E.2d 980), restrictive covenants are to be strictly construed and will be enforced only if they are reasonable, clear and definite (Lakeland Property Owners Association v. Larson (1984), 121 Ill. App. 3d 805, 810, 459 N.E.2d 1164). Any doubts or ambiguities in the language of the covenant will be resolved against the restriction. (Lakeland, 121 Ill. App. 3d 805, 459 N.E.2d 1164.) However, a covenant restricting the use of property for residential purposes is valid and will be enforced where the intent of the drafter to impose the restriction is clearly manifested. (Cimino, 108 Ill. App. 3d 782, 439 N.E.2d 980.) Strict construction should not be used to destroy the restriction\u2019s purpose or to defeat the obvious intention of the parties, even though it is not precisely expressed. Freehling v. Development Management Group, Inc. (1979), 75 Ill. App. 3d 243, 248, 393 N.E.2d 646.\nThe parties agree on both the above-stated principles of law and the pertinent facts. Their disagreement extends solely to the proper interpretation of section 21 of the Declaration. In effect, the doctors maintain that in order to sufficiently constitute a use restriction, the section must be couched in negative or prohibitory terms and must expressly mention floors 8 through 39. Although the doctors have cited several cases stating that a use restriction must be clear and unambiguous, they have failed to cite any authority to support their contention that the restriction must in every event be couched in negative or prohibitory terms in order to be valid.\nWe believe that the proper test of interpretation is whether the intent to set forth a use restriction is clearly and unambiguously expressed, regardless of the particular form of the language employed. In the case at bar, paragraph 5 of the Association\u2019s Articles of Incorporation states the Association\u2019s purpose as the organization and incorporation of a \u201cresidential\u201d condominium building. Section 21 of the Declaration, entitled \u201cUse and occupancy restrictions,\u201d states that floors 1 through 7 and floor 40 may be used for nonresidential purposes. Read together, these provisions can only be interpreted as limiting nonresidential uses to floors 1 through 7 and 40 and correspondingly prohibiting such uses on floors 8 through 39. The doctors have failed to suggest any other possible interpretation of section 21, and if we accept their position that it does not impose a use restriction on floors 8 through 39, we would have to conclude that the section is meaningless. It appears clear that this would defeat the intent of the drafters as expressed in both paragraph 5 of the Articles of Incorporation and section 21 of the Declaration to create a residential condominium building with limited space for nonresidential uses.\nAccordingly, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nJOHNSON, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE JIGANTI" }, { "text": "JUSTICE McMORROW,\ndissenting:\nApplying the undisputed principles governing the law on property use restrictions, I cannot agree that section 21 constitutes a restriction on the use of units on floors 8 through 39. Illinois jurisprudence is clear that uses are permitted unless clearly prohibited. A restriction must be clearly stated, and any doubts must be resolved in favor of permitting the free use of property and against any limitation thereon. Section 21 contains no prohibition, limitation or mandate concerning the uses of units on floors 8 through 39, or for that matter, of floors 1 through 7 and 40. It merely permits use of floors 1 through 7 and 40 for \u201cpurposes other than housing and related common purposes.\u201d Because no restriction is stated in section 21, one should not be read into or inferred from it. I submit that the interpretation adopted by the majority, which infers an unstated restriction, is contrary to the long-standing legal principles all parties agree are applicable.\nThe majority adopts the Association\u2019s argument that a use restriction need not be phrased in negative or prohibitory terms and that \u201cthe doctors have failed to cite any authority in support of their contention that a restriction must, in every event, be couched in negative or prohibitory terms to be valid and must expressly mention floors 8 through 39.\u201d I believe that the majority and the Association have distorted the doctors\u2019 argument. My understanding of their position is, simply stated, that irrespective of the particular words used, a restriction \u2014 which, parenthetically, is by definition a negative term \u2014 must explicitly express some type of limitation.\nIndeed, in every case cited and relied upon by the Association, the restriction found to be valid and enforceable contained the very type of express prohibitory or limiting language the majority holds is unnecessary. E.g., Wier v. Isenberg (1981), 95 Ill. App. 3d 839, 841, 420 N.E.2d 780 (\u201cno lot shall be used except for single residential purposes^] [n]o building shall be erected, altered, placed or permitted to remain on any land other than one attached single family dwelling *** hereby defined to be a residential structure designed and used for one family\u201d); La Salle National Bank v. Triumvera Homeowners Association (1982), 109 Ill. App. 3d 654, 659, 440 N.E.2d 1073 (although the declaration reserved the right of the partnership-owner of 80 units in a condominium to show and promote the common areas to \u201cprospective purchaser of Dwelling Units\u201d and the right to place and maintain model apartments, sales offices and advertising signs on the premises, it did not confer the right to conduct similar activities for rental purposes where other language in the declaration expressly stated \u201cno industry, business, trade, occupation or profession of any kind shall be *** permitted on any part of the Premises and no *** \u2018For Rent\u2019 signs or any window display advertising be maintained or permitted on any part thereof\u201d); Freehling v. Development Management Group, Inc. (1979), 75 Ill. App. 3d 243, 245, 393 N.E.2d 646 (\u201cno part of any building shall be placed upon or over said property east of said building line\u201d); Cordogan v. Union National Bank (1978), 64 Ill. App. 3d 248, 249, 380 N.E.2d 1194 (\u201c[n]o lot shall be used except for residential purposes *** [and] [n]o buildings shall be erected *** other than one detached single family dwelling and a private garage\u201d); Boschelli v. Villa Park Trust & Savings Bank (1974), 23 Ill. App. 3d 82, 84-85, 318 N.E.2d 527 (\u201cthe *** lots *** shall be residential lots *** [and] no structure other than a detached single family dwelling *** shall be erected or placed on any residential lot\u201d); N.H. Engle & Sons, Inc. v. Laurich (1968), 98 Ill. App. 2d 18, 20, 240 N.E.2d 9 (the property \u201cshall be used, improved and occupied for residence purposes only\u201d). In my view, the cases relied upon by the Association, each of which contained express prohibitory and/or limiting language, not only do not stand for the proposition advanced by the Association and adopted by the majority but, rather, support the doctors\u2019 position. The Association has failed to cite any authority for its contention that because of the absence of explicit language allowing nonresidential use of floors 8 through 39, section 21 must be interpreted to allow \u201conly\u201d \u2014 a word used repeatedly by the Association but which does not appear in section 21 \u2014 residential use of those floors.\nFurthermore, contrary to the majority\u2019s assertion, the doctors have cited authorities directly supportive of their position. The recently decided case of Lake Holiday Property Owners\u2019 Association v. Arenkill (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 892, 527 N.E.2d 167, presented a factual situation closely analogous to the one before us. More importantly, the ultimate issue in that case is essentially identical to the issue in the instant case. In Lake Holiday, the recorded plat of the subdivision indicated that the lots at issue were designated for \u201cbusiness concession\u201d and the contract of sale to the defendants contained a covenant for commercial use of the land. However, at the time of the sale, the sellers represented to the defendants that the lots could be used either residentially or commercially. After reviewing the legal principles applicable to property-use restrictions, the court in Lake Holiday stated,\n\u201c[wjhile the recorded documents dictate a business use may be made of the property, that use was not indicated as an exclusive one. The covenant does not explicitly restrict the use of the land to business purposes only and does not constitute a limitation on the free use of the land generally. Residential use of the land has not been expressly prohibited, and we will not impose such a limitation upon the use of the real estate.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (172 Ill. App. 3d at 894.)\nThus, the court in Lake Holiday reaffirmed the long-standing tenet that a purported restriction on the use of property must be clear and definite to be enforceable.\nWe also find other authority cited by the doctors supportive of their position. In La Salle National Bank v. Village of Palatine (1968), 92 Ill. App. 2d 327, 332, 236 N.E.2d 1, the court held that language specifying that the \u201c[ajbove described lots shall be known as business lots\u201d did not constitute a prohibition of residential use of the property. In Griffin v. Pence (1963), 39 Ill. App. 2d 31, 187 N.E.2d 545 (abstract of opinion), a provision stating that \u201cno dwelling should be constructed on any lot at cost of less than $30,000 and that ground floor area of main structure should not be less than 1600 square feet\u201d was held not subject to an interpretation which would prohibit the construction of an eight-unit apartment building or to require that each of the eight units be considered a \u201cdwelling\u201d and thereby contain not less than 1,600 square feet or cost not less than $30,000.\nSimilarly, in the case before us, while section 21 allows the nonresidential use of certain specified floors, it does not state that all other floors are to be used exclusively for residential purposes, and I do not believe that under the applicable law any such restriction should be read into, inferred or extracted from the clause as it is written. To paraphrase the holding in Griffin, had it been intended that floors 8 through 39 not be used for any purpose except residential housing, it would have been a simple matter for the drafters to state that restriction in explicit language. The clearest expression of a use restriction of floors 8 through 39 would be an explicit prohibition of nonresidential use of those floors. Indeed, this is precisely the type of language used in article 5, section 1, of the bylaws (use and occupancy restrictions), which provides, inter alia, that \u201cno owner of a unit on Levels 8 through 39, inclusive, shall display, hang, store or use any sign outside his Unit.\u201d However, in response to the majority, it is my opinion that if a valid restriction had been intended, it could have been imposed even without explicit reference to floors 8 through 39 by merely inserting the word \u201conly\u201d to the existing language of section 21, e.g., \u201conly floors 1 through 7 and 40 may be used for purposes other than housing.\u201d The majority\u2019s construction of section 21 necessarily requires the insertion of such language. However, because legal precedent prohibits it, I would decline to rewrite section 21 to insert language not contained in it so as to impose a restriction which is not clear or definite.\nI am not persuaded otherwise by the majority\u2019s assertion that if the interpretation urged by the Association is not adopted, section 21 would be rendered meaningless. The Association argues that \u201ccommon sense dictates that the designation of specific floors for commercial or for uses \u2018other than housing and related common purposes\u2019 was intended so that services would be available to the building\u2019s residents.\u201d As this argument itself suggests, it is entirely reasonable that section 21 was simply intended as a means by which to provide for and situate those services and facilities within close proximity to one another for the convenience and common use of all unit owners rather than intended as a use limitation. I reiterate that the allowance of commercial use of certain designated floors should not, in my opinion, be construed as an inferential proscription against private business use of units on other nonspecified floors.\nI believe that the language of section 21, which is permissive in its terms and excludes any reference to the floors in dispute, fails to satisfy the \u201cclear and definite\u201d test necessary to interpret or enforce it as a use restriction. I would therefore reverse the order of the trial court and direct that summary judgment be entered in the doctors\u2019 favor.\nIn the alternative, I would reverse the summary judgment and remand this cause for further proceedings on the correlative issues of the intention of the drafters of section 21 concerning the use of individual units in the building and the doctors\u2019 defenses of waiver and estoppel. Among the numerous documents in the record before us are copies of a sales contract executed in November 1975 by the seller, Nationwide Condominium Corporation (Nationwide), and a psychiatrist-purchaser. The contract contains 20 preprinted provisions followed by two typed paragraphs, the first of which states:\n\u201c21. SELLER warrants:\n(1) That the agreement given pursuant to this contract and attached hereto as Exhibit A [the real estate sale contract] is a valid and binding act of the 400 Condominium Association ***.\n(2) That the use of the subject premises as a residence and/or psychiatrists counseling room violates neither the zoning laws nor the condominium declaration presently applicable to the subject unit [unit 2505].\u201d\nAmong the discovery documents was also a letter dated August 26, 1975, from Nationwide to Hyde Park Bank & Trust Company, relating to a different unit, Unit No. 1722, which states in pertinent part:\n\u201cThis is to certify that the condominium unit we are selling to D. Clifton Wilkerson, M.D. and Mrs. Carolyn E Wilkerson, his wife, known as No. 1722 of a building commonly known as 400 East Randolph, Chicago, is for business use as a medical office, and this transaction is therefore exempt from the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 and from Regulation \u2018X\u2019.\nWe further certify that this business use does not conflict with the terms of the Condominium Declaration, articles of the [Association or by-laws, zoning, or other use restrictions applicable to this unit.\nThis statement is made to induce the Hyde Park Bank and Trust Company to make a first mortgage lein [sic] *** for the purchase of this condominium unit, and is being signed after consultation with our attorney.\u201d\nBeneath the signature of the president of Nationwide is a statement by and the signature of counsel for Nationwide.\nIn my view, these documents, executed by the seller and earlier purchasers of units between floors 8 and 39, appear to express an intention to permit the use of those units for the very purpose the doctors in this appeal have been using their units, i.e., for the practice of psychiatry. Several other examples of the intent to permit use of units for either residential and/or psychiatric counseling offices are referred to in the answers to interrogatories.\nThus, at the very least, I would rule that section 21 is ambiguous and that there are genuine issues of material fact as to what uses of the individual units were contemplated and intended by the parties. As an alternative to reversal of the trial court\u2019s order and entry of summary judgment for the doctors, I would reverse and remand this cause for further proceedings.", "type": "dissent", "author": "JUSTICE McMORROW," } ], "attorneys": [ "James L. Marovitz, Kathryn E. Korn, and Mercedes A. Laing, all of Sidley & Austin, of Chicago, for appellants.", "William J. Harte, Ltd., of Chicago (William J. Harte, of counsel), for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE 400 CONDOMINIUM ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JOHN E. GEDO et al., Defendants-Appellants.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1\u201487\u20143390\nOpinion filed May 11, 1989.\nRehearing denied June 22, 1989.\nMcMORROW, J., dissenting\nJames L. Marovitz, Kathryn E. Korn, and Mercedes A. Laing, all of Sidley & Austin, of Chicago, for appellants.\nWilliam J. Harte, Ltd., of Chicago (William J. Harte, of counsel), for appellee." }, "file_name": "0582-01", "first_page_order": 604, "last_page_order": 612 }