{ "id": 2577651, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HEATH A. BAUMAN, Defendant-Appellee; THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD A. BOESENBERG, Defendant-Appellee", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Bauman", "decision_date": "1990-10-11", "docket_number": "Nos. 4\u201490\u20140065, 4\u201490\u20140066 cons.", "first_page": "813", "last_page": "819", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "204 Ill. App. 3d 813" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "544 N.E.2d 392", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "401" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "187 Ill. App. 3d 756", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2665235 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "771" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/187/0756-01" ] }, { "cite": "408 N.E.2d 293", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "86 Ill. App. 3d 622", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3187696 ], "year": 1989, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/86/0622-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 N.E.2d 1003", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "88 Ill. App. 3d 929", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3174861 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/88/0929-01" ] }, { "cite": "402 N.E.2d 228", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "79 Ill. 2d 96", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3070521 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/79/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 N.E.2d 147", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 226", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3151982 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1980, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0226-01" ] }, { "cite": "440 U.S. 648", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6187389 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "663" }, { "page": "673" }, { "page": "1401" }, { "page": "650-51" }, { "page": "665" }, { "page": "1394" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/440/0648-01" ] }, { "cite": "392 U.S. 1", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6167798 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/392/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "388 N.E.2d 1046", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1049" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "70 Ill. App. 3d 859", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5574681 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "862" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/70/0859-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 N.E.2d 199", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "202" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. App. 3d 231", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2645694 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "236" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/185/0231-01" ] }, { "cite": "446 U.S. 544", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6185389 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "554" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "1877" }, { "page": "554" }, { "page": "509" }, { "page": "1877" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/446/0544-01" ] }, { "cite": "457 N.E.2d 1252", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1257" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "99 Ill. 2d 219", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3164336 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "231" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/99/0219-01" ] }, { "cite": "137 Ill. 2d 372", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "weight": 5, "year": 1983, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "387" }, { "page": "387" }, { "page": "387" }, { "page": "387-88" }, { "page": "388" } ], "opinion_index": 0 } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 766, "char_count": 14500, "ocr_confidence": 0.759, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0756185170463109e-07, "percentile": 0.5608589535528905 }, "sha256": "fc39e0a23abbc31a4bf62d2af88f8b1a9be20fdb79e1438b1d4282e669db9f17", "simhash": "1:aefa46f61f4210ea", "word_count": 2408 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:30.653748+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HEATH A. BAUMAN, Defendant-Appellee.-THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD A. BOESENBERG, Defendant-Appellee." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE KNECHT\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nDefendants Bauman and Boesenberg were charged by information with possession of cannabis (between 30 and 500 grams) with intent to deliver (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 56V2, par. 705(d)), possession of cannabis (between 30 and 500 grams) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 56V2, par. 704(d)), and armed violence (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 38, par. 33A \u2014 2). The defendants filed motions to suppress evidence and statements, and the trial court granted the motions following a consolidated hearing. The State appeals, pursuant to Supreme Court Rule 604 (107 Ill. 2d R. 604). The sole issue for review is whether the trial court\u2019s order suppressing the evidence and statements was manifestly erroneous.\nThe following evidence was adduced at the motion hearing. A public park and parking lot open daily to the general public sit directly across the street from Sullivan High School. The park closes at 11 p.m. and the only posted parking regulation prohibits parking after 11 p.m.\nSullivan High School students congregate in the parking lot during lunch recess. Mr. John Raymer, principal at Sullivan High School, suspected the occurrence of illegal activities in the parking lot during the lunch recess. He contacted the Sullivan police department, and Police Chief Hansen agreed to order patrols of the parking lot during the lunch hour. The purpose of the patrols was to monitor nonstudents present at the parking lot and mingling with students.\nOfficer Donald Tipper regularly patrolled the parking lot during the noon hour. He testified he believed his task was to look for non-students and determine whether students were involved in illegal activities.\nOn October 24, 1989, while parked in the parking lot and talking to students, Tipper observed a car in the lot with students gathered around it. The two men in the car were the defendants. Tipper recognized Boesenberg, the passenger, but not the driver, Bauman. Tipper asked the students with whom he was talking whether they recognized the occupants of the car as Sullivan High School students. They did not. Just as the car began to leave the parking lot, Tipper instructed a student to whom he was talking to yell at the car\u2019s occupants to \u201chold up a minute.\u201d The student complied and yelled something like \u201chold up a minute\u201d or \u201cthe cop wants to talk to you.\u201d\nThe car stopped immediately. Tipper exited his car and walked toward the defendants\u2019 car. As he walked, he said \u201chold on a minute, I want to talk to you.\u201d He testified he raised his voice to be heard, but did not use a belligerent or threatening tone. He never blocked the car\u2019s exit or turned on his squad car\u2019s siren or lights. He did not threaten the defendants with arrest if they did not stop.\nTipper asked to see Bauman\u2019s driver\u2019s license and checked its validity. The license was valid and had no outstanding stops or warrants. Tipper asked Bauman why he was in the parking lot and whether he was a Sullivan High School student. Bauman told him he was not a student at Sullivan High School. The officer did not question Boesenberg.\nWhile talking with Bauman, Tipper noticed the smell of burned cannabis emanating from the car\u2019s interior. He asked Bauman whether he and Boesenberg had been smoking pot, and Bauman answered in the negative. Tipper then asked him why his eyes were glassy and bloodshot. Bauman did not respond but Boesenberg exited the car, walked around to the driver\u2019s side and told Tipper Bauman\u2019s eyes always looked red and bloodshot. Tipper again asked whether either had been smoking pot. Bauman remained silent while Boesenberg said \u201cno.\u201d Tipper informed the defendants they should not be in the parking lot during the noon hour because they were not Sullivan High School students. Boesenberg got back in the car and the defendants drove away.\nStacy Huckstep, a student at Sullivan High School, then approached Tipper and told him \u201cshe just bought some pot\u201d from the defendants or \u201cthey just bought some pot.\u201d Tipper knew Stacy and, believing her accusation to be true, he left the parking lot and pursued the defendants. He stopped the defendants several blocks from the school and, for the first time, noticed an \u201capplied for\u201d sticker in the car\u2019s back window. He admitted this was not the reason he stopped the defendants.\nAs Tipper approached the car, he noticed Boesenberg bending forward, as if reaching underneath his seat. The officer informed Bauman he still smelled the odor of burned marijuana. He asked for and received permission to search the car. A pat-down search of Bauman revealed no contraband, nor did the pat-down of Boesenberg. A search of the car netted three marijuana cigarettes, a marijuana smoking device under the passenger seat, and a burned marijuana cigarette.\nAfter advising Bauman and Boesenberg they were under arrest, a second search of Boesenberg revealed three plastic baggies of marijuana in the crotch of his pants. At the police station, after Miranda warnings, each defendant separately confessed to possession of cannabis with intent to sell. A search of the car, pursuant to a warrant, located another baggie of cannabis and a butterfly knife.\nHuckstep testified a friend told her Boesenberg had pot and planned to sell it to \u201clittle kids.\u201d This angered Huckstep, and so she told Tipper the defendants had cannabis. She testified Tipper never questioned her or attempted to verify her claim and searched the defendants\u2019 car while it was in the parking lot. The parties subsequently stipulated there was no search at the parking lot.\nThe trial court concluded the encounter in the parking lot was an illegal stop. The court further found Huckstep\u2019s information completely lacked credibility (\u201cIn other cases involving citizen informants, or informants there must be some inditia [sic] of credibility. I don\u2019t think there was any at this point in time\u201d) and Tipper had no articulable facts supporting probable cause or a reasonable suspicion when he stopped the car. The court therefore suppressed the evidence and statements.\nThis court will not disturb the trial court\u2019s rulings on the motions to suppress unless they were against the manifest weight of the evidence. People v. Murray (1990), 137 Ill. 2d 372, 387; People v. Long (1983), 99 Ill. 2d 219, 231, 457 N.E.2d 1252, 1257.\nThe Illinois Supreme Court has divided police-citizen encounters into three tiers. (Murray, 137 Ill. 2d at 387.) The first involves an arrest and requires probable cause. The second tier involves a \u201cTerry\u201d stop, \u201ca brief seizure that must be supported by a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity.\u201d (Murray, 137 Ill. 2d at 387.) The last tier involves no coercion or detention and therefore involves no seizure. The last tier is known as the community caretaking function or the public safety function.\n\u201cThe Supreme Court elaborated on this level of police intrusion in Terry when it noted that \u2018[ojbviously, not all personal intercourse between policemen and citizens involves \u201cseizures\u201d of persons. Only when the officer, by means of physical force or show of authority, has in some way restrained the liberty of a citizen may we conclude that a \u201cseizure\u201d has occurred.\u2019 Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. at 19 n.16, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 905 n.16, 88 S. Ct. at 1879 n.16 ***.\u201d Murray, 137 Ill. 2d at 387-88.\n\u201c[A] person has been \u2018seized\u2019 within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment only if, in view of all of the circumstances surrounding the incident, a reasonable person would have believed that he was not free to leave.\u201d (United States v. Mendenhall (1980), 446 U.S. 544, 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d 497, 509, 100 S. Ct. 1870, 1877; People v. Clark (1989), 185 Ill. App. 3d 231, 236, 541 N.E.2d 199, 202.) An element of force or of threatened force constitutes the restraint on the freedom to walk away, the essence of a seizure. (People v. Tilden (1979), 70 Ill. App. 3d 859, 862, 388 N.E.2d 1046, 1049; Mendenhall, 446 U.S. at 554, 64 L. Ed. 2d at 509, 100 S. Ct. at 1877.) The parking lot encounter did not involve force or threat of force. Nothing in Tipper\u2019s words or tone of voice could have led the defendants to conclude they were not free to leave. He never displayed his weapon or activated the lights or sirens on his squad car while in the parking lot. We conclude there was no seizure of the defendants.\nNor was the parking lot encounter between Officer Tipper and the defendants a stop, as defined in Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, 20 L. Ed. 2d 889, 88 S. Ct. 1868. Instead, Officer Tipper was engaged in a community caretaking function. (Murray, 137 Ill. 2d at 388.) The purpose of his patrol assignment at the parking lot was to monitor the activities of nonstudents, thereby reducing illegal activities. When the high school students to whom Tipper was talking indicated the defendants were not Sullivan High School students, Tipper was justified in approaching the car and determining whether they were students. His approach of the car and the examination of Bauman\u2019s driver\u2019s license was not a situation to which the fourth amendment applied and thus we find nothing constitutionally improper in Tipper\u2019s conduct.\nThe defendants urge the application of Delaware v. Prouse (1979), 440 U.S. 648, 59 L. Ed. 2d 660, 99 S. Ct. 1391. There, a police officer stopped a car to check the operator\u2019s driver\u2019s license and the car\u2019s registration. He had neither probable cause nor reasonable suspicion to believe the car was being driven in violation of motor vehicle laws or that either of its occupants was subject to seizure for violation of any other law. When he reached the vehicle he observed marijuana in plain view on the car\u2019s floor. The Court found the officer\u2019s conduct unreasonable because he could articulate no reasonable suspicion of a violation of a law by the car\u2019s occupants:\n\u201c[W]e hold that except in those situations in which there is at least articulable and reasonable suspicion that a motorist is unlicensed or that an automobile is not registered, or that either the vehicle or an occupant is otherwise subject to seizure for violation of law, stopping an automobile and detaining the driver in order to check his driver\u2019s license and the registration of the automobile are unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment.\u201d Prouse, 440 U.S. at 663, 59 L. Ed. 2d at 673, 99 S. Ct. at 1401.\nThe defendants maintain the Prouse case is analogous to this case. Tipper, like the officer in Prouse, stopped the defendants\u2019 car solely to determine their identities. He testified he observed nothing about the vehicle or its occupants that aroused suspicion or formed a basis for probable cause. Prouse is distinguishable, however, because the officer there, unlike Officer Tipper, did not act in a community caretaking capacity. Indeed, the officer in Prouse indicated he stopped the car because he was bored. \u201c T saw the car in the area and wasn\u2019t answering any complaints, so I decided to pull them off.\u2019 \u201d Prouse, 440 U.S. at 650-51, 59 L. Ed. 2d at 665, 99 S. Ct. at 1394.\nThe State next argues even if the parking lot encounter was a stop, it was a reasonable stop justified by the government\u2019s interest in protecting children from drugs. The State\u2019s interest in providing such protection is manifested, according to the State, in the statute prohibiting the manufacture, delivery, or sale of controlled substances to persons under 18 years of age on school property. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 56V2, par. 1407.) Because we have concluded the encounter in the parking lot was not a stop, we need not address this argument.\nThe next question is whether the second stop was constitutionally valid. During the encounter in the parking lot, Tipper learned the defendants were not Sullivan High School students. Upon questioning them, he smelled burned cannabis in their car and observed Bauman had glassy, bloodshot eyes. This information, coupled with Huckstep\u2019s information, provided him with sufficient probable cause to stop the defendants and search their persons and the car. Tipper had no reason to doubt Huckstep\u2019s information, nor was he required in these circumstances to further corroborate it.\n\u201cGenerally, probable cause to arrest exists where the circumstances within the arresting officer\u2019s knowledge are sufficient to warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe an offense has been committed and that the person arrested committed the offense. (People v. Tisler (1984), 103 Ill. 2d 226, 469 N.E.2d 147; People v. Creach (1980), 79 Ill. 2d 96, 402 N.E.2d 228.) In determining whether the officer had probable cause, the officer\u2019s factual knowledge based on his prior law-enforcement experience is sufficient. (People v. Tisler (1984), 103 Ill. 2d 226, 469 N.E.2d 147.) Further, probable cause may be founded upon evidence which would not be admissible at trial and which need not be sufficient to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. (People v. Green (1980), 88 Ill. App. 3d 929, 410 N.E.2d 1003.) In fact, even hearsay is proper grounds for establishing probable cause. * * * Provided that the person supplying the data is a citizen-informer and not a police informer, the police do not have to establish the informer\u2019s prior reliability or to corroborate the information. (People v. Beto (1980), 86 Ill. App. 3d 622, 408 N.E.2d 293.)\u201d People v. Johnson (1989), 187 Ill. App. 3d 756, 771, 544 N.E.2d 392, 401.\nThe evidence seized and statements made by the defendants following the consensual search of the car should not have been suppressed. The evidence and the statements were not the \u201cfruits of a poisonous tree,\u201d as the first encounter was valid. There was sufficient probable cause to support the stop and search made after the defendants left the parking lot. The trial court\u2019s rulings on the motions to suppress are reversed and the causes remanded.\nReversed and remanded.\nSPITZ and McCULLOUGH, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE KNECHT" } ], "attorneys": [ "John Robinson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Sullivan (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and David E. Mannchen, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.", "Daniel D. Yuhas and Lawrence Bapst, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. HEATH A. BAUMAN, Defendant-Appellee.-THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. RICHARD A. BOESENBERG, Defendant-Appellee.\nFourth District\nNos. 4 \u2014 90\u20140065, 4 \u2014 90\u20140066 cons.\nOpinion filed October 11, 1990.\nRehearing denied November 26, 1990.\nJohn Robinson, State\u2019s Attorney, of Sullivan (Kenneth R. Boyle, Robert J. Biderman, and David E. Mannchen, all of State\u2019s Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor\u2019s Office, of counsel), for the People.\nDaniel D. Yuhas and Lawrence Bapst, both of State Appellate Defender\u2019s Office, of Springfield, for appellees." }, "file_name": "0813-01", "first_page_order": 835, "last_page_order": 841 }