{ "id": 5297187, "name": "TESS M. LEE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEANN CANUTESON et al., Defendants-Appellees", "name_abbreviation": "Lee v. Canuteson", "decision_date": "1991-05-31", "docket_number": "No. 3\u201490\u20140543", "first_page": "137", "last_page": "145", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "214 Ill. App. 3d 137" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "554 N.E.2d 982", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "196 Ill. App. 3d 758", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2491344 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/196/0758-01" ] }, { "cite": "529 N.E.2d 281", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "175 Ill. App. 3d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3553816 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/175/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "505 N.E.2d 314", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "317-18" }, { "page": "318" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "115 Ill. 2d 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3179637 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "489" }, { "page": "490" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/115/0482-01" ] }, { "cite": "422 N.E.2d 879", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "882" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 Ill. App. 3d 215", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3112576 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "219" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/97/0215-01" ] }, { "cite": "412 N.E.2d 477", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "481" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "82 Ill. 2d 341", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5475330 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "350" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/82/0341-01" ] }, { "cite": "141 Ariz. 544", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ariz.", "case_ids": [ 722493 ], "weight": 2, "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ariz/141/0544-01" ] }, { "cite": "333 N.W.2d 622", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.W.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "554 N.E.2d 982", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "196 Ill. App. 3d 758", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2491344 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/196/0758-01" ] }, { "cite": "505 N.E.2d 314", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 1 }, { "cite": "115 Ill. 2d 482", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3179637 ], "opinion_index": 1, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/115/0482-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 786, "char_count": 17552, "ocr_confidence": 0.802, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.4064047248232553e-07, "percentile": 0.6457428599119099 }, "sha256": "0aef92f98ff62164e6a946965e48272b8502f3224661bdff7154b59118bdd530", "simhash": "1:96b57f9180be3e24", "word_count": 2751 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:26:06.259068+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "TESS M. LEE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEANN CANUTESON et al., Defendants-Appellees." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE GORMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe plaintiff, Tess M. Lee, brought this -action in the circuit court against defendants Bethphage Community Services, Inc. (Bethphage), Deann Canuteson, Kris Hennig, and Robert Rose. This action arises out of the termination of the plaintiff\u2019s employment with Bethphage. The complaint contains three counts: breach of contract, intentional interference with contractual relations, and defamation. The circuit court granted defendants\u2019 motion for summary judgment on the first two of these counts. The circuit court later made a finding permitting immediate appeal from the summary judgment, and it is that appeal the plaintiff is now bringing. We affirm.\nIn June 1987 the plaintiff was hired by Bethphage. Shortly after the plaintiff was hired, a supervisor gave the plaintiff an informal overview of the policies and procedures of Bethphage, in the course of which the plaintiff was presented with several documents to sign. One such document was entitled \u201cBethphage Community Services \u2014 Employment Agreement\u201d (employment agreement). Some of its significant provisions are as follows:\n\u201cThe purpose of this agreement is to ensure that both employer and employee are clear about the terms of employment. * * *\n* * *\n*** In dealing with applicants and staff, a spirit of cooperation and mutual responsibility will be fostered. ***\n* * *\n*** If you have concerns or suggestions, please bring them to the attention of your supervisor. *** If, after bringing your concern to the attention of your supervisor, you are not satisfied, talk to the next person up in the chain of command. If you remain unsatisfied, follow the formal grievance procedure as outlined in the Personnel Policies and Procedures.\u201d\nAt the end of this document, just above a line on which the plaintiff signed her name, was this statement:\n\u201cI understand the above are general management guidelines and may be changed as business necessity requires. The above does not constitute a written contract and I understand my employment is for no definite period and may be terminated at will.\nI acknowledge that we have discussed all the above.\u201d\nIn her complaint the plaintiff alleges that she \u201cexecuted documents acknowledging receipt, understanding and willingness to abide by defendant Bethphage\u2019s employment policies and accepted the terms thereof by continuing to work for defendant.\u201d\nIn March 1988 the plaintiff was promoted to a new position at Bethphage. Also in March 1988, Bethphage distributed an employee handbook to its employees, including the plaintiff. Significant provisions of that handbook include the following:\n\u201cThis handbook has been prepared to familiarize you with Bethphage\u2019s Personnel Policies and Procedures, as well as a general description of your benefits. ***\n* * *\n*** In dealing with applicants and staff, a spirit of cooperation and mutual responsibility will be fostered. ***\nEMPLOYEE HANDBOOK STATEMENT\n*** The Handbook is meant to give you information regarding agency rules, regulations, policies, procedures, and benefits. For more specific information, refer to the Bethphage Policy and Procedure Manual.\nNothing in this Handbook is intended to create an employment contract between Bethphage and an employee either for employment or for the providing of any benefit. If an employment relationship is established, the employee has the right to terminate his/her employment at any time and Bethphage Mission has the same right. *** This Handbook does not constitute a contract of employment, nor does it contain all of the information you will need during the course of your employment. *** [T]he policies, procedures, and benefits outlined in this Handbook are subject to review and change at any time. Changes may only be authorized by the Vice President of Human Resources. ***\n* * *\nA violation of any of Bethphage\u2019s general work guidelines or policies set forth in this handbook shall be cause for disciplinary action including discharge. ***\n* * *\n4.3 Disciplinary Measures\nTo communicate to employees what work habits and skills are expected of them to perform their job satisfactorily, a progressive discipline approach may be used.\nWhen an employee violates a Bethphage work guideline or policy, or job performance is unsatisfactory, the Supervisor will make an evaluation as to what disciplinary measures should be taken. Disciplinary measures include a staff conference, disciplinary probation, suspension or termination. 4.4 Staff Conference\nWhen a disciplinary problem exists, a staff conference will be requested in writing by the Supervisor and held at a mutually agreeable time no later than five working days after the initial request. *** At the staff conference, the Supervisor will follow the format of the Bethphage staff conference form and complete all sections of the form.\n* * *\nSalaried employees are asked to give at least one month advance written notice of resignation. *** If proper notice is given, employees may receive up to 80 hours [of] accumulated [Paid Days OfQ. ***\n* * *\nIt is the sincere intent of Bethphage to be fair and reasonable with all employees at all times. However, in relationships, problems may develop. *** If an employee *** feels that they [sic] have been treated unfairly, *** the following procedure for solution of such problems may be used without fear of recrimination. Failure to comply with any of the time limits listed below shall constitute a waiver of the grievance:\nA. Staff Conference \u2014 ***\nB. Appeal Process \u2014 ***.\u201d (Emphasis in original.)\nThe plaintiff alleges in her complaint that she read the handbook and accepted its terms by continuing to work for Bethphage.\nIn November 1988 Rose and Hennig, two managerial employees of Bethphage, without prior notice called the plaintiff into a meeting with them. At this meeting Rose explained some problems in the plaintiff\u2019s work performance as related in a written report by defendant Canuteson (another managerial employee of Bethphage), who was not present at the meeting. According to the plaintiff\u2019s amended affidavit, at this meeting \u201cthe terms and conditions of section 4.4 of the Bethphage Employee Handbook were adhered to by defendants and the prescribed form completed.\u201d Rose put the plaintiff on a 30-day disciplinary probation. In response, the plaintiff gave a four-week notice of resignation. In response to that, Rose ordered the plaintiff to clean out her desk and to be gone by the end of the day. A few days later the plaintiff returned to the office to request that she be permitted to work until the end of the four-week period. Rose ordered the plaintiff from the building, but commented that the plaintiff knew the procedure for filing a grievance. The record is silent on whether the plaintiff ever filed such a grievance.\nOn April 18, 1989, the plaintiff filed her complaint in this case. It consists of three counts. The first seeks recovery for breach of contract. The second seeks recovery for intentional interference with contractual relations. The third seeks recovery for defamation. On June 27, 1990, the circuit court granted defendants\u2019 motion for summary judgment as to the first two counts. On July 17, 1990, the circuit court entered a special finding to permit plaintiff to appeal from the summary judgment under Supreme Court Rule 304 (134 Ill. 2d R. 304). On August 3,1990, plaintiff timely filed her notice of appeal.\nThe issue on review is whether the circuit court erred in granting summary judgment in defendants\u2019 favor on the first two counts of the plaintiff\u2019s complaint. Summary judgment is proper only where the pleadings, depositions, and admissions on file, together with any affidavits, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. See Ill. Rev. Stat. 1989, ch. 110, par. 2\u2014 1005(c).\nEssential to the employer-employee relationship is the existence of an employment contract, express or implied. (See A.J. Johnson Paving Co. v. Industrial Comm'n (1980), 82 Ill. 2d 341, 350, 412 N.E.2d 477, 481.) In the construction of an employment contract, the court is seeking to ascertain the intention of the parties. (See Susmano v. Associated Internists of Chicago, Ltd. (1981), 97 Ill. App. 3d 215, 219, 422 N.E.2d 879, 882.) An employment relationship without a fixed duration is presumed to be terminable at will by either party, but this presumption can be overcome by demonstrating that the parties contracted otherwise. (See Duldulao v. Saint Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center (1987), 115 Ill. 2d 482, 489, 505 N.E.2d 314, 317-18.) The nub of this case is determining whether the parties had \u201ccontracted otherwise\u201d than that the employment relationship would be terminable at will by either party.\nAt this time the principal case in Illinois dealing with whether and to what extent an employee handbook or similar statement by an employer creates enforceable contract rights is Duldulao v. Saint Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center (1987), 115 Ill. 2d 482, 505 N.E.2d 314. The Illinois Supreme Court in that case stated:\n\u201c[W]e hold that an employee handbook or other policy statement creates enforceable contractual rights if the traditional requirements for contract formation are present. First, the language of the policy statement must contain a promise clear enough that an employee would reasonably believe that an offer has been made. Second, the statement must be disseminated to the employee in such a manner that the employee is aware of its contents and reasonably believes it to be an offer. Third, the employee must accept the offer by commencing or continuing to work after learning of the policy statement. When these conditions are present, then the employee\u2019s continued work constitutes consideration for the promises contained in the statement, and under traditional principles a valid contract is formed.\u201d (Duldulao, 115 Ill. 2d at 490, 505 N.E.2d at 318.)\nAll three conditions set forth in Duldulao must be present in order for an employee handbook or other policy statement to create enforceable contract rights. See Koch v. Illinois Power Co. (1988), 175 Ill. App. 3d 248, 529 N.E.2d 281.\nBy way of her complaint, the plaintiff took the position that certain of the defendants breached obligations\n(a) \u201cto act fairly and reasonably in disciplinary situations\u201d;\n(b) \u201cto act in a manner of mutual responsibility [sic] by communicating expectations and employing a progressive discipline approach\u201d;\n(c) \u201cto give plaintiff adequate written notice of a staff conference\u201d; and\n(d) \u201cto allow plaintiff to give at least one month written notice of resignation.\u201d\nHowever, for any of the defendants to be so obligated Bethphage must have promised the plaintiff that it would do these things.\nThere was no enforceable promise \u201cto act fairly and reasonably in disciplinary situations.\u201d The only statement in the employment agreement or the employee handbook that is close to this statement is in the section of the employee handbook on the procedure for grievances and appeals, and it reads: \u201cIt is the sincere intent of Bethphage to be fair and reasonable with all employees at all times.\u201d An employee could not reasonably believe that this statement constituted a promise clear enough and certain enough to become a part of an offer of continued employment.\nRegarding progressive discipline, the employee handbook states, \u201cTo communicate to employees what work habits and skills are expected of them to perform their job satisfactorily, a progressive discipline approach may be used.\u201d (Emphasis added.) This language clearly gave discretion to Bethphage management to use progressive discipline or not in any given case as it saw fit, and so could not be construed as a promise to always use progressive discipline.\nWith regard to the staff conference, the employee handbook states in relevant part: \u201cWhen a disciplinary problem exists, a staff conference will be requested in writing by the Supervisor and held at a mutually agreeable time no later than five working days after the initial request.\u201d (Emphasis added.) This statement does not promise any particular form of written request or any minimum period of time an employee would have to prepare for a staff conference, and so it cannot be said that by it Bethphage promised \u201cto give plaintiff adequate written notice of a staff conference.\u201d\nThe resignation provision in the employee handbook could not possibly be construed as promising anything on the part of Bethphage: \u201cSalaried employees are asked to give at least one month advance written notice of resignation. *** If proper notice is given, employees may receive up to 80 hours [of] accumulated [Paid Days Off].\u201d (Emphasis added.)\nThe presence of a disclaimer will not always prevent a particular statement in an employee handbook from becoming a term of a contract of employment (see Perman v. ArcVentures, Inc. (1990), 196 Ill. App. 3d 758, 554 N.E.2d 982). In this case, however, the combination of the clarity of the disclaimers in the employment agreement and the employee handbook and the uncertainty of the relevant statements in those documents was such that an employee could not have reasonably believed that the employer intended those statements to be promises that were part of an offer of new or continued employment. Therefore, the circuit court did not err in entering summary judgment for the defendants on the count of the complaint seeking recovery for breach of contract.\nNo argument has been presented to show any error by the circuit court in granting summary judgment on the count of the complaint claiming intentional interference with contractual relations. Points not argued are waived. (134 Ill. 2d R. 341(e)(7).) Therefore, we need not consider whether summary judgment in defendants\u2019 favor was proper as to count II.\nAffirmed.\nMcCUSKEY, J., concurs.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE GORMAN" }, { "text": "PRESIDING JUSTICE STOUDER,\ndissenting:\nAfter reviewing the majority opinion in the above-captioned case, I must respectfully dissent.\nThe record reveals that at the November 1988 meeting, the defendants acted as though they were abiding by section 4.4 of the employee handbook. The defendants did not operate as though the employee handbook was rendered a virtually meaningless document by the much emphasized disclaimers. Rather, the defendants\u2019 contemporaneous construction of the employee handbook found the plaintiff to be entitled to a hearing. Indeed, the defendants must have believed they were bound by the requirements of the employee handbook or else they wouldn\u2019t have subscribed to what they thought were the appropriate procedures. The majority opinion, however, unlike the defendants, considers the employee handbook a meaningless document.\nThe majority opinion significantly limits the holding in Duldulao v. Saint Mary of Nazareth Hospital Center (1987), 115 Ill. 2d 482, 505 N.E.2d 314. It is true that the language in the employee handbook at issue in Duldulao contained specific language such as \u201calways\u201d and \u201cnever.\u201d However, the language of the employee handbook in Pine River State Bank v. Mettille (Minn. 1983), 333 N.W.2d 622, which our supreme court relied on in Duldulao, did not contain specific language and yet was found to constitute a valid offer to the employee.\nWhether any particular personnel manual modifies any particular employment-at-will relationship and becomes part of the particular employment contract is a question of fact. Evidence relevant to this factual decision includes the language used in the personnel manual as well as the employer\u2019s course of conduct and oral representations regarding it. In addition, if an employer chooses to issue a policy statement or handbook, and by language or action encourages reliance thereon by the employee, the employer cannot then treat the policy as illusory and only selectively abide by it. See Leikvold v. Valley View Community Hospital (1984), 141 Ariz. 544, 688 P.2d 170.\nFurthermore, the majority opinion emphasizes the supposed clarity of the disclaimers. This court, however, is not limited to analyzing only the language found in the employee handbook. Indeed, the majority here points out that the presence of a disclaimer will not always prevent a particular statement in an employee handbook from becoming a term of a contract of employment. (See Perman v. ArcVentures, Inc. (1990), 196 Ill. App. 3d 758, 554 N.E.2d 982.) In the instant case, the defendants acted as though they were complying with the terms of the employee handbook. They gave no indication that the disclaimers applied or prevailed over the plaintiff\u2019s claims. The majority opinion here, however, seems to reward the ambiguous language found in the employee handbook and ignores the defendants\u2019 own attempt to abide by the terms of the employee handbook. Surely, our supreme court in Duldulao did not wish to convey a message encouraging illusory employee handbooks.\nIn any case, I believe a fact question exists whether the terms of the employee handbook combined with the defendants\u2019 actions created contractual rights for the plaintiff. The trial court\u2019s granting summary judgment for the defendants should be reversed.\nFor these reasons, I must respectfully dissent.", "type": "dissent", "author": "PRESIDING JUSTICE STOUDER," } ], "attorneys": [ "Steven D. Rittenmeyer, of Macomb, for appellant.", "Flack, McRaven & Stephens, of Macomb (A. Anthony Ashenhurst, of counsel), for appellees." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "TESS M. LEE, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. DEANN CANUTESON et al., Defendants-Appellees.\nThird District\nNo. 3\u201490\u20140543\nOpinion filed May 31, 1991.\nSTOUDER, P.J., dissenting.\nSteven D. Rittenmeyer, of Macomb, for appellant.\nFlack, McRaven & Stephens, of Macomb (A. Anthony Ashenhurst, of counsel), for appellees." }, "file_name": "0137-01", "first_page_order": 159, "last_page_order": 167 }