{ "id": 2559312, "name": "ALUMA SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. FREDERICK QUINN CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Aluma System, Inc. v. Frederick Quinn Corp.", "decision_date": "1990-11-30", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201487\u20143072", "first_page": "828", "last_page": "859", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "206 Ill. App. 3d 828" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "350 N.E.2d 36", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "38" }, { "page": "39" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "39 Ill. App. 3d 255", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 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FREDERICK QUINN CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE COCCIA\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nOn July 30, 1985, the Capitol Development Board (CDB), an agency of the State of Illinois, entered into a contract with Frederick Quinn Corporation (Quinn), as general contractor, for the construction of the Biotechnology Research Facility (hereafter the Project), part of Chicago Technology Park at the University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. Quinn subcontracted a portion of its work, i.e., the concrete work, to C. Dew & Son, Inc. (Dew), which in turn subcontracted the concrete forming work to Conform Erectors, Inc. (Conform). Under the terms of a written agreement executed on or about September 9, 1985, Conform rented a variety of aluminum beam and other construction equipment from the plaintiff, Aluma Systems, Inc., a foreign corporation licensed to do business in Illinois. The contract between Conform and Aluma specifically stated that the equipment was rented for a three-month period, for use at the Project construction site. Conform, which never paid Aluma the amount due under the rental agreement, has since gone out of business and apparently filed for bankruptcy after the filing of this appeal.\nIn an effort to recover the $20,953.78 which it claims it is owed for its contribution to the Project, Aluma sought a remedy pursuant to section 23 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 23) (hereinafter referred to as section 23), which allows subcontractors of a general contractor employed by a public body to establish a lien on funds, in possession of the public body, which have not yet been paid out to the general contractor. It simultaneously brought a claim pursuant to \u201cAn Act in relation to *** contracts for public construction\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, pars. 15, 16) (hereinafter referred to as the Bond for Public Works Act, or the Bond Act), which permits recovery, on the general contractor\u2019s surety bond, of payments for labor and materials used in public construction projects. Firemen\u2019s Insurance Company of Newark, New Jersey (Firemen\u2019s), a defendant in this case and a party to this appeal, was Quinn\u2019s surety for the Project under the terms of a payment bond, to be discussed more fully below. Aluma is appealing from certain orders of the circuit court of Cook County, chancery division, dismissing with prejudice both counts of its complaint: count I, asserting a claim under section 23; and count II, relying on the Bond Act.\nIn order to adequately explain the issues raised by the parties and our resolution of those issues, it is necessary to set out the procedural history of this litigation in the context of the statutory requirements which govern the plaintiff\u2019s claims. Section 23, the section of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act (the Act) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 1 et seq.) pertaining to public improvements, provides in relevant part:\n\u201cAny person who shall furnish material, apparatus, fixtures, machinery or labor to any contractor having a contract for public improvement for the State, may have a lien for the value thereof on the money *** due or about to become due the contractor *** by giving to the Director or other official, whose duty it is to let such contract, written notice of his claim for lien containing a sworn statement of the claim showing with particularity the several items and the amount claimed to be due on each. The claimant shall furnish a copy of said notice at once to the contractor. The person claiming such lien may cause such written notice with sworn statement of claim to be given either by sending such notice (by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, with delivery limited to addressee only) to, or by delivering such notice to the Director or other official of the State whose duty it is to let such contract; and the copy of such notice *** may be sent *** or delivered to such contractor in like manner. *** The person so claiming a lien shall, within 90 days after giving such notice, commence proceedings by complaint for an accounting, making the contractor having a contract with the State and the contractor to whom such material, apparatus, fixtures, machinery or labor was furnished, parties defendant, and shall, within the same period notify the Director *** by delivering to him a copy of the complaint filed ***. Failure to commence proceedings within 90 days after giving notice of lien pursuant to this subsection shall terminate the lien and no subsequent notice of lien may be given for the same claim nor may that claim be as serted in any proceedings pursuant to this Act. It shall be the duty of the Director, upon receipt of the written notice with sworn statement as herein provided, to withhold payment of a sum sufficient to pay the amount of such claim, for the period limited for the filing of suit ***. Upon the expiration of this period the money *** so withheld shall be released for payment to the contractor unless the person claiming the lien shall have instituted proceedings and delivered to the Director a copy of the complaint as herein provided, in which case, the amount claimed shall be withheld until final adjudication of the suit is had.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 23(c).)\nAdditionally, section 23(a) states as follows:\n\u201cFor the purpose of this Section \u2018contractor\u2019 includes any sub-contractor-, \u2018State\u2019 includes any department, board or commission thereof ***; and \u2018director\u2019 includes any chairman or president of any State department, board or commission, or the president or chief executive officer or such other person financing and constructing a public improvement for the benefit of the State.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 23(a).\nThe record reveals that Aluma, on September 12, 1986, .sent a \u201cNotice of Claim for Lien on Public Funds and on Bond\u201d (the September 12 notice) by certified mail, return receipt requested, to each of the following: Fred Garcia, director of physical plant, University of Illinois, Chicago; Robert Conte, project manager, University of Illinois, Chicago; attorney Diane Sagner, University of Illinois counsel\u2019s office, Chicago; Capitol Development Board, Stratton Office Building, Springfield, Illinois; Frederick Quinn Corporation; Conform Erectors; Dew Construction; and \u201cFireman\u2019s [sic] Fund Insurance Company, Parsicppany, New Jersey.\u201d The notice included a sworn statement that Aluma was owed the Sum of $19,422.47 for providing to Conform \u201ccertain rental equipment\u201d for the Project, plus interest and attorney fees. However, it is undisputed that Gary Skoien, Executive Director of the State of Illinois Capitol Development Board, was in fact the \u201cDirector or other official *** whose duty it [was] to let the contract\u201d entered into by the CDB and Quinn. It is also undisputed that no copy of Aluma\u2019s September 12 notice was ever sent, delivered, or addressed specifically to Gary Skoien, or to the \u201cexecutive director\u201d of the CDB.\nAlso contained in the record on appeal is a letter dated September 9, 1986, and signed by Aluma\u2019s attorney. The letter is addressed to Fred Garcia, director of physical plant, University of Illinois, Chicago. It requests from Garcia a copy of the bond posted on Quinn\u2019s contract for the Project, and further asks Garcia to \u201cadvise as to the name, address and title of the State of Illinois official responsible for letting the contracts and [sic] thus should receive service of the Contractor\u2019s Claim for Lien on Public Funds.\u201d Plaintiff\u2019s attorney stated, in other court documents of record, that he received no response to this this letter. He further stated that his initial information from Aluma indicated that the Project was a University of Illinois at Chicago job; that upon personal investigation, he was advised by the university attorney\u2019s office and two other university employees that it was a university job and was given \u201cthe name of the person who supposedly let the contract in behalf of the University.\u201d He then sent the letter to Garcia and filed the notice of lien claim three days later.\nOn October 27, 1986, Aluma sent its \u201cSecond Notice of Claim for Lien on Public Funds and on Bond\u201d (the October 27 notice), by certified mail, return receipt requested, to the same addressees who were sent the September 12 notice, with two changes. Attorney Brian Higgins was substituted for attorney Diane Sagner at the University of Illinois counsel\u2019s office, and \u201cKenneth E. Delford, Office for Capitol Programs, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois,\u201d was also notified. The October 27 notice included the same sworn statement as the previous notice, except that the sum owed to Aluma in rental fees was stated to be $20,953.78.\nOn, November 6, 1986, Aluma filed an action in the circuit court of Cook County, chancery division (hereafter the first lawsuit). Aluma\u2019s complaint, entitled \u201cComplaint to Foreclose Public Lien,\u201d named Quinn, Dew, Conform and the \u201cUniversity of Illinois at Chicago, a subdivision of the State of Illinois,\u201d as defendants. The complaint contained the following allegations: (1) that Aluma was a corporation \u201cengaged in the business of providing aluminum beam and related construction material and equipment\u201d; (2) that the University of Illinois at Chicago entered into a contract with Quinn for the construction of the Project, and that plaintiff did not have a copy of that contract; (3) that Quinn had subcontracted a portion of its work to Dew, which in turn had subcontracted a portion of its work to Conform; (4) that on September 9, 1985, Aluma entered into a \u201csubcontract agreement\u201d to rent certain materials to Conform and had performed every condition of that agreement; (5) that all of the material was \u201caccepted and incorporated into the [Project] premises *** or used on said job\u201d; and (6) that on August 15, 1986, \u201cthe last date of delivery and work,\u201d the sum of $20,953.78 became due and remained due and unpaid. The complaint further stated that \u201con September 12, 1986 and on October 27, 1986, Plaintiff notified [the] University of Illinois at Chicago of the abovementioned sums due to the Plaintiff for materials furnished and of its Claim for Lien *** upon the money due to Quinn\u201d by certified mail, return receipt requested, and that \u201cit thereupon became the duty of the University *** to withhold sufficient money to pay the amount due to Plaintiff.\u201d Aluma requested from the court an accounting to determine the amount due; an order declaring Aluma to have a lien on the sums due and \u201cnow in the possession of the University,\u201d and an order directing the university to pay Aluma the amount found to be due, with interest and costs.\nAttached to Aluma\u2019s complaint in the first lawsuit was a copy of its contract with Conform and copies of the September 12 and October 27 notices of lien claim. The two-page agreement between Conform, \u201cas lessee,\u201d and Aluma specifically states that plaintiff thereby agreed to supply to Conform certain \u201cAluma and Hi-Load equipment\u201d for the \u201cClarence Dew/Bio-Tech/Chicago Technology Park\u201d project for a three-month period beginning September 17, 1985, at a certain discount rental fee, and that an interest charge of 1.5% would be charged on overdue payments. The second page of the contract consists of a \u201cquantity breakdown sheet\u201d stating the various types and amounts of equipment rented, and its total monthly rental value.\nIt is apparent from other documents of record that sometime prior to December 8, 1986, the university filed a motion to dismiss Aluma\u2019s complaint. Plaintiff\u2019s attorney has stated in the record and at oral argument before this court that he first discovered that the Project was a CDB project at this time, and \u201cimmediately\u201d endeavored to serve the correct public official. On December 8, 1986, Aluma sent a notice, titled \u201cCorrected Notice of Claim for Lien on Public Funds and on Bond\u201d (the December 8 notice), with sworn statement, by certified mail, return receipt requested, to each of the following: Gary Skoien, Executive Director, State of Illinois Capitol Development Board, Stratton Office Building, Springfield, Illinois; Charles Stevenson, Project Manager, State of Illinois Center, Chicago, Illinois; Quinn; Dew; Conform; and \u201cFireman\u2019s [sic] Fund Insurance Company, Parsicppany, New Jersey.\u201d The sworn statement, including the sum of money claimed, was identical to that of the October 27 notice.\nOn January 9, 1987, Aluma sent another notice, labeled \u201cSecond Corrected Notice of Claim for Lien on Public Funds and on Bond\u201d (the January 9 notice), also by certified mail, return receipt requested, and containing the same sworn statement, to the following: Gary Skoien; Charles Stevenson; Quinn; Dew; Conform; and \u201cFireman\u2019s [sic] Insurance Company of Newark New Jersey ***, New York, New York 10038.\u201d\nSubsequently, plaintiff moved to voluntarily dismiss the first lawsuit. On January 26, 1987, the same day as its motion was granted, it filed the suit which is the subject of this appeal (hereafter, the second lawsuit). Count I of Aluma\u2019s \u201cComplaint to Foreclose Public Lien and Other Relief\u201d contained essentially the same allegations as its complaint in the first lawsuit. However, the \u201cState of Illinois through its agency the Capitol Development Board\u201d was named as a defendant, along with Quinn, Dew and Conform, and plaintiff alleged that the CDB, instead of the university, had entered into the contract with Quinn. Plaintiff further stated, in count I, that it had notified the CDB and all the officials therein listed by a notice served by certified mail \u201con December 12, 1986\u201d (the notice dated December 8), a copy of which was attached to the complaint. Count I did not mention the January 9 notice. It requested that the court take an accounting, that Aluma be decreed to have a lien, and that the CDB be ordered to pay to Aluma the amount due.\nCount II, naming Firemen\u2019s (incorrectly sued as \u201cFireman\u2019s Fund\u201d) as an additional defendant, asserted a claim based on the payment bond, pursuant to the Bond Act. It stated that within 180 days of the last date upon which material was furnished by Aluma, a notice of claim under the contractor\u2019s bond was given to the CDB, with copies sent to Quinn and Firemen\u2019s. The January 9 notice, as exhibit IV, was attached to the complaint in support of these allegations. Also attached to the complaint were copies of Aluma\u2019s contract with Conform and Quinn\u2019s contract with the CDB, including the performance and payment bonds which formed an integral part of that agreement.\nQuinn filed its motion to dismiss on February 25, 1987, asserting that plaintiff\u2019s claim against it was barred by affirmative matter avoiding the legal effect of the claim, pursuant to section 2 \u2014 619 of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1987, ch. 110, par. 2\u2014619(a)(9)). In support of its motion, Quinn pointed to the allegation in Aluma\u2019s complaint that it gave notice of its lien to the public body on December 12, 1986. Quinn contrasted this statement with the allegation in Aluma\u2019s earlier complaint, in the first lawsuit, that Aluma\u2019s claim for lien was served on the university on September 12, 1986, and noted that the September 12 notice was also served on the CDB. Quinn argued that pursuant to the express requirements of section 23, plaintiff was to have commenced its action prior to December 12, 1986, in order to meet the 90-day filing limitation, and that, furthermore, the statute provides that \u201cno subsequent notice of lien may be given.\u201d Thus, Quinn contended that Aluma\u2019s November 6, 1986, complaint, which Quinn attached to its motion, constituted affirmative matter barring the instant claim, which was based upon a purported lien which Aluma, by not adhering to the statute\u2019s procedural requirements, had never perfected.\nAlso on February 25, 1987, Firemen\u2019s moved to dismiss the claim asserted against it in count II. Firemen\u2019s contended that count II was deficient in two respects. First, while the payment bond specifically defined a \u201cclaimant\u201d under the bond as \u201cany person, firm or corporation having contracts with Principal [Quinn] or with Principal\u2019s subcontractor [Dew] for labor or materials,\u201d Aluma had alleged only that it had contracted with Conform. Second, Aluma had not supplied \u201clabor or materials,\u201d but instead had only \u201crented certain equipment.\u201d Citing Elinois case law in support of the premise that a surely on a payment bond is not liable beyond the express terms of its undertaking, which terms in this case did not include either material suppliers of sub-subcontractors or suppliers of rental equipment, Firemen\u2019s argued that Aluma was not entitled to relief under the bond.\nPlaintiff filed written memoranda in opposition to both motions to dismiss. With respect to Quinn\u2019s motion, plaintiff argued that only the public body, and not the general contractor, has standing to seek a dismissal based on an alleged defect in a notice of lien under section 23. It further contended that the September 12 and October 27 notices should be considered nullities, since they were not served on the proper State official named in the statute, and that because the instant case was filed within 90 days of the December 8 \u201cvalid\u201d notice, it was commenced within the requisite statutory period and should not be dismissed. With respect to Firemen\u2019s motion to dismiss its claim under the Bond Act, Aluma argued that it fell within the express language of the statute defining those who were entitled to assert claims, and that the legislature had not intended to exclude persons in its position from recovery.\nOn May 26, 1987, the trial court heard arguments on the motions to dismiss. Counsel for Quinn and Firemen\u2019s maintained that Aluma was trying to circumvent the express language of section 23, which prohibits subsequent notices for the same claim, by claiming that its first two notices were \u201cinvalid\u201d and that the period for commencing its lawsuit should run from the time of its \u201cvalid\u201d notice of December 8. In its order granting Quinn\u2019s motion, the court found that \u201cplaintiff\u2019s notices of lien *** dated September 12, 1986, October 27, 1986, and December 12, 1986 as served by Aluma are null and void.\u201d The court\u2019s order further stated that it did not need to consider the arguments related to Firemen\u2019s motion in order to dismiss the entire action, because \u201cthe granting of Quinn\u2019s [m]otion *** disposes of Firemen\u2019s [mjotion.\u201d\nAluma moved for reconsideration of the court\u2019s May 26, 1987, order. At the hearing on Aluma\u2019s motions to reconsider, defendants\u2019 counsel agreed with Aluma\u2019s position that the two motions to dismiss should have been considered separately. Both sides were permitted to reargue the merits of Firemen\u2019s motion, whereupon the trial judge found that Firemen\u2019s motion should be granted on \u201cgrounds as reenunciated.\u201d In an order dated September 16, 1987, the trial court denied plaintiff\u2019s motions to reconsider, granted Firemen\u2019s motion to dismiss, and found that there was no just reason to delay enforcement or appeal.\nOn appeal, Aluma presents the following issues for our review: (1) whether the trial court erred in granting Quinn\u2019s motion to dismiss its mechanics\u2019 lien claim (a) because Quinn, as general contractor, had no standing to challenge the sufficiency of its notice to the public body; or (b) because Aluma\u2019s December 8 notice satisfied the statutory requirements, and, as the first \u201cvalid\u201d notice, allowed 90 days from December 8, 1986, in which to commence an action for an accounting and thus perfect the lien; or (c) because the spirit and intent of section 23 were not violated by successive notices where the previous notices were served on incorrect officials in good faith and the correct official was subsequently notified and a suit commenced within 90 days thereof; or (d) alternatively, assuming that this court finds its September 12 notice to be legally valid for purposes of section 23, because Aluma extended by one year the time period for filing its second lawsuit, by virtue of the involuntary dismissal of its first lawsuit, pursuant to provisions of the Code of Civil Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13\u2014217); and (2) whether the trial court improperly granted Firemen\u2019s motion to dismiss count II of Aluma\u2019s complaint because Aluma was an intended claimant under the provisions of the Bond Act and the payment bond posted by Quinn.\nOpinion\nWe observe at the outset that counts I and II of plaintiff\u2019s complaint are separate and independent claims under different statutes. Consequently, Quinn\u2019s motion, challenging the mechanics\u2019 lien claim, and Firemen\u2019s motion, challenging the Bond Act claim, require separate analysis and determination.\nWe first address the trial court\u2019s order granting Quinn\u2019s section 2 \u2014 619 motion to dismiss Aluma\u2019s public mechanics\u2019 lien claim. As a preliminary matter, we find no merit in plaintiff\u2019s contention that Quinn is challenging the validity of its September 12 notice based on service to the incorrect public official, and that only the public body has standing to seek dismissal on that ground. Aluma relies on Chicago Wood Piling Co. v. Anderson (1942), 313 Ill. App. 242, 39 N.E.2d 702, a section 23 case in which the court held that the original contractor was not in a position to question the sufficiency of notice given to the county by a subcontractor\u2019s supplier, citing prior case law for the premise that the question of whether notice is served on the proper official can be raised only by the party upon which notice must be served. (Chicago Wood Piling Co., 313 Ill. App. at 247-48, 39 N.E.2d at 704-05.) While contrary authority may also be cited (Pirola v. W.J. Turnes Co. (1909), 238 Ill. 210, 87 N.E. 354; Edwin Pratt\u2019s Sons\u2019 Co. v. Schafer (1937), 290 Ill. App. 80, 7 N.E.2d 901), we need not resolve the issue of standing because Quinn\u2019s motion to dismiss does not challenge the sufficiency or validity of the September 12 or October 27 notices, based on service to an incorrect official or any other defect. Quinn\u2019s motion alleges that Aluma, by filing successive notices for the same claim, and by filing the instant lawsuit more than 90 days after its first notice, failed to comply with the prescribed statutory procedure for perfecting a lien upon which a cause of action could be based. Certainly Quinn, as a defendant in the case, can assert as grounds for dismissal the plaintiff\u2019s failure to perfect the purported lien upon which its claim rests.\nIllinois case law on public mechanics\u2019 liens is not extensive. Issues relating to the procedural requirements, particularly, have not been well litigated and are not settled. (See generally Finch, A Primer on Illinois Mechanics\u2019 Liens, 75 Ill. Bar J. 500 (1987).) However, certain established principles must guide our analysis of the issues. Mechanics\u2019 liens, public or private, are wholly a creation of statute; no comparable right or remedy was recognized at common law or in equity. This fact has given rise to the well-settled rule that the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act must be strictly construed with reference to all requirements upon which the right to a lien depends. (North Side Sash & Door Co. v. Hecht (1920), 295 Ill. 515, 129 N.E. 173; Joseph N. Eisendrath Co. v. Gebhardt (1906), 222 Ill. 113, 78 N.E. 22; Mixer v. Billingsley (1982), 110 Ill. App. 3d 239, 442 N.E.2d 275.) Courts have specifically applied this general rule to liens on funds for public improvements under section 23. (See, e.g., Alexander Lumber Co. v. Coberg (1934), 356 Ill. 49, 190 N.E. 99; Gunther v. O\u2019Brien Brothers Construction Co. (1937), 293 Ill. App. 28, 12 N.E.2d 23, rev\u2019d on other grounds (1938), 369 Ill. 362, 16 N.E.2d 890.) The burden of proving that each requisite has been satisfied is on the party seeking to enforce the lien. (Edward Electric Co. v. Automation, Inc. (1988), 164 Ill. App. 3d 547, 549, 518 N.E.2d 172, 174.) Furthermore, it has been stated that a mechanics\u2019 lien \u201cshould be enforced when the party brings himself within the provisions of the statute, but it should not be extended to cases not provided for by the language of the act even though they may fall within its reason.\u201d Alexander Lumber Co. v. Coberg (1934), 356 Ill. 49, 53, 190 N.E. 99, 101; Hoier v. Kaplan (1924), 313 Ill. 448, 451, 145 N.E. 234, 244.\nThe above-stated rules of strict construction are followed by the courts despite the equitable nature of mechanics\u2019 liens procedures and despite section 39 of the Act, which states, \u201cThis act is and shall be liberally construed as a remedial act.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 39.) Thus, the effect of section 39 has not been to broaden the class of claimants to which the right of lien extends or to substantially ameliorate the necessity for strict procedural compliance in order to perfect a lien. While our supreme court has declined to establish filing requirements other than those expressly provided in the Act, not wishing to render validly perfected liens technically unenforceable, it remains the settled rule that \u201c[t]he lien is valid only if each of the statutory requirements is scrupulously observed.\u201d (First Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Connelly (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 242, 246, 454 N.E.2d 314, 316.) Once a proper lien claimant has \u201cstrictly complied with each of the statutory requirements, he has a right to expect that his lien will be completely enforceable.\u201d (Connelly, 97 Ill. 2d at 251, 454 N.E .2d at 319.) As one commentator has succinctly stated:\n\u201cThe effect of [section] 39, therefore, is to liberalize the court proceedings necessary to enforce the right of lien created by the [Mechanics\u2019 Liens] Act. To obtain that right, however, one must comply strictly with the Act. It is this rule of strict construction which is chiefly responsible for the somewhat technical interpretation of the Act by the courts and for the difficulty often involved in exercising the rights created by it.\u201d Simon, Nature, Origin, & Classes of Mechanics\u2019 Liens, in Illinois Mechanics\u2019 Liens ch. 1, \u00a71.9 (Ill. Inst. for Cont. Legal Educ. 1986).\nHowever, notwithstanding the strict construction generally given to all sections of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act, there is authority which favors some flexibility in applying the general rules, so that the statute\u2019s provisions are not construed so technically that its remedial purpose is undermined and all but lost in the process. For example, United Cork Cos. v. Volland (1937), 365 Ill. 564, 7 N.E.2d 301, involved a complaint which alleged an incorrect completion date for the subcontractor\u2019s work on a private construction project. The completion date as alleged occurred two months before the claim was filed, while evidence showed that the final work was actually done several months after the filing of the claim, although plaintiff was requesting no payment for the work done subsequent to the filing. Our supreme court reversed the appellate court decision overturning the subcontractor\u2019s recovery in the trial court, based on this technical variance, and further stated:\n\u201cThe doctrine of strict construction was never meant to be applied as a pitfall to the unwary, in good faith pursuing the path marked by the statute, nor as an ambuscade from which an adversary can overwhelm him for an immaterial misstep. Its function is to preserve the substantial rights of those against whom the remedy offered by the statute is directed, and it is never employed otherwise.\u201d (United Cork, 365 Ill. at 572, 7 N.E.2d at 305.)\n(See also First Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Connelly (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 242, 251, 454 N.E.2d 314, 319.) Moreover, in an early appellate decision, the court was required to apply the original language of section 23, which limited lien claimants to those furnishing materials to \u201cany contractor,\u201d excluding subcontractors, and yet upheld the lien of a supplier who had received an oral promise of payment by the contractor, but who delivered the materials to a subcontractor in reliance on the contractor\u2019s promise. The court concluded:\n\u201cWhile it has been said by the Supreme Court that this statute [is] in derogation of the common law and should be strictly construed, yet we do not believe that such a construction should be adopted as to deprive one of a remedy for the materials furnished and used in the. erection of the building, if the proper notices have been given ***. The object and purpose of the lien law is to protect those who in good faith furnish materials for the construction of buildings, and such persons ought not by a strict construction to be deprived of this remedy.\u201d Granite City Lime & Cement Co. v. Board of Education of School District No. 126 (1916), 203 Ill. App. 134, 140.\nMechanics\u2019 liens have a long history in Illinois, dating back to the first mechanics\u2019 lien statute in 1825, which created a contractor\u2019s lien on private real estate. (1825 Ill. Laws 101; S. Love, Illinois Mechanics\u2019 Liens 2 (2d ed. 1950).) In 1863 and 1869, statutes were enacted providing for subcontractors\u2019 liens (1863 Ill. Laws 57; 1869 Ill. Laws 255). With the passage of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act of 1895, a lien for labor performed and materials supplied to public improvements projects for the State, municipalities, and other governmental bodies became part of Illinois law. (1895 Ill. Laws 226.) In 1903, a new mechanics\u2019 lien statute superseded all prior enactments. (1903 Ill. Laws 230.) The Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act of 1903, as amended, remains in force to the present day. The only section of the Act which pertains to liens on funds for public improvements (public mechanics\u2019 liens) is the current section 23, and it is a matter of settled law that only section 23 governs the preservation and enforcement of liens on public funds. (Alexander Lumber Co. v. Coberg (1934), 356 Ill. 49, 54, 190 N.E. 99, 101; Anderson \u201cSafeway\u201d Guard Rail Corp. v. Champaign Asphalt Co. (1971), 131 Ill. App. 2d 924, 929, 266 N.E.2d 414, 418; see also S. Love, Illinois Mechanics\u2019 Liens 425 (2d ed. 1950).) This is a reasonable rule, as the lien created by section 23 is materially different from all other liens established under the Act. A public mechanics\u2019 lien is available only to subcontractors, as it is a lien upon the funds awaited by, and due to, the original contractor. More significantly, it is a lien on the fund set aside for the public improvement, rather than upon the land where the building is located. 7A C. Nichols, Illinois Civil Practice, \u00a77577, at 420.\nSection 23 has been amended on numerous occasions since 1903, most often to implement changes in the technical notice and filing procedures and to gradually extend the limitation period for commencing suit from the original 30 days (1919 Ill. Laws 642), to the current 90 days after the filing of the lien claim notice. A 1935 amendment also extended the right of lien to sub-subcontractors and suppliers to subcontractors, where previously a lien had been available only to the general contractor\u2019s immediate subcontractor. (1935 Ill. Laws 950.) In order to resolve the issues presented, we will first need to focus on a 1979 amendment to section 23 which extended the period for commencing suit to its current 90 days, and added the language pertaining to a termination of the lien for failure to comply with the limitation period. The amendment also prohibited filing subsequent notices of lien for the same claim. Public Act 81\u2014794, eff. Jan. 1, 1980 (amending Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 82, par. 23).\nThe applicable rules of statutory construction were well articulated in Koenig v. McCarthy Construction Co. (1951), 344 Ill. App. 93, 100 N.E .2d 338. In interpreting the language used in a statute,\n\u201cthe primary aim is to ascertain the legislative intent [citation], which may be discerned from the history of the legislation or from the use of the terms in other sections of the same or other Illinois statutes. [Citation.] This approach must precede any analogy to interpretations of allegedly similar statutes by courts of other jurisdictions.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Koenig, 344 Ill. App. at 97, 100 N.E.2d at 340.)\nIt has been further noted that the dissimilarity of the various mechanics\u2019 lien statutes makes judicial decisions based on the statutes of other States of little use in the construction of ours. (Hoier v. Kaplan (1924), 313 Ill. 448, 455, 145 N.E. 243, 245; Provost v. Shirk (1906), 223 Ill. 468, 475-76, 79 N.E. 178, 180-81.) Of course, the reviewing court\u2019s determination of the legislative intent must always begin with the statutory language itself. As-our supreme court has recently reiterated, the express language of an enactment is the best indication of the intent of the drafters, and that language should be examined, and given its plain and ordinary meaning, before resort is made to other interpretive aids. Henry v. St. John\u2019s Hospital (1990), 138 Ill. 2d 533, 541.\nPlaintiff, by any one of several arguments, urges us to find that, despite technical noncompliance, it has not violated the spirit and intent of section 23's procedural requirements in attempting to perfect a lien. It maintains that it is a proper lien claimant protected by the statute, and that under the particular circumstances here presented, it should not be deprived of. an opportunity to establish its claim. For the reasons set forth below, we agree.\nAt the outset, we observe that there has been no suggestion by any party that plaintiff acted with anything but good faith in prosecuting its claim. Plaintiff contends, as it did in the circuit court, that it made its first effort to notify the correct public official after receiving incorrect and misleading information from several sources. Later, upon discovering its error, it acted promptly to notify the director whose duty it was to let the contract in question. At that point, plaintiff apparently believed that the most prudent course of action was to seek a voluntary dismissal of its first lawsuit and immediately file a new complaint, relying on its \u201cvalid\u201d December 8 notice. Aluma feared that after it moved to amend its complaint, which would then relate back to the date of its original complaint (i.e., November 6, 1986) for the purpose of determining whether it was time barred, the court would deem its suit \u201cpremature,\u201d because its first \u201cvalid\u201d notice, to the correct official, had been sent after, not before, the date of its complaint for an accounting. By the express terms of section 23, the lien claim notice is a prerequisite for filing suit based upon the claim. Aluma therefore determined to commence an action that would unambiguously \u201cfollow\u201d the requisite \u201cvalid\u201d notice.\nThere are few reported cases dealing with the statutory notice provisions of section 23 as they relate to a misdirected notice or to the notification of an incorrect public official. While it is clear that the circuit court has jurisdiction over the subject matter of the claim, even if the lien notice is, for some reason, not valid (People ex rel. Anderson v. Village of Bradley (1937), 367 Ill. 301, 304-05, 11 N.E.2d 415, 418; A.J. Davinroy Plumbing & Heating v. Finis P. Ernest, Inc. (1980), 87 Ill. App. 3d 1047, 1052, 409 N.E.2d 372, 376), the law is unsettled as to the effect of procedural defects upon a plaintiff\u2019s attempt to perfect a lien.\nIn Wilbur Waggoner Equipment Rental & Excavating Co. v. Johnson (1975), 33 Ill. App. 3d 358, 342 N.E.2d 266, plaintiff furnished material and equipment for the demolition of a public high school and then attempted to claim a lien on the money due the original contractor. When defendants, officials of the school district, failed to withhold the money from the contractor, Waggoner sued the officials, in their individual capacities, for breach of their duty under section 23. The appellate court found that Waggoner was \u201cin neither literal nor substantial compliance with th[e] statute,\u201d as it had sent its lien claim notice to the \u201cBoard of Education of District 189,\u201d attention of \u201cMiss Carol Frye,\u201d who apparently had no connection with the defendants, rather than directly to the defendants, business manager and superintendent, respectively, of \u201cSchool District No. 189.\u201d Furthermore, plaintiff had failed to commence a lawsuit within the then required 60 days of notice. (Waggoner, 33 Ill. App. 3d at 362, 342 N.E.2d at 269-70.) Accordingly, the trial court had properly dismissed the damage claim against the two officials, because, \u201cin view of the failure of plaintiff to follow the procedure provided in section 23 no duty devolve[d] upon the officials charged.\u201d (Waggoner, 33 Ill. App. 3d at 363, 342 N.E.2d at 270.) While Waggoner differs in important respects from the case at bar, particularly in that Waggoner never filed a lawsuit within the required time period after its \u201cinsufficient\u201d notice, it does at least suggest that \u201csubstantial compliance\u201d with the section 23 notice provisions might be held sufficient under different facts. Waggoner, 33 Ill. App. 3d at 361-62, 342 N.E.2d at 269.\nAnother case raising an issue of substantial compliance is A.J. Davinroy Plumbing & Heating v. Finis P. Ernest, Inc. (1980), 87 Ill. App. 3d 1047, 409 N.E.2d 372. In Davinroy, plaintiff mailed its notice of lien to the county housing authority\u2019s attorney, among others, but not to the housing authority\u2019s chairman and executive director, who were the officials authorized to disburse funds under the relevant contract. Plaintiff urged the court to rule in its favor because of its \u201csubstantial compliance\u201d with section 23. The court declined, based not only upon the defective notice, but also upon plaintiff\u2019s failure to file its suit within the prescribed time and its failure to serve a copy of the complaint for that suit upon the correct official. As the court concluded, \u201cit [could] not be said that plaintiff *** substantially complied with the act.\u201d (Davinroy, 87 Ill. App. 3d at 1053, 409 N.E.2d at 376.) Five months later, another appellate panel held that the mechanics\u2019 lien claim of a material supplier for a public school construction project should not have been dismissed. (O.E. Schrock, Inc. v. Blue Mound Community Unit School District No. 10 (1981), 92 Ill. App. 3d 1138, 1140, 416 N.E.2d 732, 734.) The only defect in Schrock\u2019s compliance with statutory procedure was that the copy of its complaint, timely served upon, and admittedly received by, the correct school board official, was not certified. The court stated that this one technical error, in what was otherwise perfect compliance with section 23, would not invalidate plaintiff\u2019s claim. Schrock, 92 Ill. App. 3d at 1139, 416 N.E.2d at 733.\nWhile the above-cited cases are useful, in that they illustrate the willingness of reviewing courts to at least consider the \u201csubstantial compliance\u201d argument when deciding notice and filing questions, the older case of Edwin Pratt\u2019s Sons\u2019 Co. v. Schafer (1937), 290 Ill. App. 80, 7 N.E.2d 901, most closely parallels the case at bar on its facts. The defendants in Pratt contended, inter alia, that plaintiff had lost its lien because it had initially filed a notice on March 28, 1929, with the Illinois Director of Purchases and Construction, and other officials, rather than with the Director of Finance, as then required by section 23. Plaintiff subsequently filed another notice, on May 2, 1929, with the correct State officials, and then filed suit on May 15, 1929, \"within the then applicable 30-day limitation period as measured from the second notice. It had never commenced an action within 30 days of its first, defective notice. The court, holding that the plaintiff had not lost its lien under these facts, concluded:\n\u201cThe lien was not enforceable unless the sworn statement was filed with the officials named in the section. (Pirola v. Turnes Co., 238 Ill. 210.) The sworn statement, or claim for lien, in the present case not having been filed with the officials named in the section, was irregular and defective. In cases of this kind, where the claim for lien is defective and not sufficient in law, the lien claimant is entitled to fix and attach his lien by filing a second claim for lien. Berger Mfg. Co. v. New York, 206 N.Y. 24, 99 N.E. 153. (See, also, 40 C. J. 177.)\u201d Pratt, 290 Ill. App. at 87, 7 N.E.2d at 904.\nAlthough the approach taken by the Pratt court seem inherently practical and fair, we observe that Pratt was announced at a time when neither section 23 nor the analogous New York statute set any limit on the number of notices a lien claimant could file for the same claim. In 1979, the Illinois legislature amended section 23 to prohibit successive notices, while at the same time extending the limitation period for commencing suit to 90 days following the notice date. The legislative history of the amendment reveals that Public Act 81 \u2014 794, which incorporated the changes into section 23, began as Senate Bill 1140, sponsored by Senator Walsh. (Pub. Act 81 \u2014 794, eff. Jan. 1, 1980.) As originally introduced, the bill would have provided for the termination of any lien for which no suit was commenced within the limitation period, but would have retained the 60-day limitation period then in effect. (81st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 22, 1979, at 155.) However, the House committee to which the bill was assigned adopted an amendment to the bill, after consultation with construction industry representatives and other interested parties, which essentially became the final version of Public Act 81 \u2014 794. As enacted, the amendatory legislation, inter alia, extended the limitation period from 60 to 90 days following the lien claim notice, and inserted the express language providing that \u201c[failure to commence proceedings within 90 days after filing a notice of lien pursuant to this paragraph shall terminate the lien and no subsequent notice of lien may be filed for the same claim nor may that claim be asserted in any proceedings pursuant to this Act.\u201d Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 82, par. 23.\nFrom the legislative history we may discern some general objectives behind the new language of section 23. Senator Walsh explained that the provision for forfeiture of the lien if a suit was not commenced within the limitation period was inserted for the purpose of adding a \u201csanction\u201d for failure to file a timely lawsuit, as opposed to simply stating the limitation period. (81st Ill. Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 22, 1979, at 155.) The bill\u2019s House sponsor, Representative Daniels, stated that with a 90-day limitation period, there was a \u201cgreater possibility that settlements [might] be reached without the necessity for court action.\u201d 81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, June 19, 1979, at 135.\nThe most extensive discussion of Senate Bill 1140 occurred on June 13, 1979, when the House Judiciary I Committee heard testimony from construction industry spokesmen and entertained questions from legislators, before voting to adopt the amendment to the original bill. At this time, Robert Maher, representing an organization comprising a large segment of the Illinois construction industry, testified as a proponent of the bill at the request of Representative Daniels. Maher explained that the changes in section 23 had been drafted with input from many interested parties, including contractor and subcontractor groups, insurance industry groups, and State agencies. He further stated that those involved believed that there was a need to clarify the language in the Act regarding the forfeiture of liens on public funds for failure to file suit within the time prescribed. The clarification was necessary, according to Maher, because a practice had developed in Illinois, over the years, despite the express 60-day limitation period, whereby subcontractors would, for example, file a notice of lien, then \u201cwait 55 days,\u201d then file \u201ca successive notice,\u201d then wait another 55 days and file another notice, all for the same claim. This practice would both tie up public funds and \u201ccircumvent the intent of the General Assembly and the law\u201d that in order to enforce a public mechanics\u2019 lien, one must file a lawsuit within the prescribed time. In Maher\u2019s words, he believed that, in order to \u201cprotect the public body,\u201d it was necessary to \u201cclean up these contracts.\u201d (81st Ill. Gen. Assem., House Proceedings, June 13, 1979, Judiciary I Committee (taped debate on Senate Bill 1140).) While the above comments and testimony shed some light on the legislative intent behind the amendment, our research has uncovered no discussion or debate specifically focusing on the language which forbids \u201csubsequent notice of lien *** for the same claim.\u201d This is the language upon which Quinn\u2019s motion to dismiss essentially relies.\nThe procedure followed by Aluma must be viewed in light of the express language of section 23, the legislative intent in amending the statute in 1979, and the applicable legal rules. With respect to the September 12 notice, we believe that the facts as presented support a ruling in favor of Aluma\u2019s substantial compliance with the statute and the validity of that notice under section 23. Notice to the Capitol Development Board, generally, did not in itself constitute compliance with the requirement of giving notice to the correct public official, i.e., its Executive Director, Gary Skoien. He was not notified until December 8. However, this court was informed at oral argument that Project Manager Robert Conte, who was sent the September 12 notice, apparently had duties directly related to the letting and execution of the contract. Furthermore, none of the parties have alleged that the State did not receive actual notice on or about September 12, 1986, or did not withhold the requested funds on the basis of that notice. While plaintiff would have been wise to pursue further its inquiries concerning the identity of the public official whose duty it was to let the contract, the fact remains that Aluma made numerous good-faith efforts to serve notice on the correct public official, while at the same time directing notice of its claim to individual State employees at the university who undisputedly had some connection with the management of the project or the Quinn contract, as well as to the Capitol Development Board, generally.\nEqually important, Aluma filed a complaint for an accounting well within 90 days of its first notice. By December 8, still within 90 days of its September 12 notice, all of the correct persons had been sent proper notice of the claim. At this time, plaintiff had an action for an accounting filed and pending in the circuit court. In retrospect, we might question plaintiff\u2019s decision to request an involuntary dismissal in order to file a new complaint, naming the CDB as defendant and relying on what it believed would be an unquestionably \u201cvalid\u201d notice of lien claim, but we can certainly understand the confusion which could arise in such a situation. Forfeiture of the lien for filing suit \u201cprematurely\u201d and failure to serve Gary Skoein with a copy of the November 6 complaint were both of concern. Having considered all of these factual circumstances, and the equitable concerns of justice and fundamental fairness, we hold that plaintiff\u2019s September 12 notice substantially complied with the statutory requirements, so as not to result in forfeiture of its purported lien for reasons of defective service or otherwise, and that the September 12 notice constituted a valid lien claim notice pursuant to section 23.\nIt is, however, the sending of successive notices, and not any defect in plaintiff\u2019s first notice, which is the substance of Quinn\u2019s objection to the claim and the basis for its motion to dismiss. We can glean from the legislative history that the objective of the express \u201cforfeiture\u201d and \u201csubsequent notice\u201d language added to section 23 was essentially to eliminate the tying up of public monies, for more time than reasonably necessary, based solely upon the unverified and unadjudicated claim notices of subcontractors. While subcontractors were still permitted to file the notice for a particular claim at any time, as long as funds remained in the hands of the State, and while they were given an additional 30 days to conduct negotiations and get to the courthouse, after the claim was filed, they were limited to one notice per claim. This would ensure that any necessary litigation would commence promptly and be completed within a reasonable time, and that an individual subcontractor, by filing successive claims for large sums of money, could not exert unwarranted leverage on other parties while causing defacto extension of the 90-day filing period.\nWe do not believe that any of these objectives were undermined by Aluma\u2019s attempts to comply with statutory procedure. While we acknowledge that the statutory provision could be read as imposing an absolute ban on notices subsequent to the first, even if sent only for purposes of correction, and even if the only suit ever brought on the claim was filed within 90 days of the first notice and in reliance thereon, we find the language to be somewhat ambiguous in the context of the entire sentence, \u201cFailure to commence proceedings within 90 days after giving notice of lien pursuant to this subsection shall terminate the lien and no subsequent notices of lien may be given for the same claim nor may that claim be asserted in any proceedings pursuant to this Act.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 23(c).) As previously noted, we were unable to find any legislative history to aid in the interpretation of the \u201csubsequent notice\u201d provision, except for the brief testimony of a nonlegislator proponent, focusing on the overall objective of eliminating practices which undercut the legislative intent in establishing a strictly limited filing period. While the express language of this provision is ambiguous, it is evident that Aluma\u2019s course of action in prosecuting its claim did not contravene the spirit and objectives of the amendment, as we can best discern them. The statute gives plaintiff, in defendants\u2019 words, \u201cone bite at the apple,\u201d and that is all it attempted to take. It attempted to pursue one claim for approximately $20,000 in rental fees, with suit for an accounting filed within 90 days of notice of that claim, and with proceedings continuously and actively pursued thereafter. To hold that, under all the intendant circumstances, Aluma forfeited its lien for filing the successive corrected notices would be unduly harsh and inconsistent with the remedial purpose of section 23. We therefore decline to do so.\nNonetheless, we wish to emphasize that our holding is limited to the particular circumstances of the case at bar. We are not suggesting that a lien claimant who files a notice with an incorrect official may later file another notice to correct the situation and then take up to 90 days from the corrected notice to file suit. The possibilities for abuse and confusion which would result from such a ruling are obvious. The intent of the legislature, that one notice be filed per claim, and that claimants who do not file suit within 90 days of that one notice forfeit their lien, seems clear. Beyond that, we are not willing to construe the prohibition against \u201csubsequent\u201d notices so strictly that it precludes recovery by a lien claimant who proceeded in good faith in the manner outlined here, without undermining the spirit of the statute or prejudicing defendants or third parties.\nBefore proceeding to other issues, we would also observe that section 23 provides no mechanism by which the public body may confidently determine whether a lien claim notice is \u201cvalid\u201d or \u201cinsufficient\u201d for the purpose of starting the 90-day limitation period. It appears that, in practice, when the public body receives actual notice of a claim, it withholds the amount claimed, although it may not be under a legal duty to do so where notice was not sent to the correct official. (See Wilbur Waggoner Equipment Rental & Excavating Co. v. Johnson (1975), 33 Ill. App. 3d 358, 362, 342 N.E.2d 266, 270.) For this reason, among others, clarification of certain provisions of the notice and filing requirements of section 23 might serve the interests of fairness and efficiency in their practical application. Such concerns, however, are properly addressed by the legislature. In the case at bar, plaintiff will be permitted, on remand, to amend its complaint to allege a valid September 12, 1986, notice of lien claim, and count I of its complaint will be deemed to relate back to the original November 6, 1986, filing date for the purpose of meeting the 90-day filing requirement. In addition, the subsequent service of the complaint upon the correct public official will be deemed effective to comply with the statutory provision requiring service on that official within the 90-day filing period. Finally, although plaintiff\u2019s September 12 notice stated that $19,422.47 was unpaid and owing on its rental contract, while its October 27 notice stated for the first time that it was claiming $20,953.78, we do not feel that a limitation of its claim at this point in time would serve any useful purpose, or serve the ends of justice. As it appears that the State has withheld the larger amount to cover Aluma\u2019s claim, its complaint may stand as to the amount requested.\nAlthough unnecessary for the disposition of this appeal, we will briefly address Aluma\u2019s alternative argument relating to involuntary dismissal under section 13 \u2014 217 of the Code of Civil Procedure (the Code) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13\u2014217). Essentially, Aluma contends that, assuming arguendo the legal sufficiency of its September 12 notice, it had an absolute right to voluntarily dismiss its first, timely filed lawsuit, and to refile its complaint anytime within a one-year period, pursuant to section 13\u2014217. The statute provides, in relevant part:\n\u201cIn the actions specified in Article XIII of this Act or any other act or contract where the time for commencing an action is limited, if *** the action is voluntarily dismissed by the plaintiff, *** the plaintiff *** may commence a new action within one year or within the remaining period of limitation, whichever is greater, *** after the action is voluntarily dismissed ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 110, par. 13\u2014217.\nAs plaintiff correctly points out, the Illinois Appellate Court, Fourth District, held in one case that a subcontractor who took a voluntary nonsuit of his complaint to foreclose a private mechanics\u2019 lien under section 21 of the Act could file a new complaint for the same cause of action anytime within one year following the voluntary dismissal order, in reliance on the predecessor provision to section 13\u2014 217 of the Code. The court held that the subcontractor could do so despite the fact that the two-year statute of limitations, which applies to private mechanics\u2019 lien claims, had already run. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 82, pars. 7, 9, 21; LaBarge, Inc. v. Corn Belt Bank (1981), 101 Ill. App. 3d 741, 744, 428 N.E.2d 711, 713.) LaBarge has never been overruled on this point, nor has any appellate decision extended its rationale and holding to a situation involving a section 23 claim. Thus, the question of whether a proper section 23 lien claimant, who strictly complied with all procedural requirements in perfecting a lien, and who timely filed suit within the limitation period, may obtain a voluntary dismissal of the action and then refile the same cause of action anytime within the next year, has not been decided. As we are not required to rule on this issue under the facts of the instant case, we decline to do so. However, we would observe that commencing an action for an accounting within the 90-day limitation period of section 23 is an absolute prerequisite to a right of action trader that section, not merely a limitation upon the amount of time allowed to enforce that right. It is also a limitation period which the legislature has been slow to extend, over the course of a century, from the original 30 days to the current 90 days, while taking steps, discussed above, to prevent its de facto extension by claimants. These factors will no doubt need to be considered in resolving the apparent conflict between the two statutory provisions.\nWe have held that Aluma\u2019s purported lien was not forfeited for reasons of procedural noncompliance. However, this holding can only aid plaintiff\u2019s position if Aluma is also within the general category of claimants who are entitled to protection under the statute. Quinn contends that plaintiff is not a proper lien claimant under section 23 because it is a supplier to a subsubcontractor, occupying the fourth tier in the contractual chain from the original contractor. Our research has revealed no Illinois case upholding the lien rights of a fourth-tier claimant. Nor have we located a decision holding that such suppliers, as a matter of law, do not fall within the statute\u2019s protection. However, we believe that the case of Koenig v. McCarthy Construction Co. (1951), 344 Ill. App. 93, 100 N.E.2d 338, provides ample authority for holding that Aluma\u2019s claim is covered by the mechanics\u2019 liens statute.\nThe facts of Koenig are substantially similar to those of the instant case in certain aspects. In 1948, the City of Joliet engaged McCarthy Construction Company (McCarthy) as general contractor for the construction of a sewer system. McCarthy contracted with Gomorra & Girot Construction (Gomorra) for the system\u2019s precast manhole rings. Gomorra contracted with R.H. Koenig & Son (Koenig), which was to furnish wooden and steel forms for the concrete manhole rings. Koenig delivered the forms to Gomorra, which did not pay Koenig for them. It was stipulated that McCarthy originally had no knowledge of the contract between Koenig and Gomorra, but was served with notices of unpaid claims under the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act. The circuit court ruled that Koenig had a section 23 lien on the funds held by the City of Joliet and due to McCarthy, to the extent of Koenig\u2019s unpaid balance, due from Gomorra. On appeal, the defendants argued, on grounds not relevant here, that Gomorra was not in fact a \u201csubcontractor,\u201d and that therefore Koenig could not be a supplier to a \u201csubcontractor\u201d and thus entitled to a lien.\nIn resolving the issues presented, the Koenig court was required to interpret the term \u201csubcontractor\u201d as it appears in the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act and to apply that interpretation to the language of the 1935 amendment to section 23, extending lien rights to suppliers of \u201csubcontractors.\u201d (1935 Ill. Laws 950.) The specific language at issue, which remains part of the current section 23, declares simply, \u201cFor the purpose of this Section \u2018contractor\u2019 includes any sub-contractor.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 82, par. 23(a).) While the 1935 amendment was clearly a reaction to a court decision construing the section as limited to those contracting directly with or supplying the original contractor (see Alexander Lumber Co. v. Coberg (1934), 356 Ill. 49, 190 N.E. 99), the amendment did not specifically define the term \u201csub-contractor\u201d as used in section 23. Moreover, there was, and is, no legislative history which could shed some light on the particular meaning intended by the General Assembly. Accordingly, the Koenig court looked to section 21 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act, which then stated in relevant part:\n\u201cEvery mechanic, workman or other person who shall furnish any materials, apparatus, machinery or fixtures, or furnish or perform services or labor for the contractor, or shall furnish any material to be employed in the process of construction as a means for assisting in the erection of the building or improvement in what is commonly termed form or form work where concrete, cement or like material is used in whole or in part, shall be known under this act as a subcontractor ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1949, ch. 82, par. 21.)\nThis language, virtually unchanged in the present version, was added to section 21 and other sections of the Act in 1913. (1913 Ill. Laws 400.) Applying the language in section 21 to the declaration of section 23, added in 1935, that \u201ccontractor\u201d included for purposes of that section \u201cany subcontractor,\u201d the court concluded that Koenig was entitled to a lien as a supplier to Gomorra. The court reasoned as follows:\n\u201cThus, it appears that, under a reasonable interpretation of the [Mechanics\u2019 Liens] Act, plaintiffs, who furnished the materials employed in the construction of sewer rings, involving forms work and the use of concrete, as well as defendant Gomorra ***, which provided the completed sewer rings, can properly be regarded as subcontractors under the definition in the Lien Act. Inasmuch as plaintiffs furnished these materials to another subcontractor for the construction of a public improvement and gave proper notice of their unpaid claims, plaintiffs were properly entitled to a lien on the money *** due the defendant McCarthy Construction Co. ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Koenig, 344 Ill. App. at 99-100, 100 N.E.2d at 341.\nKoenig has not been overruled in its holding that both Gomorra and Koenig were \u201csubcontractors,\u201d by virtue of having furnished material to be employed in the process of construction as a means of assisting in concrete form work, and has been cited as authority for that proposition. (Annot., 24 A.L.R.4th 963, 989 (1983).) The same reasoning applied in Koenig is logically applied to the facts of the instant case. All of the parties agree, as stated in their briefs submitted to this court and at oral argument, that Quinn subcontracted the concrete work on the Project to Dew, who subcontracted the concrete forming work to Conform, and that Aluma supplied Conform with concrete forms and related equipment which was used in the process of construction. Therefore, like Koenig, Conform was certainly a \u201csubcontractor\u201d within the statutory meaning of that term, and arguably Aluma as well. It is also undisputed that there was a written contract between Conform and Aluma which on its face tied Aluma\u2019s rental equipment directly to the \u201cClarence Dew/Bio-Tech/Chicago Technology Park\u201d project. Accordingly, we hold that Aluma was, by virtue of being a supplier to a subcontractor, a proper lien claimant within the protection of section 23. While Aluma\u2019s complaint did not specifically allege that the rental equipment it provided consisted of concrete forms or was otherwise utilized in concrete forming work on the Project, it seems highly likely that Aluma will be able to establish this fact at trial. Therefore, plaintiff should be permitted to amend its complaint to include this allegation. See Douglas Lumber Co. v. Chicago Home for Incurables (1942), 380 Ill. 87, 94-95, 99, 43 N.E.2d 535, 538, 540.\nFinally, we find no reason to believe that Aluma\u2019s section 23 claim should be excluded because its equipment was rented, rather than supplied to and consumed in the building project. There is authority for the conclusion that, either by virtue of having provided rental equipment for use in the construction process (see New Erie Coal Co. v. H. McMullen & Sons (1928), 247 Ill. App. 515), or by virtue of having provided equipment used in the process of concrete form work (see D.D. Kennedy, Inc. v. Lake Petersburg Association (1964), 54 Ill. App. 2d 85, 107-08, 203 N.E.2d 145, 152-53), Aluma\u2019s claim for the rental value of its equipment is within the ambit of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act.\nOnce again, it is important to state that our holding is limited to finding that Aluma, under the facts of this case, is a proper lien claimant within the scope of section 23, being a supplier to a subcontractor, as that term has been interpreted in Koenig. There is no need, for the purpose of deciding the issues presented, to consider the broader question of whether section 23 extends to fourth-tier claimants, generally, or to all those who, in a direct chain of contracts leading to the prime contractor, perform services in furtherance of the original contract.\nWe turn next to that portion of the trial court\u2019s order granting Firemen\u2019s motion to dismiss plaintiff\u2019s claim under the Bond Act. Firemen\u2019s contends that plaintiff\u2019s claim must fail for two reasons: (1) Aluma is not a proper claimant under the terms of the payment bond, or within the meaning of the statute, because it did not have a contractual relationship with either the general contractor (Quinn), or the general contractor\u2019s subcontractor (Dew) and (2) Aluma did not supply labor or materials, which are within the bond\u2019s coverage, but instead furnished rental equipment, which is outside the scope of coverage.\nThis court has held that the Bond Act provides a separate and alternative remedy to that afforded by section 23 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act. (Northwest Water Comm\u2019n v. Carlo V. Santucci, Inc. (1987), 162 Ill. App. 3d 877, 898, 516 N.E.2d 287, 301; City of Chicago ex rel. Charles Equipment Co. v. United States Fidelity & Guaranty Co. (1986), 142 Ill. App. 3d 621, 626, 491 N.E.2d 1269, 1272.) The purpose of sections 1 and 2 (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, pars. 15, 16) of the Bond for Public Works Act is to protect payment to contractors and materialmen for whom no right of mechanics\u2019 lien exists against a public body, and to regulate claims against public monies. (Charles Equipment Co., 142 Ill. App. 3d at 626, 491 N.E.2d at 1272.) Unlike section 23 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act, which limits the amount of a claimant\u2019s recovery to the sum still due its immediate contractor at the time the notice of lien is served (Decatur Housing Authority ex rel. Harlan E. Moore & Co. v. Christy-Foltz, Inc. (1983), 117 Ill. App. 3d 1077, 1081, 454 N.E.2d 379, 382; Koenig v. McCarthy Construction Co. (1951), 344 Ill. App. 93, 104, 100 N.E.2d 338, 343), recovery under the Bond Act is limited only by the total amount of the bond, which is provided by a surety (Housing Authority v. Holtzman (1970), 120 Ill. App. 2d 226, 240, 256 N.E.2d 873, 880).\nAccording to section 1 of the Bond for Public Works Act:\n\u201cAll officials, boards, commissions or agents of this State *** in making contracts for public work of any kind to be performed for the State *** shall require every contractor for such work to furnish, supply and deliver a bond to the State *** with good and sufficient sureties. The amount of such bond shall be fixed by such officials, boards, commissions, commissioners or agents, and such bond, among other conditions, shall be conditioned for the completion of the contract, for the payment of material used in such work and for all labor performed in such work, whether by subcontractor or otherwise.\nEach such bond is deemed to contain the following provisions whether such provisions are inserted in such bond or not:\n\u2018The principal and sureties on this bond agree that all the undertakings *** of the contract or contracts entered into between the principal and the State *** will be performed *** and to pay all persons, firms and corporations having contracts with the principal or with subcontractors, all just claims due them under the provisions of such contracts for labor performed or materials furnished in the performance of the contract on account of which this bond is given ***.\u2019\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 15.)\nSection 2 of the Bond Act, outlining the procedure by which a claimant may recover on the surety bond, declares:\n\u201cEvery person furnishing material or performing labor, either as an individual or as a sub-contractor for any contractor, with the State *** shall have the right to sue on such bond in the name of the State *** for his use and benefit ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.) (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 16.)\nSection 2 also contains the Bond Act\u2019s technical notice and filing provisions, which are not germane to this appeal. The parties agree that plaintiff complied in every way with the procedural requirements of the statute.\nAs mandated by section 1, Quinn provided both a performance bond and a payment bond for the Project, with Firemen\u2019s as surety. The terms of the payment bond expressly provided:\n\u201c1. A claimant is defined as any person, firm or corporation having contracts with Principal or with Principal\u2019s subcontractor for labor or materials furnished in the performance of the Contract on account of which this bond is given.\n2. Nothing in the Bond *** shall be taken to make the Obligee liable to any subcontractor, materialman, or laborer, or to any other person to any greater extent than it would have been liable prior to the enactment of an act entitled \u2018An Act in Relation to Bonds of Contractors Entering into Contracts for Public Construction,\u2019 approved June 20, 1931, as amended ***.\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nAlthough the express provisions of the statute are deemed to be contained in every bond for a public construction project, whether actually inserted in the bond or not, the contractor and its surety are free to contract with the public entity for additional liability which exceeds the statutory provisions. (Illinois State Toll Highway Comm\u2019n v. M.J. Boyle & Co. (1962), 38 Ill. App. 2d 38, 51, 186 N.E.2d 390, 396.) Here, it is apparent from the very precise language quoted above that the parties intended no such extension of liability. The coverage of the bond, therefore, both in terms of categories of claimants and types of materials covered, is no broader than what the statute itself would require.\nWith respect to claimants, the statute requires that all bonds guarantee payment to persons \u201chaving contracts with the principal or with subcontractors.\u201d (111. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 29, par. 15.) It reasonably follows that sub-subcontractors and suppliers to subcontractors {i.e., persons occupying the position of Conform) are statutorily permitted to recover. (Housing Authority v. Holtzman (1970), 120 Ill. App. 2d 226, 256 N.E.2d 873.) As the Holtzman court observed, the Bond Act was originally enacted in 1931, four years before the legislature extended coverage of section 23 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act to those who had not contracted directly with the principal contractor, and thus provided an alternative remedy for those not entitled to a lien. (Holtzman, 120 Ill. App. 2d at 239, 256 N.E.2d at 880.) Although we have found no Illinois appellate case upholding a Bond Act claim by a supplier to a sub-subcontractor, or a person occupying the fourth tier in the contractual chain, we also have found no authority specifically excluding them from coverage.\nFiremen\u2019s points to the holding of the United States Supreme Court that recovery under the analogous Federal statute, known as the Miller Act (40 U.S.C. \u00a7270a through 270d (1988)), does not extend beyond a sub-subcontractor, and would exclude a fourth-tier claimant such as Aluma. (Clifford F. MacEvoy Co. v. United States (1944), 322 U.S. 102, 88 L. Ed. 1163, 64 S. Ct. 890; see also United States v. Idaho Crane & Rigging Co. (D. Idaho 1961), 193 F. Supp. 802.) The Court in MacEvoy stated:\n\u201cCongress cannot be presumed, in the absence of express statutory language, to have intended to impose liability on the payment bond in situations where it is difficult or impossible for the prime contractor to protect himself. The relatively few subcontractors who perform part of the original contract represent in a sense the prime contractor and are well known to him. It is easy for the prime contractor to secure himself against loss by requiring the subcontractors to give security by bond *** for the payment of those who contract directly with the subcontractors. [Citations.] But this method of protection is generally inadequate to cope with remote and undeterminable liabilities incurred by an ordinary materialman ***. To impose unlimited liability under the payment bond to those sub-materialmen and laborers is to create a precarious and perilous risk on the prime contractor and his surety. To sanction such a risk requires clear language in the statute and in the bond so as to leave no alternative.\u201d MacEvoy, 322 U.S. at 110-11, 88 L. Ed. at 1169, 64 S. Ct. at 895.\nThe Supreme Court in MacEvoy also construed the word \u201csubcontractor,\u201d as used in the Miller Act, to be \u201ca subcontractor who performs for and takes from the prime contractor a specific part of the labor or material requirement of the original contract,\u201d consistent with what it stated was the \u201cmore technical meaning, as established by usage in the building trades,\u201d although \u201c[i]n a broad, generic sense a subcontractor includes anyone who has a contract to furnish labor or material to the prime contractor.\u201d (MacEvoy, 322 U.S. at 108-09, 88 L. Ed. at 1168, 64 S. Ct. at 894.) Nonetheless, whatever validity there may be to the Court\u2019s public policy rationale or its choice of definition for purposes of the Miller Act, neither can determine the construction and application of Illinois statutes. First, authority construing a Federal statute is not binding on the courts of this State in interpreting our legislation. More importantly, the Miller Act is distinguished from the Illinois Bond Act in a significant respect. The Federal law\u2019s legislative history clearly supports the conclusion that Congress intended its protection to extend only to the level of a (third-tier) sub-subcontractor, and the MacEvoy decision was based in part on that legislative history. While the term \u201csubcontractor\u201d is undefined in the Bond Act, as it is in the Miller Act, there is neither legislative history nor case authority to guide a reviewing court in construing that term. However, we need not engage in statutory construction because we conclude that the second ground argued by Firemen\u2019s would in any event preclude Aluma\u2019s claim.\nPlaintiff\u2019s complaint in the instant case alleges, inter alia, that it \u201centered into a subcontract agreement to rent certain materials to Conform Erectors, Inc., for the *** [P]roject.\u201d A copy of this agreement, attached to the complaint, establishes that the contract was solely for the purpose of supplying rented equipment for a limited duration at a stated monthly fee. In 1976, a panel of this division addressed the question of rental equipment and machinery under the Bond Act, in a somewhat different but highly relevant context. Board of Local Improvements v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance (1976), 39 Ill. App. 3d 255, 350 N.E.2d 36.\nThe plaintiff in Board of Local Improvements had rented heavy construction equipment to a general contractor. The contractor\u2019s bond, while paralleling the statutory language in requiring payment to those \u201cfurnishing materials for or performing labor in the prosecution of the work,\u201d expressly provided for additional coverage for \u201call amounts due for materials, lubricants, oil, gasoline, coal and coke, repairs on machinery, equipment, and tools, consumed or used in connection with the construction of such work.\u201d (Board of Local Improvements, 39 Ill. App. 3d at 256-57, 350 N.E.2d at 38.) Plaintiff\u2019s loader was used at the jobsite for five months, but the rental fee was not paid by the subcontractor to which it was delivered. Subsequently, plaintiff sought recovery under the Bond Act for the rental fee, as well as for the amount expended for labor, service and parts used to repair and maintain the loader. This court agreed with the trial court that the bond as written provided greater coverage than that required by law, by virtue of the enumerated inclusions as well as the use of the phrase \u201cused in connection with the construction of such work.\u201d However, this court reversed the trial court\u2019s finding that the phrase, \u201crepairs on machinery, equipment, and tools,\u201d meant that the bond assured the payment of rental fees for use of equipment and machinery. The court reasoned that \u201cequipment\u201d was to be read only in the context of the phrase \u201crepairs on,\u201d and that, accordingly, only the claim for repair charges could survive. Board of Local Improvements, 39 Ill. App. 3d at 258-59, 350 N.E.2d at 39.\nWhile Board of Local Improvements did not expressly hold that a bond which is merely coextensive with the mandatory coverage under the statute would not guarantee payment of rental fees for equipment used on a public works construction project, its rationale and holding are inconsistent with any other conclusion. Clearly, if we had concluded that the plaintiff in that case was entitled to rely upon the coverage deemed included in the bond by virtue of the statute, with or without broader language, its claim for rental payments for equipment used at the jobsite would have been valid. To date, although equipment rental claims have been upheld under section 23 of the Mechanics\u2019 Liens Act (see New Erie Coal Co. v. H. McMullen & Sons (1928), 247 Ill. App. 515), no Illinois decision has construed the Bond Act, where the bond itself does not exceed the requirements of the statute, to guarantee payment for rental fees for equipment or machinery used on a jobsite but not consumed in the process of construction. Absent clear legislative intent to the contrary, we see no reason to depart from our prior holding in this regard. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not err in dismissing Aluma\u2019s Bond Act claim.\nFor the reasons stated, we affirm the trial court\u2019s order of September 16, 1987, granting Firemen\u2019s motion to dismiss Aluma\u2019s claim against the surety bond. However, we reverse the trial court\u2019s order of May 26, 1987, which granted Quinn\u2019s motion to dismiss plaintiff\u2019s mechanics\u2019 lien claim and ruled that its notices of lien claim were null and void. We remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.\nIn so holding, we would make the following general observations. Legislation relating to public mechanics\u2019 liens is by its very nature technical and procedurally complex. It attempts to create an orderly process to fairly and expeditiously handle competing contractual claims in a specialized field with its own practices and terms of the trade. For important policy reasons, the legislature has created valuable rights and remedies which are available to certain categories of contributors to public works projects, but unavailable to creditors generally. Enforcement of such rights is necessarily limited to those who are clearly entitled to them under the relevant statutes. However, as the practices and economic realities of the construction industry and of public bodies change over the course of many decades, reviewing courts are called upon to construe and define the law in this area, in piecemeal fashion, working with precedents established decades earlier, while calling upon a limited body of case law and even more limited legislative history. All of these factors make the task of the reviewing court a difficult one at best, as our duty is to apply and interpret the law so as to carry out the intent of the legislature while affording substantial justice to the litigants. Legislative definition of various terms and further clarification of procedural requirements would no doubt greatly assist the courts in that endeavor.\nAffirmed in part; reversed in part and remanded with directions.\nMURRAY and GORDON, JJ., concur.\nJustice R. Eugene Pinchara participated in this case prior to his resignation. Since that time, Justice Joseph Gordon was designated the third member of the panel, and he has read the record and briefs and has listened to the oral argument tapes.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE COCCIA" } ], "attorneys": [ "Nigro & Westfall, P.C., of Glendale Heights, for appellant.", "O\u2019Halloran, Lively & Walker, of Chicago (Paul T. Lively, of counsel), for appellees Frederick Quinn Corporation and Firemen\u2019s Insurance Company of Newark." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "ALUMA SYSTEMS, INC., et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. FREDERICK QUINN CORPORATION et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nFirst District (5th Division)\nNo. 1\u201487\u20143072\nOpinion filed November 30, 1990.\nNigro & Westfall, P.C., of Glendale Heights, for appellant.\nO\u2019Halloran, Lively & Walker, of Chicago (Paul T. Lively, of counsel), for appellees Frederick Quinn Corporation and Firemen\u2019s Insurance Company of Newark." }, "file_name": "0828-01", "first_page_order": 850, "last_page_order": 881 }