{ "id": 2595191, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GARY G. BUGBEE, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Bugbee", "decision_date": "1990-08-23", "docket_number": "No. 2-89-0758", "first_page": "952", "last_page": "959", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "201 Ill. App. 3d 952" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "110 Wis. 2d 381", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Wis. 2d", "case_ids": [ 8674189 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "386-87" }, { "page": "897" }, { "page": "386-87" }, { "page": "897" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/wis-2d/110/0381-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 N.W.2d 48", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 10591129 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "50" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/nw2d/444/0048-01" ] }, { "cite": "48 Or. App. 133", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Or. App.", "case_ids": [ 2108288 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "138" }, { "page": "545" }, { "page": "139" }, { "page": "545" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/or-app/48/0133-01" ] }, { "cite": "421 N.W.2d 285", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "288" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "166 Mich. App. 758", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mich. App.", "case_ids": [ 2297320 ], "year": 1980, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "762" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mich-app/166/0758-01" ] }, { "cite": "526 N.E.2d 1329", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1331" }, { "page": "1331" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "26 Mass. App. Ct. 339", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Mass. App. Ct.", "case_ids": [ 1157122 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "340-41" }, { "page": "340-41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/mass-app-ct/26/0339-01" ] }, { "cite": "464 A.2d 113", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "A.2d", "case_ids": [ 7944885 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "114" }, { "page": "114" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/a2d/464/0113-01" ] }, { "cite": "154 Ariz. 275", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 1499275 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "278" }, { "page": "289" }, { "page": "278" }, { "page": "289" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/154/0275-01" ] }, { "cite": "766 S.W.2d 819", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "S.W.2d", "case_ids": [ 11335474 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "821" }, { "page": "821" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/sw2d/766/0819-01" ] }, { "cite": "110 L. Ed. 2d 528", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 12124771 ], "weight": 10, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "553" }, { "page": "2651" }, { "page": "555" }, { "page": "2653", "parenthetical": "Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" }, { "page": "555" }, { "page": "2653", "parenthetical": "Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/496/0582-01" ] }, { "cite": "135 Ill. App. 3d 1052", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3600553 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1055" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/135/1052-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 436", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046400 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0436-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 U.S. 9", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1494937 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "11" }, { "page": "176-77" }, { "page": "207" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/488/0009-01" ] }, { "cite": "199 Ill. App. 3d 79", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2466868 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "96" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/199/0079-01" ] }, { "cite": "384 U.S. 757", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12047531 ], "weight": 4, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "764" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/384/0757-01" ] }, { "cite": "101 Ill. 2d 137", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3160888 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1966, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "141-42" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/101/0137-01" ] }, { "cite": "459 U.S. 553", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6200055 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "564" }, { "page": "759" }, { "page": "923" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/459/0553-01" ] }, { "cite": "106 Ill. App. 3d 645", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3035238 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "649" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/106/0645-01" ] }, { "cite": "181 Ill. App. 3d 300", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498404 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "303-04" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/181/0300-01" ] }, { "cite": "63 Ill. 2d 128", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5426498 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/63/0128-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 807, "char_count": 16720, "ocr_confidence": 0.754, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.5684825738333935e-07, "percentile": 0.6782522842065309 }, "sha256": "b3468a70e06bcd50dc28c3e7b0968d8f4435a61857951104433a9cf54c667377", "simhash": "1:03e0b6a29f4415dc", "word_count": 2731 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T22:48:55.467533+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GARY G. BUGBEE, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE INGLIS\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendant, Gary G. Bugbee, was charged with driving under the influence of alcohol (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95%, par. 11 \u2014 501(a)), driving while his driver\u2019s license was revoked (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95%, par. 6 \u2014 303) and improper lane usage (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 95%, par. 11\u2014 709). Pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 604(a)(1) (107 Ill. 2d R. 604(a)(1)), the State appeals the trial court\u2019s order granting defendant\u2019s oral motion to suppress evidence. We reverse and remand.\nThe record provides the following facts. On behalf of the State, Deputy Tom Lehman testified that on July 20, 1987, at 4 a.m., he was on patrol and driving westbound on Route 30, west of U.S. 251, when he observed headlights coming at him in his own lane. Lehman pulled off of the road, and the other car drove eastbound past Lehman while in the westbound lane. Lehman turned his patrol car around and pursued the other car. In approximately two miles he caught up with the other car and paced it at a speed in excess of 80 miles per hour.\nLehman then activated his lights and siren, and the other vehicle stopped approximately one-half mile farther down the road. After the other vehicle pulled over to the shoulder of the road, Lehman approached it and asked the driver, whom he identified as defendant, for his identification and driver\u2019s license.\nLehman testified that upon his first contact with defendant, he smelled a strong odor of alcohol and observed defendant\u2019s eyes to be very bloodshot and watery. Defendant fumbled through his wallet and told Lehman that his driver\u2019s license had been revoked. Lehman noticed that defendant had a hard time speaking and that his speech was very slurred, mumbled and thick-tongued. Lehman asked defendant\u2019s name and birthdate in order to confirm the revocation of defendant\u2019s license and, at that point, placed defendant under arrest for driving with a revoked license. Lehman testified that he then advised defendant, \u201csince I smelled the strong odor of alcohol on his breath and person I would have to give him some field sobriety tests to determine if he was fit in my opinion to drive a motor vehicle.\u201d\nAt this point in the trial, defense counsel asked to approach the bench and, in a side-bar conference, stated that since defendant was under arrest and had not been advised of his Miranda rights, anything he said thereafter was inadmissible.\nOut of the jury\u2019s presence, defense counsel requested that the trial court suppress any statements defendant made following his arrest until such time as he was read his rights. Deputy Lehman resumed the stand for purposes of an offer of proof and testified that he did not read defendant his Miranda rights until just before questioning him on an alcohol influence report while at the police station.\nDefense counsel renewed his request for suppression of the evidence, and the trial court found that, since defendant was under arrest, any statements made by him thereafter, without Miranda warnings, would be suppressed. The court further ruled that the results of the field sobriety tests would not be suppressed as they were nontestimonial in nature. Following some additional argument, the trial court reiterated its ruling and clarified it by characterizing defendant\u2019s recitation of the alphabet as testimonial evidence and thus included in the suppression order.\nThe State\u2019s Attorney indicated that the State would proceed with the trial; however, before the trial could resume, defense counsel posed the question of whether the suppression order included defendant\u2019s refusal to take a breathalyzer test. The trial court found that the deputy\u2019s reading of the warning to motorists constituted custodial interrogation and that defendant\u2019s response thereto was testimonial in nature; thus, defendant\u2019s refusal to take the breathalyzer test would be suppressed. At this point, the State\u2019s Attorney asked that the question be certified for purposes of appeal, and the trial court declared a mistrial. The State filed a certificate of impairment and a timely notice of appeal.\nThe issues presented in this appeal are whether the trial court erred in suppressing evidence of: (1) defendant\u2019s refusal to take a breath test; and (2) defendant\u2019s recitation of the alphabet during a field sobriety test.\nAt the outset, we note that defendant has not submitted an appellee\u2019s brief in this case. We review the State\u2019s appellate contentions in accordance with the holding of First Capitol Mortgage Corp. v. Talandis Construction Corp. (1976), 63 Ill. 2d 128.\nWe first consider the State\u2019s contention that the trial court should have denied defendant\u2019s motion to suppress, which was presented orally at trial over two years after defendant\u2019s arrest, as being untimely. (See People v. Hughes (1989), 181 Ill. App. 3d 300, 303-04.) The State concedes, as it must, that it failed to object to defendant\u2019s motion on this basis at trial. Nevertheless, appellate counsel argues that we should consider the timeliness of defendant\u2019s motion as a matter of plain error, citing People v. Oswald (1982), 106 Ill. App. 3d 645. In Oswald, we observed that the waiver rule applies to the State as well as to defendants. (106 Ill. App. 3d at 649.) Although we agree with the State\u2019s contention that defendant certainly had the opportunity to make such a motion at any time prior to trial, we nevertheless conclude that the State waived any objection it might have had regarding the timeliness of defendant\u2019s motion by failing to make any objection whatsoever on the record.\nWe next consider whether the trial court\u2019s order suppressing evidence in this case was erroneous. With respect to defendant\u2019s refusal to take a breathalyzer test, both the United States Supreme Court, in South Dakota v. Neville (1983), 459 U.S. 553, 74 L. Ed. 2d 748, 103 S. Ct. 916, and the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Rolfingsmeyer (1984), 101 Ill. 2d 137, have conclusively answered the question of whether a motorist\u2019s refusal to submit to a chemical test is an act protected by the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. Relying in large part on its earlier decision in Schmerber v. California (1966), 384 U.S. 757, 16 L. Ed. 2d 908, 86 S. Ct. 1826, the Supreme Court in Neville held that the admission into evidence of a motorist\u2019s refusal to submit to a blood-alcohol test did not constitute a fifth amendment violation and thus was not protected by the privilege against self-incrimination. Neville, 459 U.S. at 564, 74 L. Ed. 2d at 759,103 S. Ct. at 923.\nIn Rolfingsmeyer, the Illinois Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of section 11 \u2014 501.2(c) of the Illinois Vehicle Code (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1981, ch. 951/2, par. 11 \u2014 501.2(c)), which provided that a motorist\u2019s refusal to submit to a chemical test was admissible in civil and criminal proceedings which were based on acts the motorist allegedly committed while driving under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs. Following the holding of Neville, the court concluded, inter alia, that the statute did not violate a defendant\u2019s privilege against self-incrimination because a motorist\u2019s right to remain silent did not give him a right to refuse a breath test; thus, evidence of a refusal was not constitutionally protected. (Rolfingsmeyer, 101 Ill. 2d at 141-42.) In view of the explicit holdings in Neville and Rolfingsmeyer, the trial court\u2019s order suppressing evidence of defendant\u2019s refusal to submit to a breath-analysis test was clearly erroneous and must be reversed. See also People v. Thomas (1990), 199 Ill. App. 3d 79, 96.\nWith respect to the order suppressing defendant\u2019s recitation of the alphabet, the law is not so clear. In fact, the Supreme Court has declined to address this issue in two recent decisions. In Pennsylvania v. Bruder (1988), 488 U.S. 9, 102 L. Ed. 2d 172, 109 S. Ct. 205, a police officer stopped the defendant motorist and asked him to perform various field sobriety tests, including recitation of the alphabet. The officer also asked the defendant whether he had been drinking. The defendant failed all of the tests and answered that he had been drinking. The officer then arrested the defendant and gave him his Miranda warnings. The defendant was later convicted of DUI. The Pennsylvania superior court reversed the defendant\u2019s conviction on the ground that the defendant\u2019s statements were testimonial utterances that should have been suppressed since the defendant had not yet been read his rights. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that ordinary traffic stops do not involve custody for purposes of a defendant\u2019s rights under Miranda v. Arizona (1966), 384 U.S. 436, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694, 86 S. Ct. 1602. (Bruder, 488 U.S. at 11, 102 L. Ed. 2d at 176-77, 109 S. Ct. at 207.) In a footnote, the Court noted that it did not reach the issue of whether the defendant\u2019s recitation of the alphabet in response to custodial questioning was testimonial and thus inadmissible under Miranda. (Bruder, 488 U.S. at 11 n.3, 102 L. Ed. 2d at 177 n.3, 109 S. Ct. at 207 n.3.) This court reached a similar result in People v. Saturday (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 1052, where we held that a police officer administering sobriety tests to a motorist before placing him under arrest did not violate the motorist\u2019s right to privacy or his privilege against self-incrimination. Saturday, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 1055.\nMore recently, the Supreme Court declined to consider whether a DUI defendant\u2019s counting backward from 10 as a field sobriety test was testimonial and thus protected by the privilege against self-incrimination. (See Pennsylvania v. Muniz (1990), 496 U.S._,_n.17, 110 L. Ed. 2d 528, 553 n.17, 110 S. Ct. 2638, 2651 n.17.) Muniz was arrested for DUI but was not advised of his Miranda rights prior to being videotaped in two interviews at police headquarters. The police asked Muniz numerous \u201croutine booking questions\u201d (his name, address, etc.) as well as the date of his sixth birthday. Muniz was not able to answer the latter question. Police also had Muniz perform several sobriety tests which involved both verbal and physical coordination and asked him to submit to a breath test, which he refused. Muniz was then read his Miranda rights. At trial, the prosecution introduced and the trial court accepted the audio and visual portions of the two taped interviews, and Muniz was subsequently convicted.\nThe Pennsylvania superior court reversed the conviction, holding that all of Muniz\u2019s verbalizations were testimonial and, thus, the audio portions of the tapes should have been suppressed in their entirety. On review, the Supreme Court held that only Muniz\u2019s response to the \u201csixth birthday question\u201d should have been suppressed because his other verbalizations were either merely physical evidence (e.g., his slurred speech showed a lack of muscular coordination) or were simply responses to \u201ccarefully scripted instructions\u201d which were not \u201c \u2018words or actions\u2019 constituting custodial interrogation.\u201d (Muniz, 496 U.S. at _, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 553, 110 S. Ct. at 2651.) Nevertheless, Justice Brennan, writing for a plurality of the court, indicated in footnote 17 his willingness to conclude that Muniz\u2019s counting or failure to count was testimonial and therefore protected; Justice Brennan, however, found it unnecessary to answer this question. 496 U.S. at_n.17, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 553 n.17, 110 S. Ct. at 2651 n.17.\nIn a separate opinion, Chief Justice Rehnquist noted that \u201c[t]he need for the use of the human voice does not automatically make an answer testimonial.\u201d (Muniz, 496 U.S. at_, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 555, 110 S. Ct. at 2653 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).) Reaching a similar conclusion, the Texas court of appeals has stated:\n\u201c[A] recitation of the alphabet and counting backward are not testimonial in nature because these communications are physical evidence of the functioning of appellant\u2019s mental and physical faculties. The performance of these sobriety tests shows the condition of a suspect\u2019s body. Any indication of intoxication comes from a suspect\u2019s demeanor, the manner in which he speaks, and whether he has the mental ability to perform the tests correctly. These communications do not amount to an admission of guilt by appellant nor do they indicate a knowledge of facts which incriminate him or tend to incriminate him.\u201d Chadwick v. State (Tex. App. 1988), 766 S.W.2d 819, 821.\nSimilar results have been reached by courts in several other jurisdictions. (See State v. Superior Court (Ariz. App. 1987), 154 Ariz. 275, 278, 742 P.2d 286, 289; Oxholm, v. District of Columbia (D.C. App. 1983), 464 A.2d 113, 114; Commonwealth v. Carey (1988), 26 Mass. App. Ct. 339, 340-41, 526 N.E.2d 1329, 1331; People v. Burhans (1988), 166 Mich. App. 758, 762, 421 N.W.2d 285, 288; State v. Medenbach (1980), 48 Or. App. 133, 138, 616 P.2d 543, 545; State v. Meek (S.D. 1989), 444 N.W.2d 48, 50; State v. Haefer (1982), 110 Wis. 2d 381, 386-87, 328 N.W.2d 894, 897.) As the Medenbach court noted, a defendant motorist\u2019s manner of speech and his ability or inability to recite the alphabet correctly were not testimonial in nature. Rather, a motorist\u2019s response to such a test was simply physical evidence \u201chaving nothing to do with what the motorist may admit or confess.\u201d (Medenbach, 48 Or. App. at 139, 616 P.2d at 545.) The District of Columbia Appellate Court similarly reasoned that a defendant\u2019s recitation of the alphabet did not reveal the defendant\u2019s personal knowledge but simply tested his physical coordination. (See Oxholm, 464 A.2d at 114.) Likewise, the Arizona Appellate Court concluded that tests in which a motorist must recite the alphabet or count were intended to reveal evidence of the motorist\u2019s physical condition and were not intended to reveal the motorist\u2019s subjective knowledge or thought processes. (State v. Superior Court, 154 Ariz. at 278, 742 P.2d at 289.) The Haefer court determined that the defendant\u2019s utterances disclosed the physical manifestations of the defendant\u2019s intoxication. (110 Wis. 2d at 386-87, 328 N.W.2d at 897.) The Massachusetts Appellate Court summarized this issue as follows:\n\u201cPerformance of field sobriety tests does not implicate the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States because it involves no \u2018testimonial evidence\u2019 in the sense that phrase is understood. [Citation.] As is the case with fingerprinting, photographing, measuring, or asking a suspect to stand, walk, or talk, a sobriety test requires the suspect to permit himself to be observed; it does not ask the suspect to reveal his mind.\u201d Carey, 26 Mass. App. at 340-41, 526 N.E.2d at 1331.\nWe concur with the opinions of numerous appellate courts in other jurisdictions that have held that a defendant motorist\u2019s response to a request to recite the alphabet or count does not constitute a testimonial response, even if the motorist is in police custody at the time the response is sought. As Chief Justice Rehnquist noted, the mere use of the human voice does not automatically render a defendant\u2019s answer testimonial. (See Muniz, 496 U.S. at_, 110 L. Ed. 2d at 555, 110 S. Ct. at 2653 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).) Whether defendant in this case recited the alphabet correctly would merely provide physical evidence of the functioning of his mental and physical faculties. (See Chadwick, 766 S.W.2d at 821.) It would reveal nothing more than coordination on his part and would not reveal any subjective knowledge or thought processes which might tend to incriminate him.\nIt is well settled that the privilege against self-incrimination does not preclude the State from compelling a defendant to produce real or physical evidence. (Schmerber, 384 U.S. at 764, 16 L. Ed. 2d at 916, 86 S. Ct. at 1832.) Thus, we conclude that the trial court improperly suppressed as testimonial evidence defendant\u2019s response to Deputy Lehman\u2019s request that he recite the alphabet. Defendant\u2019s response to this inquiry constitutes physical evidence pertaining to the degree of his intoxication at the time he was arrested. The suppression order must be reversed.\nIn view of the foregoing, the order of the circuit court of Lee County is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nReversed and remanded.\nREINHARD and McLAREN, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE INGLIS" } ], "attorneys": [ "Daniel A. Fish, State\u2019s Attorney, of Dixon (William L. Browers, of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "No brief filed for appellee." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. GARY G. BUGBEE, Defendant-Appellee.\nSecond District\nNo. 2-89-0758\nOpinion filed August 23, 1990.\nDaniel A. Fish, State\u2019s Attorney, of Dixon (William L. Browers, of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nNo brief filed for appellee." }, "file_name": "0952-01", "first_page_order": 972, "last_page_order": 979 }