{ "id": 2547722, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL LONG, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Long", "decision_date": "1990-12-31", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201487\u20141570", "first_page": "627", "last_page": "644", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "208 Ill. App. 3d 627" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "442 N.E.2d 236", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "92 Ill. 2d 431", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3098485 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "436" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/92/0431-01" ] }, { "cite": "444 N.E.2d 136", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "93 Ill. 2d 309", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3102209 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/93/0309-01" ] }, { "cite": "514 N.E.2d 174", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "118 Ill. 2d 77", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3188055 ], "year": 1982, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/118/0077-01" ] }, { "cite": "496 N.E.2d 1089", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "146 Ill. App. 3d 357", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3572645 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/146/0357-01" ] }, { "cite": "525 N.E.2d 857", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "171 Ill. App. 3d 652", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3616743 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/171/0652-01" ] }, { "cite": "540 N.E.2d 379", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "183 Ill. App. 3d 534", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2630343 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/183/0534-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 6, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 1246", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3147214 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "551 N.E.2d 767", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "194 Ill. App. 3d 497", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 8498877 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/194/0497-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 N.E.2d 1321", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "159 Ill. App. 3d 127", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3611253 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/159/0127-01" ] }, { "cite": "467 N.E.2d 1037", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "126 Ill. App. 3d 727", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3598511 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/126/0727-01" ] }, { "cite": "493 N.E.2d 38", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "143 Ill. App. 3d 417", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5668125 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1984, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/143/0417-01" ] }, { "cite": "548 N.E.2d 548", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "191 Ill. App. 3d 1083", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2511616 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1986, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/191/1083-01" ] }, { "cite": "522 N.E.2d 231", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "168 Ill. App. 3d 199", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3514130 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/168/0199-01" ] }, { "cite": "534 N.E.2d 1287", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "180 Ill. App. 3d 158", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2615859 ], "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/180/0158-01" ] }, { "cite": "512 N.E.2d 677", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "117 Ill. 2d 194", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5545221 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/117/0194-01" ] }, { "cite": "138 N.E. 728", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "307 Ill. 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill.", "case_ids": [ 5092414 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill/307/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "469 N.E.2d 147", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "103 Ill. 2d 226", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3151982 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/103/0226-01" ] }, { "cite": "206 Ill. App. 3d 112", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2558708 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/206/0112-01" ] }, { "cite": "422 U.S. 590", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9639 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/422/0590-01" ] }, { "cite": "495 U.S. 14", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 633947 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "19" }, { "page": "21" }, { "page": "1644" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/495/0014-01" ] }, { "cite": "445 U.S. 573", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1777746 ], "weight": 6, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/445/0573-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1229, "char_count": 39251, "ocr_confidence": 0.768, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.132576444970092e-07, "percentile": 0.5761700778694048 }, "sha256": "b9aadf17d3250bf0111d7c19bda42cdd8d028b9a5f301a708b67c91dbb8e7649", "simhash": "1:a34620a6f349a1d8", "word_count": 6387 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T21:36:42.825942+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL LONG, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE McMORROW\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial, defendant was convicted of two counts of armed robbery (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 18 \u2014 2(a)) and sentenced to natural life imprisonment as a habitual offender (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 33B \u2014 1). On appeal, defendant contends that (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to quash his warrant-less arrest and suppress his subsequent inculpatory statement as the fruit of an illegal arrest, and (2) he was denied effective assistance of counsel at the hearing on his motion to quash, and at his trial. We conclude that the trial court properly denied defendant\u2019s motion to quash and that he was adequately represented by counsel. Accordingly, we affirm.\nPrior to trial, defendant filed a motion to quash his arrest and suppress his statement to the police. In this motion, defendant argued that the police officers had unlawfully entered his residence without a warrant, and that neither consent nor exigent circumstances justified their warrantless entry into his home to arrest him.\nAt the hearing on his motion to quash arrest and suppress statements, defendant testified that on the date of his arrest, he lived in the first floor apartment of a two-flat house in Chicago. His girlfriend, Christina White, had been living with him for approximately two months and rented the apartment. Defendant\u2019s mother and sister lived in the second-floor apartment.\nDefendant further testified that shortly before 9 p.m., he was watching television in the living room at the rear of the apartment. His girlfriend, Christina, had just left the apartment to go to the store on the corner. Defendant\u2019s sister, Charmaine, came down the rear stairs to talk to Christina. Defendant told Charmaine that Christina had just gone to the store but would return shortly. He let Charmaine out the back door, locked it, and then returned to the couch to watch television. At that time, he saw a shadow on the wall between the kitchen and the living room. Defendant recalled that it was exactly 9 p.m., because he looked at a clock in the living room. As he started to look around the corner, at least five or six men ran up to him, pointed guns at his face, said \u201cpolice officers,\u201d and then handcuffed him. The officers searched the entire apartment, including cabinets and drawers. When he asked if they had an arrest or search warrant, they said they did not need either one. Defendant testified that Charmaine, who was on her way back upstairs, immediately returned and began knocking on the back door to be let in. Before he was taken from the apartment by the officers, Christina returned and brought him his coat from the closet. Defendant testified that neither he nor anyone else consented to the police entry into the apartment or gave them permission to search it.\nFollowing defendant\u2019s testimony, defense counsel stated that the defense rested on the motion. The State then presented the testimony of two police officers. Officer Peter Ciaccio of the Oak Lawn police department testified that he and and his partner, along with several officers of the Chicago police department, went to defendant\u2019s home to arrest him for the armed robbery of a White Hen Pantry store in Oak Lawn that had occurred a few days earlier. Officer Ciaccio stated that he did not attempt to obtain a warrant for defendant\u2019s arrest, a process that would have taken six to eight hours. It is undisputed that the officers had probable cause to arrest the defendant, as two individuals had given incriminating statements to police that implicated defendant in the White Hen Pantry robbery.\nOfficer Ciaccio testified that he and the other officers arrived at defendant\u2019s residence at approximately 9 p.m. Officer Ciaccio and three or four Chicago police officers went to the front of the house. Detective Robert Gricus of the Chicago police department knocked on the door. A young woman approximately 20 to 25 years old, who at some point later stated that she lived there with defendant, opened the door. At this time, Officer Ciaccio was standing, with his gun drawn, approximately five to six feet from the door. He was behind Officer Gricus, who did not have his gun drawn, and a uniformed Chicago police officer. Officer Ciaccio did not know if any other officers had their weapons drawn.\nWhen the young woman opened the door, Officer Gricus showed her his police star, identified himself both by name and as a Chicago police officer, and told her that they were looking for Michael Long. She said \u201ccome in officers\u201d or \u201cstep in officers.\u201d When they entered the apartment, they saw defendant seated on a couch, watching television. Officer Gricus asked him if he was Michael Long. When defendant responded in the affirmative, Officer Gricus told him he was under arrest for armed robbery. Defendant was then patted down and handcuffed. Officer Ciaccio testified that he did not prepare a case report following defendant\u2019s arrest and did not know whether his partner had done so.\nChicago police officer Gricus testified that at about 9 p.m. on December 23, 1985, he accompanied officers of the Chicago and Oak Lawn police departments to defendant\u2019s residence in order to arrest him for the armed robbery of the White Hen Pantry store. When they arrived at the home, Officer Gricus knocked on the front door, and a young female whose name he could not recall opened the door. Officer Gricus identified himself, showed her his police badge, and asked if defendant was home. She said \u201cstep in.\u201d He immediately saw defendant and, after identifying himself, asked if he was Michael Long. When defendant responded that he was, Officer Gricus told him that he was under arrest for armed robbery. Officer Gricus did not have his gun drawn and did not notice whether any of the other officers had drawn their weapons. His partner prepared the arrest report, and he did not know if it or any report indicated that they had gained entry into the apartment with the consent of the female who resided there.\nFollowing the testimony of the police officers, defense counsel moved for a continuance for the purpose of locating defendant\u2019s girlfriend, Christina. The trial court granted defendant\u2019s motion. When the hearing reconvened, the defense called defendant\u2019s sister, Charmaine, as a witness. Charmaine testified that on the day of defendant\u2019s arrest, she lived with her mother in the second-floor apartment and defendant was living in the first-floor apartment with Christina. Between 8:30 and 9 p.m., Charmaine went downstairs to talk to Christina. Defendant told her that Christina had just gone to the store, and Charmaine left through the back door and returned to the upstairs apartment. She did not see Christina in the upstairs apartment when she returned or while she remained in the apartment.\nApproximately 20 minutes later, Charmaine went back down the stairs to the first-floor apartment and began knocking and then pounding on the back door. After approximately five minutes, someone opened the door. Charmaine saw defendant and about six or eight police officers, some of whom had their guns drawn. Charmaine did not see Christina anywhere in the apartment. Charmaine noticed that the apartment was ransacked and that it had not been in that condition when she had left 20 minutes earlier. She asked the detectives whether they had a search warrant, and they responded that they did. Approximately one-half hour later, Christina came down the back stairs -with Lois Long, the mother of defendant and Charmaine. Charmaine testified that she surmised Christina had returned from the store after Charmaine had gone back downstairs and found that defendant had been arrested.\nLois Long, the mother of defendant and Charmaine, testified that at approximately 9 p.m., Christina came through the front door of her apartment and said that the police had defendant, that they were arresting him and that her \u201chouse was full of cops.\u201d Mrs. Long went downstairs by way of the rear stairway. When she reached the doorway, she saw defendant with six to eight police officers. She did not see the condition of the apartment because she remained outside at the bottom of the stairway.\nFollowing this testimony, the defense rested. After arguments by counsel, the trial court stated that it found credible police testimony to the effect that they entered the apartment with the voluntary consent of the young woman who rented it. On this basis, the court denied defendant\u2019s motion to quash the arrest and suppress his statement.\nDefendant was prosecuted for the armed robbery of the manager and attendant of a Union 76 Gas Station in Evergreen Park, Illinois, that occurred at approximately 3:45 p.m. on December 19, 1985. Dwayne Edwards, the manager of the gas station, testified that on the date of the incident, he was confronted by two men as Edwards was about to enter the gas station. One man was wearing an army jacket and had a nylon stocking over his face. The second person wore a blue, hooded jacket and had a ski mask over his face. Both individuals were white males approximately 5 feet 7 inches tall and weighing about 130 to 135 pounds. Edwards stated that the man wearing the army jacket and nylon stocking withdrew from his jacket and displayed to him the butt end of a pistol. The man wearing the hooded jacket and ski mask asked Edwards for the keys to the safe in the gas station. When Edwards responded that he did not have the keys, the man wearing the hooded jacket and ski mask took all the money from Edwards\u2019 pockets. The two men then fled on foot. Edwards went into the gas station and telephoned the police.\nThe gas station attendant, Patrick Gumbleton, testified that the two individuals, about whom he gave the same description as that provided by Edwards, had entered the station and taken from Gumbleton all the money in his possession while Gumbleton had been counting the money in the cash register. Thereafter, the men had accosted Edwards and fled. Gumbleton attempted to chase the men for approximately three-quarters of a block, but had been unable to pursue them any farther. Both Edwards and Gumbleton testified that they did not see their assailants get into a vehicle after the robbery.\nThe State was permitted to introduce into evidence at defendant\u2019s trial the circumstances of the armed robbery of a cashier at a White Hen Pantry store in Oak Lawn that occurred a few days later, on December 22, 1985. The cashier, Janet Hayes Carrano, testified that on that date, at approximately 12:30 a.m., she was confronted by two men who demanded money from the cash registers in the store. One man was approximately 6 feet 4 inches tall, was wearing a brown corduroy jacket, and had a nylon stocking over his head. The second person was approximately 5 feet 7 inches tall, wore an army jacket, and had a ski mask over his face. Both individuals were white males. The man wearing the brown jacket and nylon stocking displayed a gun to Carrano, while the other person took the money from the registers. Both men then fled on foot. Carrano did not see the men get into an automobile after the incident.\nThe gas station owner and attendant, as well as the cashier of the White Hen Pantry, identified at trial the items of clothing worn by their assailants and the weapon used during the robberies. It was established at trial that these items had been recovered by police from the residence of Eric Petrouskas.\nAt trial, the court admitted into evidence an oral incriminating statement made by defendant while he was in custody at a police station following his arrest. In this statement, defendant said that he participated in the armed robbery of the gas station and the White Hen Pantry with the assistance of Petrouskas and defendant\u2019s brother, Scott Long. According to defendant\u2019s statement, Petrouskas drove the car to the gas station, and defendant and his brother went into the station. Defendant admitted that he took money from the gas station attendant\u2019s pockets and that he and his brother then fled. In his oral statement, defendant also admitted that he participated in the armed robbery of the cashier at the White Hen Pantry store. Defendant stated he remained in the car, which was parked in an alley near the store, while his brother and Petrouskas, wearing a nylon stocking and ski mask, entered the store and committed the robbery. While at the police station following his arrest, the defendant also signed a written statement incriminating himself in both robberies, and testimony was admitted into evidence to show that defendant had signed such a written account of the incidents. However, the trial court refused to admit the written statement into evidence, because it included references to armed robberies other than those occurring at the gas station and the White Hen Pantry.\nIn his defense at trial, defendant presented the testimony of his sister, Susan Green, his mother, Lois Long, and a neighbor, Brenda Garcia. Each of these witnesses testified that on the date and time of the robbery of the gas station, defendant was stringing Christmas lights on the outside of the house in which defendant, his girlfriend, and his family lived. All of these witnesses also testified that on the date and time of the White Hen Pantry robbery, defendant was playing cards with them in the apartment of defendant\u2019s mother.\nBased upon this evidence, defendant was found guilty and convicted of the armed robbery of the manager and attendant at the Union 76 Gas Station. He was sentenced to natural life imprisonment as a habitual offender. This appeal followed.\nDefendant contends that the trial court committed reversible error in denying his motion to quash his arrest and suppress his subsequent statement at the police station because he was illegally arrested in his home without a warrant. Defendant argues that probable cause alone does not justify the warrantless arrest of a suspect in his home without either voluntary consent to enter it or exigent circumstances, citing Payton v. New York (1980), 445 U.S. 573, 63 L. Ed. 2d 639, 100 S. Ct. 1371. Defendant maintains that neither consent nor exigent circumstances were present in this case and that consequently his statement was inadmissible at trial as the fruit of the illegal arrest.\nHowever, defendant\u2019s argument with respect to the warrant-less entry into his apartment is inconsistent with the United States Supreme Court\u2019s decision in New York v. Harris (1990), 495 U.S. 14, 109 L. Ed. 2d 13, 110 S. Ct. 1640. In Harris, the police entered the defendant\u2019s home without his voluntary consent. The police did not have a warrant, and no exigent circumstances justified their failure to obtain one. Once inside the house, the officers arrested Harris, and he was transported to a police station for questioning. While at the station, Harris waived his Miranda rights and signed a written inculpatory statement. This statement was admitted against him at trial, and he was convicted. On appeal to the United States Supreme Court, Harris argued that the police, by entering his home without a warrant, exigent circumstances, or his consent, violated Payton v. New York (1980), 445 U.S. 573, 63 L. Ed. 2d 639, 100 S. Ct. 1371. Payton held that the fourth amendment prohibits the police from effecting a constitutionally valid warrantless, nonconsensual entry into a suspect\u2019s home to make a routine felony arrest, and that under Brown v. Illinois (1975), 422 U.S. 590, 45 L. Ed. 2d 416, 95 S. Ct. 2254, a subsequent statement made by the accused is inadmissible as the fruit of the illegal arrest.\nThe Harris court reviewed Payton and Brown and held that when the police have probable cause to arrest a suspect, the Federal exclusionary rule does not bar the State\u2019s use of a statement made by the defendant outside of his home, even though the statement is taken after an arrest in violation of Payton. The majority found Brown and its progeny to be distinguishable because in those cases the police lacked probable cause, whereas in Harris the police had justification to question Harris prior to his arrest. The Court reasoned that Harris\u2019 incriminating statement made at the police station was not the product of being in unlawful custody or an \u201cexploitation of the illegal entry into Harris\u2019 home.\u201d New York v. Harris (1990), 495 U.S. 14, 19, 109 L. Ed. 2d 13, 21, 110 S. Ct. 1640, 1644.\nThere is no dispute in the instant case that the police had probable cause to arrest defendant when they arrived at his home to arrest him. The record shows that, prior to their arrest of defendant, the officers had been informed that two persons had admitted to the armed robberies and had implicated defendant in the commission of those offenses. Under Harris, defendant\u2019s voluntary, incriminating statements were lawfully obtained at the police station during interrogation, irrespective of whether the police gained consensual entry into defendant\u2019s home in order to arrest him. In light of Harris, the admission of defendant\u2019s voluntary statement at the police station did not constitute a violation of his fourth amendment rights.\nDefendant asserts that this court should not follow Harris and that the Illinois constitutional protection regarding unreasonable searches and seizures is, or should be, more expansive than that provided under Federal constitutional law. This argument was expressly rejected in People v. Beasley (1990), 206 Ill. App. 3d 112, for reasons which we find dispositive in this appeal. As the court noted in Beasley, Illinois\u2019 constitutional protection regarding unreasonable searches and seizures (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, \u00a76) closely parallels the fourth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. IV). In view of this close parallel, the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Tisler (1984), 103 Ill. 2d 226, 469 N.E.2d 147, held that Federal constitutional interpretations regarding the fourth amendment apply to Illinois\u2019 constitutional provision regarding unreasonable searches and seizures. Based upon these considerations, the Beasley court concluded that Harris was applicable to the case before it. In accordance with Tisler and Beasley, we find that the United States Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Harris is appropriately considered in our determination of whether the trial court properly denied defendant\u2019s motion to quash and suppress.\nThe cases upon which defendant relies do not conflict with our conclusion in this regard. In People v. Brocamp (1923), 307 Ill. 448, 138 N.E. 728, the Illinois Supreme Court held inadmissible evidence obtained in the defendant\u2019s home as a result of police officers\u2019 unlawful entry into his residence. The case is distinguishable from the instant cause, because defendant here seeks to suppress statements made at the police station, not evidence seized from his residence. In People v. White (1987), 117 Ill. 2d 194, 512 N.E.2d 677, the court considered the admissibility of a defendant\u2019s statement under Federal, not Illinois, precedent. (See also People v. Stofer (1989), 180 Ill. App. 3d 158, 534 N.E.2d 1287; People v. Wiedman (1988), 168 Ill. App. 3d 199, 522 N.E.2d 231.) We decline to deviate from the precedent established in Tisler and Beasley in the instant cause.\nIn addition, assuming arguendo that Harris were not applied to the case at bar, the evidence presented in the instant cause supports the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the State met its burden of establishing that consent was given to the police officers\u2019 warrantless entry into defendant\u2019s home in order to arrest him. Defendant argues that the trial court should have credited his testimony that Christina did not consent to the officers\u2019 entry because she was at the store when the police entered the apartment. Defendant contends that his testimony in this respect was consistent with that of his sister, Charmaine, and his mother, Lois Long.\nThe question of whether the police gained entry to a residence through voluntary consent is generally a question of fact to be resolved by the trial court, as finder of fact, at a hearing on a defendant\u2019s motion to quash and suppress. The trial court\u2019s determination is entitled to substantial deference and will be reversed only if against the manifest weight of the evidence. (People v. Rose (1989), 191 Ill. App. 3d 1083, 548 N.E.2d 548; People v. Turner (1986), 143 Ill. App. 3d 417, 493 N.E.2d 38; People v. Calhoun (1984), 126 Ill. App. 3d 727, 467 N.E.2d 1037.) Based upon our review of the record, we cannot say that the trial court\u2019s determination was against the manifest weight of the evidence. The evidence presented was sufficient to justify the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the testimony of defendant and his witnesses was less credible than the testimony given by the police officers who testified on behalf of the State.\nThe testimony of defendant and his witnesses was not free of contradiction. For example, according to defendant, Charmaine returned to the downstairs apartment almost immediately after she had left it upon being told by defendant that Christina had gone to the store. However, Charmaine testified that it was not until 20 minutes later that she went back to defendant\u2019s apartment to find out if Christina had returned. Also, although defendant testified that Charmaine returned because she heard a \u201ccommotion,\u201d Charmaine said nothing about hearing a commotion in defendant\u2019s apartment. In addition, the testimony of defendant\u2019s mother did not lend any direct support to his assertion that Christina was not at home when the police arrived. Defendant\u2019s mother testified that at approximately 9 p.m., Christina came to her apartment to tell her that the police were arresting defendant and that there were \u201ccops all over [her] house.\u201d Defendant states that this testimony shows that when Christina returned from the store, she saw the police stakeout, as well as the circumstance that officers were inside the house, and that Christina decided to \u201cseek aid from defendant\u2019s mother in lieu of confronting that number of police alone.\u201d It is also possible, however, that after allowing the police into her apartment and witnessing defendant\u2019s arrest, Christina felt it her obligation to inform his mother of what was occurring.\nIn contrast to the divergent or inconclusive testimony given by defendant and his witnesses, the testimony of the police officers was direct and consistent as to the events preceding and surrounding defendant\u2019s arrest. Both officers testified that a young female who stated that she lived in the apartment with defendant answered the door and, after being presented with Officer Gricus\u2019 identification and being advised that they were looking for defendant, invited them to \u201cstep in\u201d or \u201ccome in\u201d to the apartment, following which defendant was placed under arrest. In view of this testimony, we find ample evidence in the record to support the trial court\u2019s conclusion that the officers\u2019 entry was consensual.\nWe also cannot accept defendant\u2019s argument that the officers\u2019 testimony was rebutted by the alleged fact that there was no mention in any police report that a female granted the police consent to enter defendant\u2019s home. The police reports were not admitted into evidence, and the record does not show what was contained in the reports. The police officers who appeared on behalf of the State testified that they could not recall whether an arrest report had been made or what the arrest report might contain. In addition, the officers gave clear and consistent testimony that they were given consent to enter the apartment where defendant was arrested. In light of this evidence, we cannot say that the trial court\u2019s factual determination was against the manifest weight of the evidence, on the ground that the officers\u2019 reports allegedly failed to mention a female\u2019s consent to the officers\u2019 entry.\nDefendant alternatively contends that the State failed to prove that Christina\u2019s consent was voluntary rather than a mere acquiescence to a claim of legal authority. He argues that when Christina opened the door, she was faced with five or six men, one of whom was in a police uniform and at least one other standing two feet from her with his gun drawn. He posits that \u201c[a]ny person, and most definitely the young woman the police say answered the door, would hardly feel they [sic] had any alternative other than to admit police into their [sic] home.\u201d\nVoluntariness of consent is also a question of fact to be determined from the totality of circumstances based on the testimony of the witnesses (People v. Rose (1989), 191 Ill. App. 3d 1083, 548 N.E.2d 548; People v. Turner (1986), 143 Ill. App. 3d 417, 493 N.E.2d 38), and the trial court\u2019s resolution of conflicts in the testimony will not be disturbed unless it is clearly erroneous. People v. Calhoun (1984), 126 Ill. App. 3d 727, 467 N.E.2d 1037.\nWe find no basis in the record to disturb the trial court\u2019s determination that Christina voluntarily consented to the police officers\u2019 entry into her apartment. Both Officer Ciaccio and Officer Gricus testified that a young female opened the door in response to Officer Gricus\u2019 knock and that after he identified himself and stated their purpose for being there, she invited them to \u201cstep in.\u201d Officer Ciaccio did testify that his gun was drawn. However, he further testified that he was about six feet, not two feet, from the door. In addition, Officer Ciaccio testified that he was standing behind Officer Gricus and a uniformed officer at the time. Accordingly, the evidence of record supports the trial court\u2019s ruling.\nDefendant also maintains that the State was required to call Christina as a witness in order to sustain the State\u2019s burden of proof on his motion to quash and suppress. However, the record shows that the consistent testimony of the police officers was sufficient to prove that Christina voluntarily consented to the officers\u2019 entry into the apartment. Consequently, we cannot say that the State\u2019s failure to call Christina rendered insufficient the State\u2019s proof with respect to the defendant\u2019s motion to quash and suppress. People v. Broge (1987), 159 Ill. App. 3d 127, 511 N.E.2d 1321, is distinguishable, because the officers in Broge lacked probable cause to arrest the defendant in his home, and the trial court improperly placed upon the defendant the burden of disproving a police officer\u2019s uncorroborated testimony that entry into the defendant\u2019s home had been consensual. See People v. Guerrieri (1990), 194 Ill. App. 3d 497, 551 N.E.2d 767.\nIn light of our determination that the trial court properly concluded that there was voluntary consent to the officers\u2019 warrant-less entry into the apartment in order to arrest defendant, we need not consider whether exigent circumstances also justified the warrant-less entry into the residence to arrest him.\nFor these reasons, we conclude that the trial court properly denied defendant\u2019s motion to quash and suppress and that defendant\u2019s incriminating statement was properly entered into evidence against him at trial.\nDefendant contends that he should receive a new trial because his attorney was ineffective at both the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to quash and at the jury trial. He argues that his attorney was ineffective because he failed to thoroughly prepare his case, waived the presence of a court reporter at jury selection, failed to object to evidence of other crimes, and failed to disclose to defendant that disciplinary proceedings were pending against him.\nIn People v. Albanese (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 504, 473 N.E.2d 1246, the Illinois Supreme Court adopted the two-prong test enunciated by the United States Supreme Court in Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052, on the issue of ineffectiveness of counsel. Under Strickland, the defendant must overcome the strong presumption that the attorney\u2019s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. The defendant must first establish that defense counsel was actually incompetent in his duties, and then demonstrate that counsel\u2019s deficient performance prejudiced the defendant in a manner that denied him a fair trial, and that, absent the alleged errors, the outcome of the trial would likely have been different. (Strickland, 466 U.S. 668, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 104 S. Ct. 2052; Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 473 N.E.2d 1246; People v. Perry (1989), 183 Ill. App. 3d 534, 540 N.E.2d 379; People v. Bernardo (1988), 171 Ill. App. 3d 652, 525 N.E.2d 857.) In determining the adequacy of legal assistance, a reviewing court will not focus on isolated instances of alleged deficiencies but, rather, must consider the totality of circumstances. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d 504, 473 N.E.2d 1246; People v. McNutt (1986), 146 Ill. App. 3d 357, 496 N.E.2d 1089.\nWe consider first defendant\u2019s argument that defense counsel was ill-prepared at the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to quash. Defendant contends that his counsel was ineffective, because he did not discover prior to the hearing that the State would argue and present evidence to show that the police entered the apartment with the consent of defendant\u2019s girlfriend, Christina.\nWe cannot say that defendant was prejudiced by his counsel\u2019s representation at the hearing on defendant\u2019s motion to quash. As noted more fully above, defendant\u2019s statement was lawfully obtained under the United States Supreme Court\u2019s decision in Harris. In addition, as defendant suggests in his brief, it is entirely possible that Christina was not called as a witness by defendant\u2019s attorney because Christina had moved and could not be located. There is nothing in the record to indicate that defendant\u2019s attorney did not attempt to locate this witness, or that defendant\u2019s counsel was not diligent in his attempt to locate her. Under these circumstances, we cannot conclude that defendant was deprived of effective assistance of counsel at the hearing on his motion to quash and suppress.\nDefendant also argues that his defense counsel was ineffective when he waived the presence of a court reporter during jury selection. Defendant asserts that this waiver violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 308 (107 Ill. 2d R. 308), which states that stenographic notes shall be taken during jury selection. He maintains that a transcript was necessary because of an issue regarding jury selection.\nThe record discloses that on the day after jury selection, but prior to the commencement of trial, the trial court excused a juror for cause. This excusal was based on the juror\u2019s misrepresentation during voir dire that he had no prior criminal arrests. The record contains a complete transcript of the dialogue among the court, counsel, and the juror, regarding the misrepresentation and the court\u2019s resulting ex-cusal of the juror. Trial proceeded with one of the alternatives sitting in the place of the excused juror.\nDefendant does not explain what error occurred, or what prejudice resulted, from the absence of stenographic notes of the jury selection proceedings. In addition, the record also shows no prejudice accrued to defendant because of the absence of such stenographic notes. The record reflects that the trial court rejected defense counsel\u2019s post-trial argument that defendant was prejudiced by the excusal of the juror for cause. In so ruling, the trial court reviewed the transcript of its proceedings when the juror was excused. The court noted that the alternates had been selected in the same manner as the other jurors, and that neither the State nor the defense had used all its peremptory challenges at the end of jury selection. Given these circumstances, we find defendant\u2019s argument with regard to the absence of stenographic notes insufficient ground to grant him a new trial for lack of effective assistance of counsel.\nAs further illustration of counsel\u2019s ineffectiveness, defendant cites his attorney\u2019s failure to object to the admission of evidence relating to the armed robbery of a White Hen Pantry three days after the offense for which he was on trial. He argues that the extensive evidence regarding this second robbery did not m\u00e9et the requirements for admission to show modus operandi, or for any other permissible purpose. Defendant contends the evidence was introduced solely to show his propensity to commit crime and that counsel was incompetent in not only failing to object to its introduction, but in conceding its admissibility.\nWe need not address whether the evidence regarding the robbery of the White Hen Pantry store was properly admitted to show modus operandi. Even assuming arguendo that this evidence should have been excluded, we cannot say that the failure of defendant\u2019s attorney to object to its admission is sufficient to warrant a new trial. Defendant provided an incriminating statement to officers following his arrest in which defendant admitted to his participation in the robbery of the gas station, the offense for which defendant was charged. Defendant\u2019s account of the robbery as given in his incriminating statement was corroborated at trial by the testimony of the victims of the gas station robbery. In light of this substantial evidence of the defendant\u2019s guilt, we cannot conclude that the outcome of defendant\u2019s trial probably would have been different if defendant\u2019s attorney had successfully objected to the admission of this other evidence.\nDefendant also contends that he did not receive' effective assistance of counsel because disciplinary proceedings were pending against his attorney at the time of trial. (See In re Levin (1987), 118 Ill. 2d 77, 514 N.E.2d 174.) Relying on People v. Williams (1982), 93 Ill. 2d 309, 444 N.E.2d 136, defendant argues that these disciplinary matters, which counsel failed to disclose to him, affected his performance at trial and resulted in deficient representation.\nIn Williams, defense counsel represented Williams and two other codefendants before one jury, and simultaneously represented a fourth defendant before another jury. All four defendants were charged with capital crimes, and defendant was convicted and sentenced to death. Disciplinary proceedings were in progress at the time of trial and the attorney was subsequently disbarred. (In re Weston (1982), 92 Ill. 2d 431, 442 N.E.2d 236.) The Williams court took into account the additional burdens placed on both the court and counsel because of the simultaneous trials for four defendants, and the admissions of defendant\u2019s attorney at the disciplinary hearing that he had been under such emotional stress that he \u201cdid not feel mentally or physically capable of presenting his case before the [disciplinary commission].\u201d (Weston, 92 Ill. 2d at 436.) The supreme court held that although it could not characterize the trial performance of defendant\u2019s counsel as actual incompetency, \u201cconsidering the unique circumstances and sequence of events in this capital case, which will rarely, if ever, be duplicated, that the interests of justice require that [defendant] be granted a new trial.\u201d (Emphasis added.) Williams, 93 Ill. 2d at 325.\nDefendant in the case at bar argues that \u201cthis is the rare case that duplicates the unique circumstances in [Williams].\u201d Nearly identical assertions were made and rejected in People v. Bernardo (1988), 171 Ill. App. 3d 652, 525 N.E.2d 857, and People v. Perry (1989), 183 Ill. App. 3d 534, 540 N.E.2d 379. In Bernardo, the defendant contended that his attorney was ineffective because he was suffering from a mental illness, drug addiction, and the mental strain of pending disbarment proceedings. We held that the case was factually distinguishable from Williams. Unlike Williams, Bernardo was not charged with a capital offense, nor was the evidence either voluminous or complicated. We therefore held that the Bernardo case did not present the unique circumstances which existed in Williams and applied the Strickland test, under which defendant failed to establish that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.\nA similar result was reached in Perry, involving the same defense attorney who was retained by defendant in the case before us. With one notable exception, i.e., that defendant in Perry was advised of his counsel\u2019s disciplinary proceedings before commencement of defendant\u2019s trial and elected not to seek substitute counsel, the allegations made by Perry regarding counsel\u2019s alleged ineffective performance at trial are similar to those raised by defendant in this case. Perry argued that the mere pendency of disciplinary proceedings renders an attorney incompetent to defend in a criminal case. The court disagreed, stating that the fact that the supreme court permits lawyers to continue to practice until they are suspended or disbarred negated Perry\u2019s theory. The court also determined that the case before it did not involve the unique circumstances present in Williams and, as in Bernardo, examined Perry\u2019s specific examples of alleged ineffectiveness under the standard in Strickland. Applying that test, the court concluded that defense counsel provided Perry with effective assistance of counsel.\nSimilar to the courts in Bernardo and Perry, we find no unique circumstances such as those in Williams to warrant a departure from the Strickland test requiring proof of actual incompetence without which the outcome of the trial would likely have been different. Reviewing the entire record of counsel\u2019s representation of defendant in the case at bar, we cannot say that the attorney rendered defendant ineffective assistance. That his efforts on defendant\u2019s behalf were not successful does not constitute incompetency entitling defendant to a new trial. People v. McNutt (1986), 146 Ill. App. 3d 357, 496 N.E.2d 1089.\nAside from the other specific allegations of ineffectiveness which we have reviewed and rejected, the only remaining instance cited in support of defendant\u2019s contention is a remark by the trial court when defense counsel appeared 10 minutes late from a recess. After counsel explained that he had been delayed at a sentencing hearing in another case, the court replied, \u201c[y]ou\u2019ve got too many cases.\u201d There is nothing in the record to disclose the extent of defense counsel\u2019s caseload. We do not believe that an isolated remark by the trial court regarding the defense attorney\u2019s heavy caseload establishes that counsel was unable to provide effective assistance to defendant in the case at bar. We also note that the trial court\u2019s remark was made outside the presence of the jury and did not serve to prejudice defendant at trial.\nFor the reasons stated, defendant\u2019s conviction and sentence are affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nLINN and JOHNSON, JJ., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE McMORROW" } ], "attorneys": [ "Randolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Karen E. Tietz, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.", "Cecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Randall Roberts, and Walter Hehner, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MICHAEL LONG, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (4th Division)\nNo. 1\u201487\u20141570\nOpinion filed December 31, 1990.\nRandolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (Karen E. Tietz, Assistant Public Defender, of counsel), for appellant.\nCecil A. Partee, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Renee Goldfarb, Randall Roberts, and Walter Hehner, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0627-01", "first_page_order": 649, "last_page_order": 666 }