{ "id": 2510630, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERWIN DANIEL, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Daniel", "decision_date": "1989-11-17", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201486\u20142617", "first_page": "837", "last_page": "850", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "191 Ill. App. 3d 837" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "485 N.E.2d 2093", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 563", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "483 N.E.2d 301", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1985, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "136 Ill. App. 3d 177", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3632350 ], "year": 1979, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "366" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/125/0361-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1116, "char_count": 31474, "ocr_confidence": 0.756, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.987913018899509e-07, "percentile": 0.7413862738715655 }, "sha256": "bf3fc61a7bc2d2f6ebbef6c5a0cbb972522d09deca205f231ff3faa51df2ae9a", "simhash": "1:ab7e387ff704a164", "word_count": 5354 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T16:26:25.592248+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERWIN DANIEL, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE LaPORTA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant was arrested and was tried for the murder of Roger Tate and the attempted murder and aggravated battery of Darren Cooper. A mistrial was declared in defendant\u2019s prior trial. On retrial, the jury found defendant guilty of the murder of Roger Tate, the attempted murder of Darren Cooper and aggravated battery of Darren Cooper. The trial judge imposed a sentence of natural life. After his motion for a new trial was denied, defendant appealed.\nThe defendant raises the following issues on appeal: (1) whether defendant was proven guilty of murder, attempted murder and aggravated battery beyond a reasonable doubt where he offered evidence to show he acted in self-defense; or (2) in the alternative, if the jury found he did not act in self-defense, whether defendant should have been found guilty of voluntary manslaughter, because at the time of the shootings, he believed the occupants of the car were armed and that his life was in danger and therefore he believed his actions were justified; (3) whether the trial judge failed to properly instruct the jury that when defendant raised as his defense his fear of great harm from the victims and his resultant belief that his actions were justified, the burden of proof shifted to the State to prove that his belief in justification was meritless; (4) whether the court erred in refusing to permit investigating police officers to testify to defendant\u2019s statements made while in custody that the passenger in the back seat reached under the seat and pointed something black out the window at defendant; (5) whether the sentence of natural life imposed by the trial court without consideration of factors in mitigation violates the fourth, eighth and fourteenth amendments of the Federal Constitution; and (6) whether defendant was sentenced under the mandatory natural life statute.\nDefendant and Calloway were arrested on charges of murder, attempted murder and aggravated battery. Defendant and Calloway made and signed sworn statements to an assistant State\u2019s Attorney while in police custody. Calloway was tried in a bench trial and acquitted. Defendant first was tried by a jury which was unable to reach a verdict. The court declared a mistrial.\nThese convictions result from the jury\u2019s finding the defendant guilty of the murder of Roger Tate and the attempted murder and aggravated battery of Darren Cooper in the defendant\u2019s second trial.\nThe relevant facts are as follows. On the evening of June 13, 1985, just prior to the shooting, Phillip Potter was driving his car west on 90th Street in the vicinity of Bishop and Laflin Streets in Chicago, Illinois. Darren Cooper rode in the rear seat, and Roger Tate was in the front passenger seat with his head leaning out of the window looking back at people on the street corner.\nAt the same time, defendant Erwin Daniel, Ricky Calloway and Andre Mosley were standing on the sidewalk on 90th Street at the alley between Bishop and Laflin Streets as Potter\u2019s car drove up. Defendant asked Tate \u201cWhat *** are you looking at?\u201d Although testimony conflicts as to what precisely was said in response, the testimony is uncontroverted that defendant pulled a gun from his pocket and shot Cooper and Tate. Potter drove immediately to Little Company of Mary Hospital, where Cooper was treated for a gunshot wound to his elbow and Tate was pronounced dead from a gunshot wound to the back. Both defendant and Calloway were arrested the next day. While in custody they were given Miranda warnings and both gave signed statements to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney.\nWe first address the issue raised by defendant that the testimony of police officers Danzl and Baker regarding the defendant\u2019s statements to them after his arrest was improperly excluded and should have been permitted at trial. The trial court rejected defendant\u2019s offer of proof as to his statement to these police officers that the man in the back seat of the car reached under the front seat and then pointed something black out the window. The court noted on the record that the officers had been permitted to testify in the first trial to establish no recent fabrication in defendant\u2019s testimony at trial because the defendant had testified. The defendant did not testify at the second trial.\nPolice reports and similar material are generally held to be inadmissible hearsay when offered to prove the truth of matters asserted. (Williamson v. City of Springfield (1984), 125 Ill. App. 3d 361, 366, 465 N.E.2d 1035, 1039; Kyowski v. Burns (1979), 70 Ill. App. 3d 1009, 1014, 388 N.E.2d 770, 774; Walls v. Jul (1969), 118 Ill. App. 2d 242, 249, 254 N.E.2d 173, 176; Redding v. Schroeder (1964), 54 Ill. App. 2d 306, 314, 203 N.E.2d 616, 620.) Police officers may be allowed to testify about otherwise hearsay material upon which they have based further actions and investigation. (People v. Hunter (1984), 124 Ill. App. 3d 516, 529, 464 N.E.2d 659, 671; People v. Bryant (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 266, 275, 462 N.E.2d 780, 786.) Here the testimony of Officers Danzl and Baker was offered by defendant as a substitute for defendant's failure to testify at trial. There was no evidence that the officers based any investigation upon the defendant\u2019s statement.\nThe defendant argues that even if the testimony is hearsay, it should be admitted as either a state-of-mind exception or to prove that the statement was made. While a third party may testify that a certain conversation took place, the third party may not testify as to the contents of that conversation. People v. Jackson (1979), 72 Ill. App. 3d 231, 237, 390 N.E.2d 47, 52; People v. Finley (1978), 63 Ill. App. 3d 95, 100, 379 N.E.2d 645, 648.\nUnder certain circumstances, hearsay evidence may be admitted to inform the jury of the defendant\u2019s state of mind at the time the acts with which he is charged occurred, but it may not be used as evidence of the contents of any statements made. In People v. Britz (1986), 112 Ill. 2d 314, 493 N.E.2d 575, cited by the defendant, tape recordings of conversations the defendant had with a witness were offered to show the voluntariness of his confession, but not for the contents of that confession. (Britz, 112 Ill. 2d at 320, 493 N.E.2d at 577.) Here the defendant attempts to offer the hearsay testimony to show his state of mind at the time of the shooting.\nIn People v. Kline (1980), 90 Ill. App. 3d 1006, 414 N.E.2d 141, the court noted that \u201cdefendant\u2019s state of mind at the time of the occurrence is a material issue and is a proper subject of examination.\u201d (Kline, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 1014, 414 N.E.2d at 146, citing People v. Harris (1956), 8 Ill. 2d 431, 436, 134 N.E.2d 315, 318, and People v. Pernell (1979), 72 Ill. App. 3d 664, 668, 391 N.E.2d 85, 88.) The court in Kline held that the defendant should have been able to testify as to his state of mind at the time he acted. There the defendant was a police informant, was aware that he was placing himself in a dangerous situation (Kline, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 1009-10, 414 N.E.2d at 143), and shot only after the assailants continued to attack despite warnings, when a shotgun was pointed at the defendant. (Kline, 90 Ill. App. 3d at 1011, 414 N.E.2d at 144.) Because the defendant here did not testify, the Kline case does not apply.\nWe find no error in the trial court\u2019s refusal to permit the investigating police officers to testify at the second trial since the only basis for offering their testimony was to disprove recent fabrication by defendant at trial. In the absence of any trial testimony from defendant, their testimony was inadmissible.\nThe defendant next argues that he should not have been found guilty because he acted in self-defense.\n\u201cA person is justified in the use of force against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself or another against such other\u2019s imminent use of unlawful force. However, he is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another ***.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 7\u20141.\nInasmuch as self-defense is an affirmative defense, defendant is required to offer sufficient proof to show that force is threatened against the defendant, that the defendant when threatened was not the aggressor; that the danger of harm to defendant is imminent; that the force threatened is unlawful; that the defendant when threatened must actually believe that a danger exists; that his use of force is necessary to avert the danger; that the kind and amount of force which he uses is necessary and that these beliefs are reasonable. Where the defendant uses deadly force he must believe that the threatened force will cause him death or great bodily harm, or that the force threatened is a forcible felony. People v. Carter (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 403, 409, 481 N.E.2d 1012, 1017, citing People v. Williams (1965), 56 Ill. App. 2d 159, 165-66, 205 N.E.2d 749, 752.\nAt trial, the State\u2019s witnesses Cooper and Potter testified that no one in the car spoke any gang slogans, but that when defendant shot into the car he shouted \u201cInsane Vice Lords.\u201d Both Cooper and Potter denied that any of the men in the car had a gun. Calloway testified at trial that, earlier on the day of the shooting, defendant met Calloway and Andre Mosley and at defendant\u2019s request Calloway gave defendant a .25 automatic pistol. After the shooting, the police, based on Calloway\u2019s instructions, recovered the gun from Calloway\u2019s home, where he testified he had hidden it at defendant\u2019s request. He also testified that at the time of the occurrence he saw no gun or other weapon in the victim\u2019s car, that the defendant told him the person in the back seat of the car looked \u201clike he was pulling up a gun,\u201d so defendant shot into the car.\nCalloway\u2019s sworn statement to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney was read into the record. In his statement Calloway stated that defendant \u201cand one of the guys in the car said something about GD, meaning Gangster Disciples and Erwin reached for his gun, pulled it out and fired two shots.\u201d Calloway also stated that \u201cI never saw [a] gun or other weapon in the car where the guys were shot.\nAt trial, the defense offered evidence to show that defendant was defending himself from what he believed was a gun. While defendant did not testify at trial, his signed statement made to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney at the time of his arrest was read into the record without objection. In his signed statement defendant stated that somebody in the car had said \u201cGD,\u201d which meant Gangster Discipies, a rival gang to the Vice Lords, before the defendant fired the gun into the car. The defendant claimed that Cooper said he was a member of a rival gang, and may have pointed something at defendant, at which point defendant shot into the car while calling out the name of his street gang. The statement in defendant\u2019s own words was \u201cI thought because [Cooper] was a Gangster Disciple, he would have a gun. I never saw a gun, though.\u201d\nHere the testimony of those present at the time of the shooting established that the defendant was not in a clearly dangerous situation and had not been attacked.\nWhen there is a disputed question as to self-defense, it is a question for the jury to decide. (People v. Feierabend (1981), 98 Ill. App. 3d 731, 736, 424 N.E.2d 765, 770, citing People v. Jordan (1960), 18 Ill. 2d 489, 493, 165 N.E.2d 296, 298, and People v. Johnson (1969), 112 Ill. App. 2d 148, 152, 251 N.E.2d 393, 395.) \u201cA conviction will not be reversed unless the evidence presented is so improbable or so palpably contrary to the verdict as to raise a reasonable doubt of guilt.\u201d Feierabend, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 736, citing People v. McClain (1951), 410 Ill. 280, 285, 102 N.E.2d 134, 137; People v. Lewis (1979), 75 Ill. App. 3d 259, 281, 393 N.E.2d 1098, 1114; People v. Polk (1979), 70 Ill. App. 3d 903, 906, 388 N.E.2d 864, 867.\nHere the jury clearly did not believe the self-defense argument when balanced against the evidence produced by the State. No one testified that Cooper exhibited a gun. No one testified that Cooper did in fact point \u201csomething black\u201d out the car window. No evidence was produced at trial to support defendant\u2019s alleged belief that he was in danger nor that his firing of the gun was a reaction to any threat, actual or subjectively perceived. The evidence supports the jury\u2019s rejection of self-defense.\nThe defendant argues in the alternative that even if it were not shown that he acted in self-defense, he should have been found guilty only of voluntary manslaughter. \u201cThe difference between self-defense and voluntary manslaughter is in the reasonableness of the defendant\u2019s subjective belief. If reasonable, then a jury is justified in finding the defendant acted in self-defense. If unreasonable, the jury is justified in returning a verdict of voluntary manslaughter.\u201d (People v. Scott (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 899, 903, 424 N.E.2d 70, 73, citing Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, par. 9\u20142, and People v. O\u2019Neal (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 399, 405, 472 N.E.2d 441, 443.) The defendant here argues that if he cannot be found to have acted in self-defense, he should have been found guilty only of voluntary manslaughter, not of murder.\n\u201cA person who intentionally or knowingly kills an individual commits voluntary manslaughter if at the time of the killing he believes the circumstances to be such that, if they existed, would justify or exonerate the killing under the principles stated in Article 7 of this Code, but his belief is unreasonable.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 9\u20142(b).\nThe issue of whether it would be unreasonable for the defendant here to have assumed he was in mortal danger just before he shot Cooper in the arm and Tate in the back is a question of fact for the jury to decide. (People v. Jordan (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 810, 812, 474 N.E.2d 1283, 1286; People v. Chatman (1981), 102 Ill. App. 3d 692, 700, 430 N.E.2d 256, 262.) Unless the record raises serious questions regarding the appropriateness of the jury\u2019s decision, it should not be disturbed by a reviewing court. (People v. Steffens (1985), 131 Ill. App. 3d 141, 147, 475 N.E.2d 606, 612, citing People v. Yates (1983), 98 Ill. 2d 502, 518-19, 456 N.E.2d 1369, 1378, cert, denied (1984), 466 U.S. 981, 80 L. Ed. 2d 836, 104 S. Ct. 2364; People v. Jordan (1985), 130 Ill. App. 3d 810, 813, 474 N.E.2d 1283, 1286; Feierabend, 98 Ill. App. 3d at 736, 424 N.E.2d at 770.) There is no proof that the defendant was in actual danger, but merely that he thought that one of the car\u2019s passengers might have had a gun. The defendant stated that he feared Gangster Disciples because a Gangster Disciple had shot at him once, but he acknowledged that it was not Potter or Tate or Cooper who had done so.\nThe jury was required to judge the credibility of the evidence offered to establish defendant\u2019s subjective belief that he was justified in firing a gun at the men in the car. In finding defendant guilty of murder, attempted murder and aggravated battery, the jury clearly did not believe that the evidence supported a finding that defendant believed he was justified in firing his gun at the victims in the car. Therefore, the jury rejected defense arguments for a finding of voluntary manslaughter instead of murder.\nDefendant next argues that the trial court failed to properly instruct the jury on the State\u2019s burden to affirmatively prove the defendant\u2019s belief in justification to have been meritless where defendant has raised as his defense his belief that he was in danger of great harm and that his actions were justified because of that belief.\nIn his supplemental brief, the defendant argues that the jury instructions given by the court for the burdens of proof on the issues of murder, self-defense and the lesser offense of voluntary manslaughter based upon defendant\u2019s unreasonable belief in justification were erroneous, because they failed to instruct the jury that the burden of disproving defendant\u2019s belief that his actions were justified rests with the State. (People v. Reddick (1988), 123 Ill. 2d 184, 526 N.E.2d 141.) The defendant contends that the reasoning of the supreme court in Reddick is applicable here. The court stated \u201cthe burden of proof and elements of the offense[ ] are essential to a fair trial and that the failure to give such instructions constitutes grave error when, viewing the record as a whole, it appears that the jury was not appraised of the People\u2019s burden of proof.\u201d Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d at 198, 526 N.E.2d at 147, citing People v. Berry (1984), 99 Ill. 2d 499, 460 N.E.2d 742; People v. Jenkins (1977), 69 Ill. 2d 61, 370 N.E.2d 532.\nDefendant argues that because the erroneous instructions are substantial defects and, even though defendant did not raise the issue before the trial court, the interests of justice require this court on appeal to consider the question under the grave error exception to Supreme Court Rule 451(c) (107 Ill. 2d R. 451(c); Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d at 198, 526 N.E.2d at 147). Defendant argues that because the jury was not properly instructed his conviction should be reversed and he is entitled to a new trial.\nThe pertinent burden of proof Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions (hereinafter IPI) given here were:\n\u201cI.P.I. Criminal Number 7.02 (Murder)\nTo sustain the charge of murder, the State must prove the following propositions:\nFirst: That the defendant performed the acts which caused the death of Roger Tate; and\nSecond: That when the defendant did so, he intended to kill or do great bodily harm to Roger Tate; or he knew that his act would cause death or great bodily harm to Roger Tate; or he knew that his acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Roger Tate; and\nThird: That the defendant was not justified in the force he used.\nIf you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each one of these propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant guilty.\nIf you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any of these propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant not guilty.\nI.P.I. Criminal Number 24\u20142506 (Self-Defense)\nA person is justified in the use of force when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is necessary to defend himself against the imminent use of unlawful force.\nHowever, a person is justified in the use of force which is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm only if he reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself.\nI.P.I. Criminal Number 7.06 (Voluntary Manslaughter \u2014 Justification)\nTo sustain the charge of voluntary manslaughter, the State must prove the following propositions:\nFirst: That the defendant performed the acts which caused the death of Roger Tate; and\nSecond: That when the defendant did so, he intended to kill or do great bodily harm to Roger Tate; or he knew that his acts would cause death or great bodily harm to Roger Tate; or\nHe knew that his acts created a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to Roger Tate; and\nThird: That when the defendant did so he believed that the circumstances existed which would have justified killing Roger Tate; and\nFourth: That the defendant\u2019s belief that such circumstances existed was unreasonable.\nIf you find from your consideration of all the evidence that each of these propositions has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant guilty.\nIf you find from your consideration of all the evidence that any of these propositions has not been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, you should find the defendant not guilty.\u201d See Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions, Criminal, Nos. 7.02, 24\u20142506, 7.06 (2d ed. 1981).\nThe Reddick court centered its analysis of the errors in these jury instructions (where defendant has raised as his defense evidence to show that when he acted he believed his act was justified) on two considerations: (1) whether the State in order to maintain a murder conviction must disprove the existence of defendant\u2019s mental state, i.e., prove defendant\u2019s belief in justification was unreasonable and therefore meritless, or (2) whether the defendant, in order to avoid the murder conviction and instead be convicted of voluntary manslaughter, must prove his belief that his actions were justified. Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d at 195, 526 N.E.2d at 145.\nThe court stated that where \u201ca defendant charged with murder asserts that (if he acted unjustifiably) he acted under either an unreasonable belief of justification or intense provocation, the People need not present evidence of either of those mental conditions in order to convict him of voluntary manslaughter. The reason for this result is that these two mental states are states of lesser culpability, and defendant relies on their existence in order to lessen the culpability of his otherwise murderous conduct.\u201d (Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d at 195, 526 N.E.2d at 145.) Therefore, a defendant must produce sufficient evidence to reduce the charge from murder to voluntary manslaughter, and when he has done so, the State then must prove beyond a reasonable doubt all of the statutory elements of murder and also must prove the defenses are meritless and insufficient to reduce the charge to voluntary manslaughter. Reddick, 123 Ill. 2d at 197, 526 N.E.2d at 146.\nWhere defendant has failed to produce sufficient evidence to prove he believed he was in danger, he has fallen short of establishing the mitigating mental condition of voluntary manslaughter required to shift the burden of disproving his belief to the State. (People v. Carter (1988), 177 Ill. App. 3d 593, 598, 532 N.E.2d 531, 535.) Here no evidence was adduced which would have given defendant reason to believe he was justified in his use of deadly force against Tate, and therefore, if any error existed in the given instructions, it was harmless beyond \u00e1 reasonable doubt. People v. Skipper (1989), 177 Ill. App. 3d 684, 689, 533 N.E.2d 44, 47.\nApplying the Reddick analysis to this case, we find the defendant has failed to produce sufficient evidence to reduce the charge to voluntary manslaughter. Therefore, while the instructions given stated an erroneous burden of proof for voluntary manslaughter, we conclude that this was harmless error because the State has overwhelmingly proved defendant guilty of murder.\nDefendant was convicted of the murder of Tate. The uncontroverted evidence established that Tate was the passenger in the front seat of the car, that he had his head out of the window immediately prior to the confrontation with defendant, that defendant was some distance away from the car when words were exchanged between defendant and Cooper, who was in the back seat of the car, that Tate moved his head back into the car and Cooper leaned forward to the open window, that Cooper and defendant exchanged words, that defendant came up close to the car, drew his gun and shot into the car, killing Tate and wounding Cooper. The evidence is clear that Tate made no threatening moves or statements to defendant, and therefore, in shooting Tate defendant could not have believed Tate was a threat to him so that the act of shooting Tate would be justified.\nFollowing the shooting, defendant ran from the scene, gave the gun to Calloway to hide and went for something to eat.\nDefendant\u2019s version of the occurrence at trial was elicited from the testimony of Calloway, who testified that defendant told him he thought Cooper in the back seat \u201clooked like he was pulling up a gun,\u201d but Calloway\u2019s statement to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney while in custody was that one of the people in the car used a gang slogan and defendant reached for his gun and fired two shots into the car. Calloway stated at trial and in his prior sworn statement that he never saw a weapon in the car. Because he did not testify, defendant\u2019s only statement at trial was his sworn statement to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney while in custody, where he stated that one passenger used a gang slogan and may have pointed something at defendant at which point he shot into the car. He stated that he thought Cooper had a gun because Cooper \u201cwas a Gangster Disciple, [and] would have a gun\u201d but that he \u201cnever saw a gun, though.\u201d\nThe defendant\u2019s claim that his actions were justified centered around his confrontation with Cooper, whom he recognized. An examination of the record shows his statement and Calloway\u2019s statement and trial testimony referred to the passenger in the back seat and defendant\u2019s alleged perception of danger from him. No proofs were offered that defendant feared danger from Tate and yet Tate was shot and killed.\nHence, on the issue of erroneous jury instructions, we find the record does not support a reversal of defendant\u2019s conviction of murder nor is defendant entitled to a new trial.\nWe next consider defendant\u2019s argument that the trial judge\u2019s imposition of the sentence of natural life without parole was unconstitutional where the court did not consider factors in mitigation and where there is no provision for reevaluating defendant\u2019s rehabilitation. Defendant draws an analogy between a death sentence and a sentence of natural life without parole and concludes that in each instance the trial court first must consider relevant mitigating factors before imposing sentence. Here, the trial judge specifically noted at sentencing that he was precluded from imposing a death sentence. Defendant\u2019s argument equating the sentence of natural life without parole with a death sentence contradicts United States Supreme Court cases which find clear distinctions between them. Solem v. Helm (1983), 463 U.S. 277, 289, 77 L. Ed. 2d 637, 648-49, 103 S. Ct. 3001, 3009; Rummel v. Estelle (1980), 445 U.S. 263, 272, 63 L. Ed. 2d 382, 390, 100 S. Ct. 1133, 1138.\nThe Criminal Code of 1961 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 9\u20141(c)) requires the court, prior to sentencing, to consider any aggravating and mitigating factors which are relevant to a determination of the degree of moral culpability of the defendant. In assessing defendant\u2019s moral culpability, the evidence showed that, prior to the occurrence, he asked Calloway to give him a gun, that when the shooting occurred, he pulled out the gun and fired two shots into the car even though he saw no gun and only verbal exchanges took place between defendant and one of the victims. The victims made no attempt to leave the car or pursue the defendant. Following the shooting, defendant and his companions fled the scene, defendant asked Calloway to hide the gun, and in his signed statement he told the assistant State\u2019s Attorney that he then left and went to get something to eat.\nWhere the defendant showed a lack of remorse and an \u201ceagerness to party\u201d following the victim\u2019s murder, the court found these factors together with the wanton brutality of the crime to justify the imposition of the sentence of natural life. (People v. Wilson (1985), 133 Ill. App. 3d 265, 272, 478 N.E.2d 561, 566.) In People v. Nester (1984), 123 Ill. App. 3d 501, 502, 462 N.E.2d 1011, 1012-13, the defendant began a fight with a much smaller, unarmed victim and stabbed him. Finding defendant\u2019s actions \u201ccold-blooded *** reprehensible, cruel and heinous,\u201d the trial court imposed the sentence of natural life which was affirmed on review. (Nester, 123 Ill. App. 3d at 505, 462 N.E.2d at 1015.) Where the \u201cmurder was casually undertaken *** and was performed cold-bloodedly without any provocation, real or imagined, on the part of the victim,\u201d the sentence of natural life was upheld on review. People v. Walker (1985), 136 Ill. App. 3d 177, 182, 483 N.E.2d 301, appeal denied (1985), 111 Ill. 2d 563, 485 N.E.2d 2093.\nThere is no evidence in our case that the murder victim Tate did anything to provoke the defendant to shoot him in the back. In fact, the defendant\u2019s own statement to the assistant State\u2019s Attorney was that he thought the person in the back seat was reaching for a gun under the seat. The person in the back seat was Cooper and not Tate. Defendant\u2019s lack of remorse following the murder renders his claim that the shooting occurred because he was in fear for his life from the victim unbelievable. Given the facts of this case and the evidence produced against the defendant, we hold the sentence of natural life was proper.\nAs his final allegation of error, the defendant argues that he should have been sentenced under the statutory section which permits a discretionary natural life sentence (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 1005\u20148\u20141(a)(1)(b)) instead of under the statutory section which requires mandatory life imprisonment (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 1005\u20148\u20141(a)(1)(c)). Defendant was charged with the murder of Tate under section 9\u20141(a)(2) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 9\u20141), which states:\n\u201c\u00a7(a) A person who kills an individual without lawful justification commits murder if, in performing the acts which cause the death:\n* * *\n(2) He knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm to that individual or another;\n* * *\n(b) A defendant who at the time of the commission of the offense has attained the age of 18 or more and who has been found guilty of murder may be sentenced to death ***.\u201d\nThat statute further provides:\n\u201c(c) the court shall consider *** any aggravating and any mitigating factors which are relevant to the imposition of the death penalty. *** Mitigating factors may include but need not be limited to the following:\n1. the defendant has no significant history of prior criminal activity.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 9\u20141(c).)\nThat statute further provides that the court was required to impose the death sentence if there were no mitigating factors to preclude its imposition, but if such factors were present, then sentence was required to be imposed under Chapter V of the Unified Code of Corrections (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 1005\u20148\u20141).\nHere, the trial judge sentenced the defendant to natural life and stated that \u201cthe reason I am giving natural life, as opposed to the death penalty, is due to the fact of his absence of serious involvement with any law enforcement authorities before this happened.\u201d Clearly the mitigating factor of ho prior involvement with the police was considered and was the reason defendant was not sentenced to death.\nWe find no error in the court\u2019s omission of any reference to the statutory section under which sentence was imposed. The sentence was appropriate and within the statutory proscriptions for the defend-' ant\u2019s murder conviction.\nFor all of the reasons stated, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.\nJudgment affirmed.\nMcNAMARA AND QUINLAN, JJ., concur.\nJustice Quinlan participated in this opinion prior to his resignation from the court.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE LaPORTA" } ], "attorneys": [ "Roosevelt Thomas, of Chicago, for appellant.", "Richard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, Carol L. Gaines, and Janet C. Mahoney, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ERWIN DANIEL, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (6th Division)\nNo. 1\u201486\u20142617\nOpinion filed November 17, 1989.\nRoosevelt Thomas, of Chicago, for appellant.\nRichard M. Daley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, Carol L. Gaines, and Janet C. Mahoney, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0837-01", "first_page_order": 859, "last_page_order": 872 }