{ "id": 2693423, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LOUIS ORTIZ, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Ortiz", "decision_date": "1989-09-05", "docket_number": "No. 1-85-3365", "first_page": "506", "last_page": "517", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "188 Ill. App. 3d 506" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "442 N.E.2d 154", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 490", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3098298 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "505-06" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0490-01" ] }, { "cite": "461 N.E.2d 398", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3161012 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "133" }, { "page": "133" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/101/0128-01" ] }, { "cite": "478 N.E.2d 267", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "106 Ill. 2d 237", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3138930 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "261" }, { "page": "261-62" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/106/0237-01" ] }, { "cite": "512 N.E.2d 1337", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "160 Ill. App. 3d 19", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3649494 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "33" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/160/0019-01" ] }, { "cite": "450 N.E.2d 855", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 Ill. App. 3d 266", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3558772 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "270" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/115/0266-01" ] }, { "cite": "537 N.E.2d 317", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 302", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5564025 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "307-08" }, { "page": "307" }, { "page": "313-14", "parenthetical": "and cases cited therein" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0302-01" ] }, { "cite": "502 N.E.2d 1111", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "151 Ill. App. 3d 102", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3540633 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "112" }, { "page": "112" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/151/0102-01" ] }, { "cite": "371 U.S. 471", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 450611 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "488" }, { "page": "455" }, { "page": "417" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/371/0471-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 U.S. 463", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1777603 ], "weight": 24, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "471" }, { "page": "546" }, { "page": "1250" }, { "page": "471" }, { "page": "546" }, { "page": "1250" }, { "page": "471-72" }, { "page": "546" }, { "page": "1250" }, { "page": "473" }, { "page": "547" }, { "page": "1251" }, { "page": "472-73" }, { "page": "546-47" }, { "page": "1250-51" }, { "page": "473" }, { "page": "547" }, { "page": "1251" }, { "page": "474" }, { "page": "547" }, { "page": "1251" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/445/0463-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 978, "char_count": 23168, "ocr_confidence": 0.756, "pagerank": { "raw": 5.473964009683174e-08, "percentile": 0.3433576629371056 }, "sha256": "14793b09c2a1288955b0717f56a314434879f79315916ca1f46d751e13563bf0", "simhash": "1:e8a75799c11897f2", "word_count": 3761 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T17:36:06.130198+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LOUIS ORTIZ, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE HARTMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant Louis Ortiz was charged by information with aggravated battery, armed violence, and attempted murder, arising out of the shooting of Enrique Cruz. Following a bench trial, defendant was acquitted of attempted murder, but found guilty on three counts of aggravated battery and two counts of armed violence, and sentenced to 15 years in custody of the Illinois Department of Corrections. He appeals from that finding and raises as issues whether: the circuit court erred in failing to suppress an in-court identification of him as fruit of an unlawful arrest and the evidence was sufficient to prove him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.\nOn October 18, 1984, at approximately 12:30 a.m., Enrique Cruz (Cruz) was shot near a tavern located on North Damen Avenue in Chicago. Defendant subsequently was arrested and charged in connection with the offense. Prior to trial, defendant moved to quash his arrest and suppress certain evidence, which included photographic and lineup identifications of defendant made by Cruz. At the suppression hearing, Detective John Howe testified that on the evening of November 27, 1987, he was investigating the shooting of Cruz when he arrested defendant. Three weeks earlier, Cruz had informed Howe that shortly before being shot, he was harassed by members of the Warlords and Latin Kings street gangs. According to Howe, Cruz had described the gunman as a white male Hispanic, having dark hair, approximately 5 feet 6 inches tall with a slight build, and about 20 years old. Howe did not recall if Cruz mentioned whether the assailant had a mustache or beard.\nHowe, knowing defendant was a member of the Latin Kings who fit the general description provided by Cruz, stopped defendant on the street, searched him, and recovered a .25 caliber handgun. Howe then arrested and photographed defendant. Cruz selected defendant\u2019s picture from a photographic display as the person who shot him. He also identified defendant in a lineup held the next day.\nThe court found defendant did not adequately fit Cruz\u2019 general description of the gunman as recounted by Howe; citing a lack of articulable facts to warrant the initial stop of defendant, it concluded he was arrested without probable cause. The physical evidence seized pursuant to the arrest, and the photographic and lineup identifications made by Cruz, were-suppressed as a consequence.\nThe court heard defendant\u2019s motion to suppress Cruz\u2019 in-court identification simultaneously with the trial. Cruz, the State\u2019s first witness, testified that at 12:15 a.m. on October 18, 1984, he went into the subject tavern to see his friend \u201cMarcos.\u201d After having a beer, he stepped outside where he was confronted by 10 to 13 individuals. Four men from this group walked up to Cruz and asked him if he \u201cwas a Latin Disciple or if [he] was Folks.\u201d Cruz denied any gang affiliation. Marcos then walked outside and advised the group that Cruz was a family man and did not belong to a gang. Cruz and Marcos returned inside the tavern.\nCruz decided to leave two or three minutes later and was accompanied by Marcos to the front of the tavern. Alone, Cruz proceeded to his van, parked directly across the street. As he put his key in the vehicle door, he heard a shot and turned around. He saw a man, who he later identified as defendant, coming toward him, shooting continuously. Cruz tried to crawl under his van to avoid the shots, but nevertheless was struck four or five times. Defendant jumped over Cruz and ran down a gangway near an empty lot on- the east side of Damen.\nCruz further testified that when he first saw defendant, he was about 20 feet away, but quickly closed to within four or five feet. Cruz looked straight at defendant, whose face was uncovered, for two or three minutes. He described the lighting conditions as \u201cvery bright\u201d from \u201cbright street lights\u201d positioned directly above the space where his van was parked. He also remembered additional lighting coming from the street corner, as well as from a light immediately above the tavern\u2019s doorway.\nAfter the shooting, Cruz was taken to a hospital, where he remained for a month and a half. He averred that while still in the hospital, he gave police the following description of his assailant: 5 feet 6 inches or 5 feet 7 inches height; 145 to 160 pounds; a small \u201cfro\u201d; a goatee, with the nubs of a mustache; flat nose; olive color skin; and wearing a dark brown jacket.\nOn cross-examination, Cruz denied telling police: he was first approached by gang members while still inside the tavern; he \u201cpassed out\u201d after the shooting; or Marcos walked him all the way to the street corner before he continued on alone to his van. He acknowledged he was shot in the back, but claimed it occurred when he attempted to crawl underneath his van. He also maintained that a streetlight was located across the street from the tavern and was centered directly over his van.\nUpon completion of Cruz\u2019 testimony, the defense moved to have his in-court identification of defendant suppressed, based upon discrepancies in the description Cruz claimed to have provided police, and his \u201cinadequate opportunity\u201d to observe the offender during the shooting. Defense counsel concluded no independent basis of reliability existed for the in-court identification.\nThe court commented that the State presented evidence that Cruz: had a sufficient opportunity to observe in a place where \u201cconsiderable\u201d observation was possible; had a memory for events and an ability to communicate those memories; and gave a detailed description to police. Finding a \u201csufficient attenuation that the in-court identification can stand,\u201d the court denied defendant\u2019s motion to suppress.\nNext, Marco Basurto testified he was drinking at the subject tavern with Cruz around 12:15 a.m. on the date of the incident. The two men briefly conversed over a beer, and Cruz eventually went somewhere. A short time later, another patron told Basurto that Cruz was having a problem with a group of men outside the tavern. Basurto went out and saw 10 or 12 persons accusing Cruz of being an opposing gang member, so he told the group that Cruz was not a \u201cgangbanger\u201d and had a house and family. Basurto recognized one of the individuals in that group as defendant. Cruz and Basurto then returned to the bar for about a half hour.\nCruz left, and Basurto walked him outside to the curb. Basurto returned to the tavern as Cruz crossed the street toward his van. Opening the tavern door, Basurto heard gunshots; he jumped inside for protection since the shots sounded close. Basurto then went outside and saw Cruz lying facedown in the middle of the street.\nBasurto further testified he had seen defendant a \u201ccouple times\u201d before. He also claimed he told police he saw defendant outside the tavern on the night of the shooting.\nThe parties then stipulated to the testimony of Dr. Murgendra, who treated Cruz at the hospital and diagnosed that he suffered multiple gunshot wounds to the abdomen, right chest and back. The State then rested.\nDetective John Howe testified for the defense that he interviewed Cruz at the hospital on November 7, 1984. Howe recalled Cruz was conscious, but in pain and on medication. Cruz told Howe he was confronted by members of the Latin Kings and Warlords street gangs while in the tavern. He also told Howe that Marco walked him all the way to the corner, at which point he continued on alone.\nHowe further averred that Cruz was unable to identify the offender from a police photo album, but provided a physical description. According to Howe, Cruz described his assailant as a white male Hispanic, approximately 5 feet 6 inches, slim build, dark hair, around 20 years old. Howe could not recall whether Cruz reported any other descriptive features; no additional characteristics were included in Howe\u2019s police report, prepared 20 days after his interview with Cruz.\nHowe stated that the scene of the shooting was well-lighted, but no streetlight was located directly across Damen Avenue from the tavern. He also represented that no empty lot existed on the east side of that block.\nThe defense next introduced the stipulated testimony of Detectives O\u2019Shea and Johnson, which indicated that they spoke with Miriam Cruz, the victim\u2019s wife, shortly after the shooting. She told them she and her husband were arguing earlier that day and he left the house to go drinking. The defense then rested.\nReviewing the evidence, the court found Cruz to be a \u201cvery, very credible witness.\u201d It commented that Cruz was able to articulate what he saw clearly and remembered the events without any difficulty, and noted that Basurto\u2019s testimony corroborated Cruz on several important points, particularly the placement of defendant at the scene shortly before the shooting. The court further found that the area was \u201cextremely well-lit,\u201d providing Cruz with a good opportunity to see the gunman.\nThe circuit court then found defendant guilty on all three counts of aggravated battery and two counts of armed violence, but acquitted him of attempted murder. Defendant\u2019s motions for reconsideration and a new trial both were denied, and he subsequently was sentenced to 15 years\u2019 imprisonment.\nI\nThe first contention on appeal is that the circuit court erred in failing to suppress Cruz\u2019 in-court identification of defendant as the fruit of an unlawful arrest. Defendant claims the in-court identification was tainted in that: Cruz\u2019 description of the offender to the police differed from defendant\u2019s actual appearance; Cruz\u2019 recollection at trial of the description he gave police was unreliable; Cruz only had a few seconds to view his assailant; and Cruz had two opportunities to review defendant prior to making the in-court identification.\nAn in-court identification of an offender by a victim consists of three distinct elements: (1) the victim is present at trial to testify as to the occurrence and identify the defendant as the perpetrator; (2) the victim has knowledge of the prior criminal episode, and the ability to articulate the incident and identify defendant based upon his observations at the time of the offense; and (3) defendant is physically present in the courtroom, so that the victim can refer to his appearance and compare it to that of the perpetrator. (United States v. Crews (1980), 445 U.S. 463, 471, 63 L. Ed. 2d 537, 546, 100 S. Ct. 1244, 1250.) The in-court identification need not be suppressed as the fruit of an unlawful arrest if \u201cnone of these three elements \u2018has been come at by exploitation\u2019 of the violation of the defendant\u2019s Fourth Amendment rights.\u201d (United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 471, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 546, 100 S. Ct. at 1250, quoting Wong Sun v. United States (1963), 371 U.S. 471, 488, 9 L. Ed. 2d 441, 455, 83 S. Ct. 407, 417.) In the instant case, none of these elements of an in-court identification were achieved as a result of defendant\u2019s illegal arrest, as the following analysis demonstrates.\nA\nFirst, Cruz\u2019 presence at trial did not result from any police misconduct. The police were notified of the shooting shortly after it occurred and began their investigation immediately. Cruz gave the police a description of his assailant as soon as he was released from intensive care, and cooperated throughout the investigation. Cruz\u2019 identity was not discovered nor his cooperation obtained only as a result of an unlawful arrest; rather, \u201cthe victim\u2019s identity was known long before there was any official misconduct, and [his] presence in court is thus not traceable to any Fourth Amendment violation.\u201d United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 471-72, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 546, 100 S. Ct. at 1250.\nB\nSecond, the illegal arrest did not taint Cruz\u2019 ability to provide reliable identification testimony during trial. An in-court identification need not be suppressed when based upon a witness\u2019 independent recollection of his initial encounter with the offender, uninfluenced by the unlawful arrest. (United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 473, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 547, 100 S. Ct. at 1251; People v. Houston (1986), 151 Ill. App. 3d 102, 112, 502 N.E.2d 1111.) Recently, our supreme court enumerated the circumstances to be considered in evaluating the reliability and independent basis of an in-court identification (People v. Slim (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 302, 307-08, 537 N.E.2d 317):\n\u201c(1) the opportunity the victim had to view the criminal at the time of the crime; (2) the witness\u2019 degree of attention; (3) the accuracy of the witness\u2019 prior description of the criminal; (4) the level of certainty demonstrated by the victim at the identification confrontation; and (5) the length of time between the crime and the identification confrontation.\u201d\nApplication of these factors to the instant record demonstrates that Cruz\u2019 in-court identification was not the result of exploiting the unlawful arrest but was based instead on circumstances sufficiently independent of the arrest to expurgate any taint. People v. Houston, 151 Ill. App. 3d at 112.\nOf the five circumstances reviewed in Slim, the most important is the victim\u2019s opportunity to view the offender. (People v. Moore (1983), 115 Ill. App. 3d 266, 270, 450 N.E.2d 855.) Cruz testified defendant first shot from about 20 feet away, and eventually neared to within four or five feet; defendant\u2019s face was uncovered, and Cruz looked straight at him during the shooting; and Cruz and Howe averred that the lighting conditions were \u201cvery bright\u201d and the area was \u201cwell-lighted.\u201d There is no basis, therefore, to reject the circuit court\u2019s conclusion that Cruz had a sufficient opportunity to view his assailant.\nNext, Cruz\u2019 degree of attention during the shooting decidedly was focused on defendant. As the victim in the incident, he was more than a mere casual observer. (See People v. Frisby (1987), 160 Ill. App. 3d 19, 33, 512 N.E.2d 1337.) He also testified that he did not lose consciousness during the attack and was able to watch defendant until his escape down a gangway on the east side of Damen. Indeed, the circuit court commented on Cruz\u2019 ability to articulate clearly the events surrounding the incident.\nConcerning the accuracy of his prior description, Cruz gave police a detailed report of defendant\u2019s appearance while still in the hospital. Defendant repeatedly urges that Cruz only gave police a general description and failed to mention important characteristics, such as a beard and mustache. Defendant relies on the fact the police report did not include any reference to facial hair. Cruz, however, insisted throughout his testimony that his initial description included such details; the investigating officer, Detective Howe, did not contradict that testimony, but merely stated he did not remember if Cruz mentioned a beard and mustache.\nIn a bench trial, the court must determine the credibility of the witnesses, evaluate the evidence and resolve any inconsistencies therein. (People v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d at 307.) The circuit court was well aware of the discrepancies between the description inserted into the police report and the description provided by Cruz at trial, and nevertheless determined Cruz to be \u201csteadfast\u201d and \u201cvery, very credible.\u201d The court also may have considered the police report\u2019s description to be unreliable since it was prepared almost three weeks after Howe\u2019s interview of Cruz. The evidence of record, therefore, is not so unsatisfactory or improbable that we may reject the circuit court\u2019s finding as to the accuracy of Cruz\u2019 prior detailed description of defendant.\nNext, Cruz\u2019 identification of defendant demonstrated a convincing level of certainty. He initially was shown two photograph albums, but did not identify anyone; defendant\u2019s photograph was not part of that display. Later, however, he positively selected defendant twice in separate, nonsuggestive pretrial identification procedures. Certainly, as defendant suggests, such intervening identifications might affect the reliability of courtroom identifications under some circumstances. (United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 472-73, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 546-47, 100 S. Ct. at 1250-51.) The instant case does not provide such a situation; however, the record contains ample support for the court\u2019s conclusion that Cruz\u2019 in-court identification had an independent origin.\nFinally, the length of time between the shooting and the first identification confrontation was approximately V-k months. Under the circumstances presented, which include the nature of the assault, Cruz\u2019 \u201cconsiderable\u201d opportunity to view the offender, and his extended hospital stay which delayed the initial police interview, the length of time was not significant. See People v. Slim, 127 Ill. 2d at 313-14 (and cases cited therein).\nThere is no basis for this court to dispute the circuit court\u2019s finding that Cruz\u2019 in-court identification of defendant was based on his independent recollection of the initial encounter with the offender, uninfluenced by the two pretrial identifications. His ability to identify defendant, therefore, was not a result of or tainted by the unlawful arrest. United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 473, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 547, 100 S. Ct. at 1251.\nC\nThird, defendant\u2019s presence at trial cannot be deemed a suppressible fruit; the illegality of his arrest cannot deprive the State of the opportunity to prosecute him using evidence untainted by police misconduct. (United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 474, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 547, 100 S. Ct. at 1251.) Because none of the three elements that make up an in-court identification \u201ccame at the exploitation\u201d of defendant\u2019s unlawful arrest, the circuit court did not err in refusing to suppress Cruz\u2019 in-court identification of defendant.\nII\nDefendant next contends that the State failed to prove his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. He asserts that the testimony of the State\u2019s two witnesses, Cruz and Basurto, was conflicting and impeached on several points. Particularly, he argues that Cruz, the sole eyewitness, was impeached or contradicted on the following items: the offender\u2019s age; the description he gave to police; whether he was first confronted by the gang members outside or inside the tavern; whether he consumed half a can or two to three beers; the amount of time he spent in the tavern after he returned from the initial confrontation; how far Basurto walked with him when he departed; the presence of a streetlight directly across the street from the tavern; the existence of an empty lot on the east side of the block; the time he left home to go to the tavern; and, his testimony that he was looking at defendant the entire incident despite evidence he was shot in the back. Defendant characterizes these points as \u201cvital,\u201d and concludes the resulting conflicts and inconsistencies in these facts create reasonable doubt.\nA court of review will not disturb a criminal conviction unless the evidence is so improbable or unsatisfactory that it creates a reasonable doubt of defendant\u2019s guilt; the question is \u201cwhether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) (People v. Collins (1985), 106 Ill. 2d 237, 261, 478 N.E.2d 267.) A positive identification by a single, credible witness is sufficient to support a finding of guilt. (People v. Molstad (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 128, 133, 461 N.E.2d 398.) In resolving defendant\u2019s guilt or innocence when dependent upon the credibility of the witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony, it is the exclusive province of the trier of fact to resolve any conflicts in the evidence. People v. Collins, 106 Ill. 2d at 261-62.\nThe circuit court, as trier of fact in the instant case, resolved the conflicts in the evidence in favor of the State and against defendant, concluding that Cruz was a \u201cvery, very credible\u201d witness. Cruz\u2019 identification of defendant as his assailant was found reliable; the court determined that Cruz had a good opportunity to view his attacker in an area with considerable lighting where adequate observation was possible. Further, Cruz looked at defendant\u2019s uncovered face during the incident from a continuously decreasing distance. The fact Cruz was shot in the back does not necessarily make his identification testimony unreliable; as the circuit court noted, he still would have had \u201ca considerable opportunity to observe\u201d defendant. The evidence here is not so unsatisfactory as to provide a basis to reject Cruz\u2019 positive identification of defendant as his assailant, which alone is sufficient to support the conviction. People v. Molstad, 101 Ill. 2d at 133.\nFurther, the other instances of Cruz\u2019 impeachment raised in defendant\u2019s brief are not so significant as to raise a reasonable doubt. In reviewing the effect of such impeachment on Cruz\u2019 credibility, this court also may take note of any corroboration. (See People v. Kline (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 490, 505-06, 442 N.E.2d 154.) A review of the record reveals significant corroboration of Cruz\u2019 testimony by both Basurto and Howe with respect to the occurrence and progression of the major details of the shooting; in addition, in finding Cruz credible, the circuit court noted Cruz\u2019 ability to recollect events at the time of the shooting, Detective Howe\u2019s corroboration regarding lighting at the scene, and Basurto\u2019s placement of defendant at the tavern immediately prior to the shooting. In contrast, the purported inconsistencies and impeachment of Cruz asserted in defendant\u2019s brief involve mostly minor details rather than \u201cvital questions of fact.\u201d\nThe court was presented with sufficient evidence which, if believed, established defendant\u2019s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. As trier of fact, it believed Cruz and resolved the inconsistencies against defendant; we cannot say its determination was erroneous.\nFor the reasons stated above, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nSCARIANO and DiVITO, JJ., concur.\nThe reliance on these two pretrial identifications, which were suppressed by the circuit court, is not intended to provide evidentiary value to those identifications; to do so would undermine the objectives of the exclusionary rule. Instead, \u201cthe accurate pretrial identifications assume significance only to the extent that they indicate that the witness\u2019 ability to identify [defendant] antedated any police misconduct, and hence that [his] in-court identification had an \u2018independent source.\u2019 \u201d United States v. Crews, 445 U.S. at 473 n.18, 63 L. Ed. 2d at 547 n.18, 100 S. Ct. at 1251 n.18.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE HARTMAN" } ], "attorneys": [ "Randolph N- Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Robert Click, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Cecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, James Fitzgerald, and LaCoulton Walls, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. LOUIS ORTIZ, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1 \u2014 85\u20143365\nOpinion filed September 5, 1989.\nRandolph N- Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Robert Click, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nCecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, James Fitzgerald, and LaCoulton Walls, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People.\nThis case was assigned to the second division on April 11,1989." }, "file_name": "0506-01", "first_page_order": 528, "last_page_order": 539 }