{ "id": 5296623, "name": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES KUBIK, Defendant-Appellant", "name_abbreviation": "People v. Kubik", "decision_date": "1991-05-21", "docket_number": "No. 1\u201487\u20141525", "first_page": "649", "last_page": "662", "citations": [ { "type": "official", "cite": "214 Ill. App. 3d 649" } ], "court": { "name_abbreviation": "Ill. App. Ct.", "id": 8837, "name": "Illinois Appellate Court" }, "jurisdiction": { "id": 29, "name_long": "Illinois", "name": "Ill." }, "cites_to": [ { "cite": "471 N.E.2d 590", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "594" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. App. 3d 842", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3525747 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "846-48" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/128/0842-01" ] }, { "cite": "420 N.E.2d 544", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "548" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 Ill. App. 3d 807", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3118041 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "812" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/95/0807-01" ] }, { "cite": "488 N.E.2d 973", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "977" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 18", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3167257 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "26-27" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0018-01" ] }, { "cite": "526 N.E.2d 335", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "353" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "123 Ill. 2d 113", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5550782 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "155" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/123/0113-01" ] }, { "cite": "535 N.E.2d 889", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "897-98" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "127 Ill. 2d 12", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5563775 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "32" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/127/0012-01" ] }, { "cite": "539 N.E.2d 1221", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1226" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 448", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3229022 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "458" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0448-01" ] }, { "cite": "538 N.E.2d 481", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "485" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 66", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3229038 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "80-81" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0066-01" ] }, { "cite": "473 N.E.2d 1246", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1255" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "104 Ill. 2d 504", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3147214 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "524-25" }, { "page": "525" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/104/0504-01" ] }, { "cite": "533 N.E.2d 1089", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1091" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "126 Ill. 2d 248", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5557518 ], "year": 1984, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "260" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/126/0248-01" ] }, { "cite": "538 N.E.2d 1118", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1123" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "128 Ill. 2d 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3228419 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "265-66" }, { "page": "265-66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/128/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "466 U.S. 668", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6204802 ], "weight": 9, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "685" }, { "page": "692" }, { "page": "2063" }, { "page": "686" }, { "page": "692-93" }, { "page": "687" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "689" }, { "page": "694" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/466/0668-01" ] }, { "cite": "540 N.E.2d 500", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "503" }, { "page": "503" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 Ill. App. 3d 569", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2640470 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "574" }, { "page": "574-75" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/184/0569-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 N.E.2d 182", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "192" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "184 Ill. App. 3d 253", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2639217 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "267" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/184/0253-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 N.E.2d 1239", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1244" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "185 Ill. App. 3d 920", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2647405 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "928" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/185/0920-01" ] }, { "cite": "395 U.S. 250", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1771609 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "252" }, { "page": "286-87" }, { "page": "1727-28" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/395/0250-01" ] }, { "cite": "405 U.S. 427", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11722669 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "430-32" }, { "page": "344-45" }, { "page": "1059-60" }, { "page": "430" }, { "page": "344" }, { "page": "1059" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/405/0427-01" ] }, { "cite": "549 N.E.2d 268", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "133 Ill. 2d 173", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3260348 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "225" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/133/0173-01" ] }, { "cite": "730 F. Supp. 556", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 11644718 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "565-66" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/730/0556-01" ] }, { "cite": "884 F.2d 945", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 11358982 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "951" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/884/0945-01" ] }, { "cite": "245 N.E.2d 461", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "464-65" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "42 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2846427 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "6" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/42/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "264 N.E.2d 140", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "142" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "46 Ill. 2d 554", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2900728 ], "year": 1969, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "557" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/46/0554-01" ] }, { "cite": "265 N.E.2d 120", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "121" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "47 Ill. 2d 211", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 2906071 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1970, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "212-13" }, { "page": "212-13" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/47/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "465 U.S. 638", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11336877 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/465/0638-01" ] }, { "cite": "451 U.S. 477", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6187603 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/451/0477-01" ] }, { "cite": "497 U.S. 227", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6215013 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "242" }, { "page": "211" }, { "page": "2831" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/497/0227-01" ] }, { "cite": "140 Misc. 2d 417", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Misc. 2d", "case_ids": [ 874027 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/misc2d/140/0417-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 N.Y.S.2d 172", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "N.Y.S.2d", "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "177" }, { "page": "177" }, { "page": "177-78" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "510 N.E.2d 1026", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1029-30" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "157 Ill. App. 3d 700", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3542712 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "704" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/157/0700-01" ] }, { "cite": "511 N.E.2d 710", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "712-13" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "158 Ill. App. 3d 652", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3577972 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "655" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/158/0652-01" ] }, { "cite": "515 N.E.2d 812", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "815-16" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "161 Ill. App. 3d 995", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3467857 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1000-02" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/161/0995-01" ] }, { "cite": "526 N.E.2d 849", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "855" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "172 Ill. App. 3d 94", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 5082212 ], "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/172/0094-01" ] }, { "cite": "541 N.E.2d 1308", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1311" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "186 Ill. App. 3d 35", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 2654581 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "41" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/186/0035-01" ] }, { "cite": "530 N.E.2d 423", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "426" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "124 Ill. 2d 400", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3218090 ], "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "412" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/124/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "516 N.E.2d 674", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "138 Ill. 2d 218", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5576736 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/138/0218-01" ] }, { "cite": "492 U.S. 302", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6214810 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "314" }, { "page": "275" }, { "page": "2944" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/492/0302-01" ] }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 407", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 5098 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1989, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "412" }, { "page": "355" }, { "page": "1216" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/0407-01" ] }, { "cite": "494 U.S. 484", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 4970 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "487-88" }, { "page": "424" }, { "page": "1259-60" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/494/0484-01" ] }, { "cite": "302 U.S. 319", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6140617 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "325" }, { "page": "292" }, { "page": "152" }, { "page": "325" }, { "page": "292" }, { "page": "152" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/302/0319-01" ] }, { "cite": "401 U.S. 667", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11714690 ], "weight": 7, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "692-93" }, { "page": "420-21" }, { "page": "1180" }, { "page": "682" }, { "page": "414" }, { "page": "693" }, { "page": "421" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/401/0667-01" ] }, { "cite": "457 U.S. 537", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6191611 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "549" }, { "page": "213" }, { "page": "2586" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/457/0537-01" ] }, { "cite": "98 L. Ed. 2d 546", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 599573, 11299543 ], "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "553" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0211-01", "/us/347/0110-01" ] }, { "cite": "484 U.S. 211", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 599573 ], "weight": 2, "year": 1982, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "215" }, { "page": "537" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/484/0211-01" ] }, { "cite": "394 U.S. 244", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6170591 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "263" }, { "page": "263" }, { "page": "1041" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/394/0244-01" ] }, { "cite": "422 U.S. 916", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 9618 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "920" }, { "page": "647" }, { "page": "2573" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/422/0916-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 U.S. 288", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12032050 ], "weight": 18, "year": 1975, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "300" }, { "page": "349" }, { "page": "1069" }, { "page": "311" }, { "page": "356" }, { "page": "1075" }, { "page": "310" }, { "page": "356" }, { "page": "1075" }, { "page": "301" }, { "page": "349" }, { "page": "307" }, { "page": "353" }, { "page": "311" }, { "page": "357" }, { "page": "297" }, { "page": "347" }, { "page": "306" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/489/0288-01" ] }, { "cite": "476 U.S. 530", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12807 ], "weight": 3, "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/476/0530-01" ] }, { "cite": "307 N.E.2d 359", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "365" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "56 Ill. 2d 285", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5405370 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294-95" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/56/0285-01" ] }, { "cite": "452 N.E.2d 525", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "97 Ill. 2d 1", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5514997 ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/97/0001-01" ] }, { "cite": "672 F. Supp. 896", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F. Supp.", "case_ids": [ 1179875 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "900" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f-supp/672/0896-01" ] }, { "cite": "391 U.S. 123", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1767670 ], "weight": 5, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "136" }, { "page": "485" }, { "page": "1628" }, { "page": "137" }, { "page": "137" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/391/0123-01" ] }, { "cite": "392 U.S. 293", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6169495 ], "weight": 4, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "294" }, { "page": "1102" }, { "page": "1922" }, { "page": "294-95" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/392/0293-01" ] }, { "cite": "410 U.S. 284", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 11957222 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1968, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "295" }, { "page": "309" }, { "page": "1045-46" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/410/0284-01" ] }, { "cite": "400 U.S. 74", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 12046557 ], "weight": 3, "year": 1973, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "89" }, { "page": "227" }, { "page": "220" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/400/0074-01" ] }, { "cite": "442 U.S. 62", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1532150 ], "weight": 9, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "73" }, { "page": "733" }, { "page": "2139" }, { "page": "75" }, { "page": "724-25" }, { "page": "2140" }, { "page": "73" }, { "page": "723" }, { "page": "2139" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/442/0062-01" ] }, { "cite": "835 F.2d 1204", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "F.2d", "case_ids": [ 10551832 ], "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1206" }, { "page": "1206" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/f2d/835/1204-01" ] }, { "cite": "380 U.S. 400", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 1525264 ], "weight": 6, "year": 1987, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "403" }, { "page": "926" }, { "page": "1067" }, { "page": "404" }, { "page": "926-27" }, { "page": "1068" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/380/0400-01" ] }, { "cite": "500 N.E.2d 445", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "446" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "148 Ill. App. 3d 911", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3642895 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "913" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/148/0911-01" ] }, { "cite": "528 N.E.2d 373", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "374-75" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "174 Ill. App. 3d 217", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3516258 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "218-19" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/174/0217-01" ] }, { "cite": "521 N.E.2d 1158", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1161-62" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "122 Ill. 2d 64", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5549473 ], "year": 1988, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "73-74" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/122/0064-01" ] }, { "cite": "489 N.E.2d 1350", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 2, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "1354" }, { "page": "1353" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "111 Ill. 2d 283", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 3167488 ], "weight": 3, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "291-92" }, { "page": "289" }, { "page": "289" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/111/0283-01" ] }, { "cite": "531 N.E.2d 17", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "23" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "125 Ill. 2d 100", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5554681 ], "year": 1986, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "104-05" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/125/0100-01" ] }, { "cite": "419 N.E.2d 702", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "pin_cites": [ { "page": "704" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "94 Ill. App. 3d 797", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3128740 ], "pin_cites": [ { "page": "798-99" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/94/0797-01" ] }, { "cite": "281 N.E.2d 289", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "290" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "51 Ill. 2d 96", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. 2d", "case_ids": [ 5391034 ], "year": 1981, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "98" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-2d/51/0096-01" ] }, { "cite": "28 U.S.C. \u00a72254", "category": "laws:leg_statute", "reporter": "U.S.C.", "year": 1988, "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "95 L. Ed. 2d 162", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "L. Ed. 2d", "case_ids": [ 6212322, 6930932 ], "weight": 6, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "169" }, { "page": "172" }, { "page": "171" }, { "page": "172" }, { "page": "172" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/481/0186-01", "/us/340/0147-01" ] }, { "cite": "481 U.S. 186", "category": "reporters:federal", "reporter": "U.S.", "case_ids": [ 6212322 ], "weight": 12, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "189" }, { "page": "1717" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "1719" }, { "page": "192" }, { "page": "1718" }, { "page": "193" }, { "page": "1719" }, { "page": "194" }, { "page": "1719" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/us/481/0186-01" ] }, { "cite": "481 N.E.2d 744", "category": "reporters:state_regional", "reporter": "N.E.2d", "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "751" }, { "page": "751" }, { "page": "752" }, { "page": "751" } ], "opinion_index": 0 }, { "cite": "135 Ill. App. 3d 113", "category": "reporters:state", "reporter": "Ill. App. 3d", "case_ids": [ 3601148 ], "weight": 5, "pin_cites": [ { "page": "124" }, { "page": "124" }, { "page": "125" }, { "page": "124" } ], "opinion_index": 0, "case_paths": [ "/ill-app-3d/135/0113-01" ] } ], "analysis": { "cardinality": 1388, "char_count": 31680, "ocr_confidence": 0.798, "pagerank": { "raw": 1.0365512747206289e-07, "percentile": 0.5495387955050661 }, "sha256": "00145217f22e1a9a4cf642fbd32957b4713ffdd8fa8c5e822e9599c4be012610", "simhash": "1:3a1df9be6fd9ff87", "word_count": 5255 }, "last_updated": "2023-07-14T20:26:06.259068+00:00", "provenance": { "date_added": "2019-08-29", "source": "Harvard", "batch": "2018" }, "casebody": { "judges": [], "parties": [ "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES KUBIK, Defendant-Appellant." ], "opinions": [ { "text": "JUSTICE DiVITO\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nFollowing a jury trial, defendant James Kubik was found guilty of murder, rape, and conspiracy to commit both murder and rape. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1979, ch. 38, pars. 9\u20141, 11\u20141, 8\u20142.) He received consecutive prison terms of 40 years for murder and 30 years for rape. The circuit court had denied a motion for severance and, during the joint trial, admitted defendant\u2019s confession with the interlocking confessions of two nontestifying codefendants. Defendant appealed, his conviction was affirmed (People v. Visnack (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 113, 481 N.E.2d 744), and the Illinois Supreme Court denied leave to appeal. Defendant appeals from the dismissal of his petition for relief under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122\u20141 et seq.).\nDefendant was tried jointly with codefendants Daniel Visnack and Randall Weidner for the rape and murder of Visnack\u2019s wife. Defendant\u2019s confession revealed the following. On August 6, 1979, Visnack offered defendant and Weidner a car, money, and a gun in exchange for the murder of Sharon Visnack. On the morning of August 7, 1979, defendant and Weidner went to Visnack\u2019s apartment and gained access with a key that Visnack had provided. Defendant entered Sharon\u2019s bedroom, grabbed her, tied her hands behind her back, taped her mouth with duct tape that he had brought from his home, and raped her. He then went through the apartment looking for something to take. Later, defendant placed a plastic bag over Sharon\u2019s head and secured it with duct tape. After she managed to rip the bag off her head, defendant placed another plastic bag over her head and used more duct tape. Sharon could not free herself and died from asphyxiation.\nDefendant stated that since he wanted the intrusion to look like a burglary, he \u201cmessed up\u201d the apartment. To hide the fact that he had a key, defendant found a screwdriver in Visnack\u2019s toolbox and used it to break the lock on the door. Thereafter, he returned to his parents\u2019 home and burned some of his clothing as well as Visnack\u2019s screwdriver in his barbecue grill.\nOn August 14, 1979, defendant was arrested by Officer Kelly Matthews of the Calumet City police department; he was advised of his constitutional rights and taken to the police station. At the station, defendant again received his constitutional rights and he confessed to the crimes. Later, defendant gave a second confession in the presence of several police officers, an assistant State\u2019s Attorney, and a court reporter. His confession was corroborated by the condition of the body and the evidence found at the crime scene.\nThe police also found independent evidence linking defendant to the rape and murder. At the time of his arrest, police officers matched defendant\u2019s shoeprint with a print they had found on a plastic bag at the crime scene. During a search of defendant\u2019s residence, police found a roll of duct tape that matched a piece taken from Sharon\u2019s body. A search of defendant\u2019s grill revealed the screwdriver that he had used to break the lock on Visnack\u2019s door. Codefendants Visnack and Weidner also gave confessions which revealed the same basic facts contained in defendant\u2019s confession.\nPrior to trial, defendant filed a motion to suppress the confessions. He asserted that they were the product of an earlier statement to him by Officer Matthews to the effect that he would get the electric chair if he did not give a statement. He also asserted that he had informed a priest about Matthews\u2019 alleged threat, although the priest had not heard the threat and could not substantiate what defendant had told him.\nAt the hearing on the motion, defendant reiterated his contention that his confession was involuntary. The priest\u2019s testimony was not offered and defendant\u2019s attorney did not call every State witness who was present when defendant gave his second confession. The circuit court denied the motion to suppress the confessions as well as a motion for severance which had also been filed.\nDuring their joint trial, none of the codefendants testified. The jury heard the confessions, including a tape recording of Visnack\u2019s confession. The circuit court instructed the jury to consider each codefendant\u2019s confession only against the one who gave it. The independent evidence linking defendant to the rape and murder was also admitted.\nOn direct appeal, defendant argued, inter alia, that the circuit court erred in denying defendant\u2019s motion for a severance and that the prosecutor\u2019s improper comments during closing argument resulted in prejudice. As noted previously, defendant\u2019s conviction was affirmed and the Illinois Supreme Court denied leave to appeal.\nSubsequently, defendant filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. On September 17, 1986, defendant voluntarily dismissed the petition. On September 18, 1986, defendant filed for relief under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. The State responded with a motion to dismiss. On May 17, 1987, the circuit court granted the motion without an evidentiary hearing. This appeal followed.\nI\nDefendant first maintains that his rights under the confrontation clause of the sixth amendment to the United States Constitution were violated through the admission of his nontestifying codefendants\u2019 interlocking confessions at their joint trial. He argues that the Supreme Court\u2019s pronouncement in Cruz v. New York (1987), 481 U.S. 186, 95 L. Ed. 2d 162, 107 S. Ct. 1714, created a new procedural rule that bars the admission of a nontestifying codefendant\u2019s interlocking confession. In the alternative, defendant argues that Cruz reaffirmed a more venerable interpretation of the confrontation clause. Under either analysis, defendant maintains that Cruz should be applied retroactively on collateral review. He therefore argues that the circuit court\u2019s dismissal of his post-conviction petition without an evidentiary hearing was error.\nThe State maintains that defendant raised this issue on direct appeal, albeit before Cruz was decided, and therefore collateral review is precluded by the doctrine of res judicata. The State also argues that Cruz should not be given retroactive application on collateral review. Alternatively, the State maintains that the admission of the two nontestifying codefendants\u2019 confessions constituted harmless error in light of the overwhelming evidence against defendant.\nThe Post-Conviction Hearing Act provides that \u201c[a]ny person imprisoned in the penitentiary who asserts that in the proceedings which resulted in his conviction there was a substantial denial of his rights under the Constitution of the United States or of the State of Illinois or both may institute a proceeding under this Article.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122\u20141.) (Compare Illinois\u2019 collateral review mechanism with the writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. \u00a72254 (1988).) The purpose of the Act is \u201cto afford to the convicted an opportunity to inquire into the constitutional integrity of the proceedings in which the judgment was entered.\u201d People v. Pier (1972), 51 Ill. 2d 96, 98, 281 N.E.2d 289, 290. See People v. Howard (1981), 94 Ill. App. 3d 797, 798-99, 419 N.E.2d 702, 704.\nA defendant is entitled to an evidentiary hearing on a petition for post-conviction relief when he alleges a substantial constitutional deprivation. (Ill. Rev. Stat. 1985, ch. 38, par. 122\u20141; People v. Albanese (1988), 125 Ill. 2d 100, 104-05, 531 N.E.2d 17, 23; People v. James (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 283, 291-92, 489 N.E.2d 1350, 1354.) The allegations must contain a sufficient factual recounting of the basis for defendant\u2019s post-conviction claim. (People v. Porter (1988), 122 Ill. 2d 64, 73-74, 521 N.E.2d 1158, 1161-62; People v. Potter (1988), 174 Ill. App. 3d 217, 218-19, 528 N.E.2d 373, 374-75; People v. Dredge (1986), 148 Ill. App. 3d 911, 913, 500 N.E.2d 445, 446.) In this case, defendant alleged that he was denied a fair trial because the court denied his motion for severance and admitted his nontestifying codefendants\u2019 inculpating confessions at their joint trial.\nThe confrontation clause guarantees an accused\u2019s right of cross-examination; its reach extends to the States through the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution. (Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. at 189, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 169, 107 S. Ct. at 1717; Pointer v. Texas (1965), 380 U.S. 400, 403, 13 L. Ed. 2d 923, 926, 85 S. Ct. 1065, 1067; United States ex rel. Sanders v. Lane (7th Cir. 1987), 835 F.2d 1204, 1206.) Its purpose is to ensure the fairness and accuracy of criminal trials. (Parker v. Randolph (1979), 442 U.S. 62, 73, 60 L. Ed. 2d 713, 733, 99 S. Ct. 2132, 2139 (opinion of Rehnquist, J.), citing Dutton v. Evans (1970), 400 U.S. 74, 89, 27 L. Ed. 2d 213, 227, 91 S. Ct. 210, 220; Chambers v. Mississippi (1973), 410 U.S. 284, 295, 35 L. Ed. 2d 297, 309, 93 S. Ct. 1038, 1045-46; Roberts v. Russell (1968), 392 U.S. 293, 294, 20 L. Ed. 2d 1100, 1102, 88 S. Ct. 1921, 1922; Bruton v. United States (1968), 391 U.S. 123, 136, 20 L. Ed. 2d 476, 485, 88 S. Ct. 1620, 1628.) The right of cross-examination is a fundamental guarantee of liberty, and its roots are found deep within the philosophical underpinnings of our adversarial system. See, e.g., Thompson v. South Carolina (D. S.C. 1987), 672 F. Supp. 896, 900, citing Pointer v. Texas, 380 U.S. at 404, 13 L. Ed. 2d at 926-27, 85 S. Ct. at 1068.\nThe United States Supreme Court\u2019s interpretation of the confrontation clause, in the context of the admissibility of a nontestifying co-defendant\u2019s interlocking confession, has significantly changed since defendant was tried and took his direct appeal. In Bruton v. United States (391 U.S. at 137, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 485, 88 S. Ct. at 1628), the Court held that an accused\u2019s rights under the confrontation clause were violated when a nontestifying codefendant\u2019s inculpating confession was admitted at their joint trial. The Court further held that limiting instructions were not \u201can adequate substitute for [the accused\u2019s] constitutional right of cross-examination.\u201d Bruton, 391 U.S. at 137, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 485, 88 S. Ct. at 1628.\nIn Parker v. Randolph (442 U.S. at 75, 60 L. Ed. 2d at 724-25, 99 S. Ct. at 2140), a divided Court, in a plurality opinion, held that the \u201cadmission of interlocking confessions with proper limiting instructions conforms to the requirements of the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.\u201d The Court stated that \u201cthe incriminating statements of a codefendant will seldom, if ever, be of the \u2018devastating\u2019 character referred to in Bruton when the incriminated defendant has admitted his own guilt.\u201d Parker, 442 U.S. at 73, 60 L. Ed. 2d at 723, 99 S. Ct. at 2139. See People v. Davis (1983), 97 Ill. 2d 1, 452 N.E.2d 525 (adopting Parker in Illinois); People v. Bassett (1974), 56 Ill. 2d 285, 294-95, 307 N.E.2d 359, 365.\nLater, in Cruz v. New York (481 U.S. at 193, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 172, 107 S. Ct. at 1719), the Court reversed Parker and held:\n\u201c[W]here a nontestifying codefendant\u2019s confession incriminating the defendant is not directly admissible against the defendant, see Lee v. Illinois [(1986), 476 U.S. 530, 90 L. Ed. 2d 514, 106 S. Ct. 2056], the Confrontation Clause bars its admission at their joint trial, even if the jury is instructed not to consider it against the defendant, and even if the defendant\u2019s own confession is admitted against him.\u201d\nThe Cruz Court explicitly rejected Parker\u2019s \u201cinterlocking exception\u201d and reasoned that \u201c \u2018interlocking\u2019 bears a positively inverse relationship to devastation.\u201d (Cruz, 481 U.S. at 192, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 171, 107 S. Ct. at 1718.) The view espoused in Parker was controlling at the time of defendant\u2019s trial and direct appeal. See People v. Visnack (1985), 135 Ill. App. 3d 113, 124, 481 N.E.2d 744, 751.\nIn Teague v. Lane (1989), 489 U.S. 288, 300, 103 L. Ed. 2d 334, 349, 109 S. Ct. 1060, 1069, quoting Bowen v. United States (1975), 422 U.S. 916, 920, 45 L. Ed. 2d 641, 647, 95 S. Ct. 2569, 2573, the Court stated that \u201cwhen \u2018issues of both retroactivity and application of constitutional doctrine are raised,\u2019 the retroactivity issue should be decided first.\u201d No reported Illinois authority addresses the issue of whether Cruz carries a retroactive application under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act. We resolve that question today.\nInitially, we must decide whether Cruz created a new procedural rule or reaffirmed a more venerable interpretation of the confrontation clause. (See Desist v. United States (1969), 394 U.S. 244, 263, 22 L. Ed. 2d 248, 263, 89 S. Ct. 1030, 1041 (Harlan, J., dissenting).) The latter always carries a retroactive application on collateral review (see Yates v. Aiken (1988), 484 U.S. 211, 215, 98 L. Ed. 2d 546, 553, 108 S. Ct. 534, 537; United States v. Johnson (1982), 457 U.S. 537, 549, 73 L. Ed. 2d 202, 213, 102 S. Ct. 2579, 2586), while the former \u201cshould be applied retroactively if it places \u2018certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal law-making authority to proscribe\u2019 [or] *** if it requires the observance of \u2018those procedures that ... are \u201cimplicit in the concept of ordered liberty.\u201d\u2019\u201d (Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. at 311, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 356, 109 S. Ct. at 1075, quoting Mackey v. United States (1971), 401 U.S. 667, 692-93, 28 L. Ed. 2d 404, 420-21, 91 S. Ct. 1160, 1180 (Harlan, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part), quoting Palko v. Connecticut (1937), 302 U.S. 319, 325, 82 L. Ed. 288, 292, 58 S. Ct. 149, 152.) Thus, Teague settled the long-standing debate by \u201cadopting] Justice Harlan\u2019s view of retroactivity for cases on collateral review.\u201d (Teague, 489 U.S. at 310, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 356, 109 S. Ct. at 1075.) Teague is now the law of the land. See Saffle v. Parks (1990), 494 U.S. 484, 487-88, 108 L. Ed. 2d 415, 424, 110 S. Ct. 1257, 1259-60.\nIn Butler v. McKellar (1990), 494 U.S. 407, 412, 108 L. Ed. 2d 347, 355, 110 S. Ct. 1212, 1216, quoting Penry v. Lynaugh (1989), 492 U.S. 302, 314, 106 L. Ed. 2d 256, 275, 109 S. Ct. 2934, 2944, and Teague v. Lane (489 U.S. at 301, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 349, 109 S. Ct. at 1070), the Court reasoned that \u201ca case announces a \u2018new rule\u2019 when it breaks new ground or imposes a new obligation on the States or the Federal Government. [Citation.] Put differently, and, indeed, more meaningfully for the majority of cases, a decision announces a new rule \u2018 \u201cif the result was not dictated by precedent existing at the time defendant\u2019s conviction became final.\u201d \u2019 \u201d (Emphasis in original.) Butler and Teague were decided in the context of the writ of habeas corpus, the Federal mechanism for collateral review. This rationale has been adopted for purposes of Illinois\u2019 Post-Conviction Hearing Act by the Illinois Supreme Court in People v. Flowers (1990), 138 Ill. 2d 218, 516 N.E.2d 674.\nThe Illinois courts have interpreted Cruz as a new procedural rule. Severance is now an issue where a nontestifying codefendant\u2019s interlocking confession is sought to be admitted at a joint trial. (See People v. Duncan (1988), 124 Ill. 2d 400, 412, 530 N.E.2d 423, 426; People v. Collins (1989), 186 Ill. App. 3d 35, 41, 541 N.E.2d 1308, 1311; People v. Smith (1988), 172 Ill. App. 3d 94, 104, 526 N.E.2d 849, 855; People v. Wilson (1987), 161 Ill. App. 3d 995, 1000-02, 515 N.E.2d 812, 815-16; People v. Elston (1987), 158 Ill. App. 3d 652, 655, 511 N.E.2d 710, 712-13; People v. Lincoln (1987), 157 Ill. App. 3d 700, 704, 510 N.E.2d 1026, 1029-30.) Therefore, Cruz imposed a new obligation on the State. Moreover, because the confessions were interlocking, the circuit court\u2019s denial of the severance motion was dictated by Parker at the time defendant\u2019s conviction became final.\nWe note that another court has reached the opposite conclusion, although before Butler, and retroactively applied Cruz as a reaffirmation of existing law. (See People v. Graham (1988), 531 N.Y.S.2d 172, 177, 140 Misc. 2d 417, _.) In Graham, the New York court seemingly relied on Cruz\u2019 dictum and viewed the Court\u2019s holding \u201cas \u2018no more than [a] reaffirm[ation of the] central proposition of Bruton.\u2019\u201d (Graham, 531 N.Y.S.2d at 177, 140 Misc. 2d at _, quoting Cruz v. New York, 481 U.S. at 193, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 172, 107 S. Ct. at 1719.) That analysis, however, does not bridge the eight-year gap between Parker and Cruz. The Graham court did go on to reason that \u201cthe application of [the] traditional retroactivity analysis leads [us] to the same result.\u201d Graham, 531 N.Y.S.2d at 177-78, 140 Misc. 2d at _.\nThe next question is whether the new rule announced in Cruz carries a retroactive application on collateral review. The relevant exception to the general rule of nonretroactivity is limited to \u201cthose procedures that ... \u2018are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.\u2019\u201d (Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. at 307, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 353, 109 S. Ct. at 1073.) In Sawyer v. Smith (1990), 497 U.S. 227, 242, 111 L. Ed. 2d 193, 211, 110 S. Ct. 2822, 2831, quoting Teague v. Lane (489 U.S. at 311, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 357, 109 S. Ct. at 1076), the Court stated that \u201c[a] rule that qualifies under this exception must not only improve accuracy, but also \u2018alter our understanding of the bedrock procedural elements\u2019 essential to the fairness of a proceeding.\u201d (Emphasis in original.) As for the element of accuracy, the Cruz Court held that a nontestifying codefendant\u2019s interlocking confession was inadmissible at a joint trial. The application of Cruz directly impacts on what evidence is admissible at trial. Therefore, Cruz improved the accuracy of the truth-finding function. As for the second element, Cruz altered our understanding of the sixth amendment. The nontestifying codefendant\u2019s interlocking confession was admissible under Parker\u2019s interlocking exception. The Court\u2019s pronouncement in Cruz extinguished that exception. It follows that our interpretation of the confrontation clause, in this narrow context, has significantly changed. The right of cross-examination is essential to the fairness and the constitutional integrity of a criminal proceeding. Accordingly, the rule announced in Cruz satisfies both elements.\nWe reject the State\u2019s assertion that Teague stands for the proposition that decisions like Cruz never carry a retroactive application on collateral review. In so arguing, the State relies on People v. James (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 283, 289, 489 N.E.2d 1350, 1353. However, the James court addressed the collateral retroactivity of the United States Supreme Court\u2019s pronouncement in Edwards v. Arizona (1981), 451 U.S. 477, 68 L. Ed. 2d 378, 101 S. Ct. 1880. Our supreme court noted that Edwards did not carry a retroactive application because it \u201cbears only a tangential relation to truthfinding at trial.\u201d (People v. James, 111 Ill. 2d at 289, citing Solem v. Stumes (1984), 465 U.S. 638, 79 L. Ed. 2d 579, 104 S. Ct. 1338 (holding that Edwards did not carry a retroactive application under the writ of habeas corpus).) We do not address the other examples cited by the State as they do not address the issue presented in this case.\nReturning to the issue of the sixth amendment right of cross-examination, Bruton was given full retroactive application to cases on habeas review in Roberts v. Russell (392 U.S. at 294-95, 20 L. Ed. 2d at 1102-03, 88 S. Ct. at 1922). The Illinois Supreme Court interpreted Roberts as mandating a retroactive application of Bruton under Illinois\u2019 Post-Conviction Act, despite prior affirmance on appeal. (See People v. Ikerd (1970), 47 Ill. 2d 211, 212-13, 265 N.E.2d 120, 121; People v. Davis (1970), 46 Ill. 2d 554, 557, 264 N.E.2d 140, 142; People v. Somerville (1969), 42 Ill. 2d 1, 6, 245 N.E.2d 461, 464-65.) Today, the Federal courts retroactively apply Cruz on habeas corpus review. (See United States ex rel. Lee v. Flannigan (7th Cir. 1989), 884 F.2d 945, 951; Sanders v. Lane (7th Cir. 1987), 835 F.2d 1204, 1206; Reddy v. Coombe (S.D.N.Y. 1990), 730 F. Supp. 556, 565-66.) Our research has not disclosed any authority supporting the proposition that Cruz does not retroactively apply on collateral review.\nOur rationale is consistent with Illinois\u2019 \u201cfundamental fairness\u201d exception to the finality rule of res judicata. (See Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. at 297, 103 L. Ed. 2d at 347, 109 S. Ct. at 1068 (discussing Illinois\u2019 Post-Conviction Hearing Act), citing People v. Ikerd, 47 Ill. 2d at 212-13.) In defining fundamental fairness, \u201c \u2018 \u201c[t]he relevant frame of reference ... is not the purpose of the new rule whose benefit the [defendant] seeks, but instead the purposes for which the [mechanism for collateral review] is made available.\u201d\u2019\u201d (Butler v. McKellar (1990), 494 U.S. at 413, 108 L. Ed. 2d at 355, 110 S. Ct. at 1216, quoting Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. at 306, 103 L. Ed. at 352, 109 S. Ct. at 1072, quoting Mackey, 401 U.S. at 682, 28 L. Ed. 2d at 414, 91 S. Ct. at 1175 (opinion of Harlan, J.).) The framework of the Post-Conviction Hearing Act enables courts to review the constitutional integrity or \u201cfundamental fairness\u201d of the trial proceedings. A trial is fundamentally fair and thus meets constitutional muster if \u201cconducted under those procedures essential to the substance of a full hearing\u201d which are \u201c \u2018implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.\u2019\u201d (Mackey, 401 U.S. at 693, 28 L. Ed. 2d at 421, 91 S. Ct. at 1180, quoting Palko, 302 U.S. at 325, 82 L. Ed. at 292, 58 S. Ct. at 152.) Accordingly, based on the fundamental conceptual nature of the right of cross-examination, we conclude that Cruz carries a retroactive application under the Post-Conviction Hearing Act.\nMoreover, the writ of habeas corpus permits the Federal courts to review State court decisions involving Federal constitutional claims such as the one presented by defendant in this case. Although Illinois\u2019 retroactivity analysis need not comport with the analysis employed by the Federal courts (see People v. Eyler (1989), 133 Ill. 2d 173, 225, 549 N.E.2d 268, 291), the availability of the Federal collateral remedy, read inconsistently with Illinois\u2019, would invite inconsistent results and would obscure finality. Application of Illinois\u2019 Post-Conviction Hearing Act should thus be consistent with the Federal writ of habeas corpus and Cruz must extend to those defendants seeking post-conviction review.\nThe State next asserts that the Bruton-Cruz error was harmless in light of the overwhelming evidence against defendant. Although it is true that a Bruton-Cruz violation can be harmless error (see Cruz, 481 U.S. at 194, 95 L. Ed. 2d at 172, 107 S. Ct. at 1719; Schneble v. California (1972), 405 U.S. 427, 430-32, 31 L. Ed. 2d 340, 344-45, 92 S. Ct. 1056, 1059-60; Harrington v. California (1969), 395 U.S. 250, 252, 23 L. Ed. 2d 284, 286-87, 89 S. Ct. 1726, 1727-28; People v. Silas (1989), 185 Ill. App. 3d 920, 928, 541 N.E.2d 1239, 1244; People v. Nunn (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 253, 267, 541 N.E.2d 182, 192; People v. Brown (1989), 184 Ill. App. 3d 569, 574, 540 N.E.2d 500, 503), that determination should be made at the circuit court level through an evidentiary hearing. Considering, however, that this is a case of first impression in Illinois and that defendant and the State have stipulated to the harmless error question being decided here, we address the issue.\nIn reviewing a Bruton-Cruz violation, the court must weigh the properly admitted evidence of guilt against the possible prejudicial effect of the codefendant\u2019s interlocking confession in determining whether such admission was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. (See Schneble v. California, 405 U.S. at 430, 31 L. Ed. 2d at 344, 92 S. Ct. at 1059; People v. Brown, 184 Ill. App. 3d at 574-75, 540 N.E.2d at 503.) In defendant\u2019s direct appeal, we considered the evidence of guilt to be overwhelming. People v. Visnack, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 124, 481 N.E.2d at 751.\nThe jury heard defendant\u2019s confession which detailed the rape and murder of Sharon Visnack. The substance of the confession revealed that Sharon had been raped; defendant had placed a plastic bag over her head; duct tape was used to secure the bag; a second bag was used after Sharon freed herself from the first; a screwdriver had been used to break the lock on the door; Visnack\u2019s apartment had been \u201cmessed up\u201d; and Sharon had worn a nightgown when he assaulted her. These details matched the condition of the body and the surroundings in which it was found.\nThe jury also received independent evidence linking defendant to the rape and murder. Expert testimony established that the screwdriver found in defendant\u2019s grill was the one used to break Visnack\u2019s lock; the shoeprint found on a plastic bag at the crime scene matched defendant\u2019s shoeprint taken at the time of his arrest; and a piece of duct tape found on Sharon\u2019s body had been torn from a roll found in defendant\u2019s home. Based on the accuracy of defendant\u2019s confession, and the independent evidence linking him to the offenses, we hold that the admission of the codefendants\u2019 confessions was cumulative of the overwhelming evidence against defendant and, therefore, did not deny him a fair trial.\nII\nDefendant next maintains that he was denied his sixth amendment right to effective assistance of counsel at trial and on direct appeal. He argues that his trial attorney was incompetent in failing to call a witness at the suppression hearing, failing to insist that all the State\u2019s witnesses be produced at the hearing, and failing to object to the prosecutor\u2019s comments during closing argument. Defendant also argues that his appellate attorney was incompetent for failing to raise the issue of his trial attorney\u2019s competence.\nThe State maintains that defendant\u2019s arguments concerning the competence of his trial attorney are barred as res judicata. The State also argues that his attorney\u2019s decisions were tactical in nature and therefore did not rise to the level of a sixth amendment violation. Alternatively, the State maintains that defendant was not prejudiced in light of the overwhelming evidence against him. Regarding defendant\u2019s allegations that his appellate counsel was incompetent, the State argues that the attorney acted in a reasonably prudent manner.\n\u201cThe Sixth Amendment recognizes the right to the assistance of counsel because it envisions counsel\u2019s playing a role that is critical to the ability of the adversarial system to produce just results.\u201d (Strickland v. Washington (1984), 466 U.S. 668, 685, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674, 692, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2063. See People v. Johnson (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 253, 265-66, 538 N.E.2d 1118, 1123; People v. Caballero (1989), 126 Ill. 2d 248, 260, 533 N.E.2d 1089, 1091; People v. Albanese (1984), 104 Ill. 2d 504, 524-25, 473 N.E.2d 1246, 1255 (adopting Strickland in Illinois).) \u201c \u2018The benchmark for judging any claim of ineffectiveness must be whether counsel\u2019s conduct so undermined the proper functioning of the adversarial process that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced a just result.\u2019 \u201d People v. Albanese, 104 Ill. 2d at 525, quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 686, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 692-93, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.\nIn Strickland, the Court announced two components used to test the issue of an ineffective assistance of counsel claim.\n\u201cFirst, the defendant must show that counsel\u2019s performance was deficient. This requires showing that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the \u2018counsel\u2019 guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment. Second, the defendant must show that the deficient performance prejudiced the defense. This requires showing that counsel\u2019s errors were so serious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial, a trial whose result is reliable.\u201d Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 693, 104 S. Ct. at 2064.\nSee People v. Flores (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 66, 80-81, 538 N.E.2d 481, 485; People v. Johnson (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 253, 265-66; People v. Bryant (1989), 128 Ill. 2d 448, 458, 539 N.E.2d 1221, 1226; People v. Jimerson (1989), 127 Ill. 2d 12, 32, 535 N.E.2d 889, 897-98; People v. Harris (1988), 123 Ill. 2d 113, 155, 526 N.E.2d 335, 353.\nInitially, we address defendant\u2019s claims regarding the competence of his trial attorney. Defendant argues that his attorney\u2019s failure to call the priest as a witness at the suppression hearing was tantamount to a sixth amendment violation. We disagree for two reasons. First, the decision of whether to call a witness is largely a matter of tactics. (People v. Flores (1989), 128 Ill. 2d at 85-86, 538 N.E.2d at 485-86; People v. Wright (1986), 111 Ill. 2d 18, 26-27, 488 N.E.2d 973, 977.) Counsel is given wide latitude in making tactical decisions. (Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689, 80 L. Ed. 2d at 694, 104 S. Ct. at 2065.) Only the most egregious of tactical blunders may provide a basis for a sixth amendment claim. Therefore, defendant cannot satisfy the first component. Second, we do not see any material benefit in the priest\u2019s testimony. He did not hear Officer Matthews\u2019 alleged threat and could not offer any direct evidence. At best, the witness could provide only evidence of a prior consistent statement as to what defendant had told him. Therefore, defendant cannot claim that the outcome of the suppression hearing would have been any different and cannot satisfy the second component of his claim.\nDefendant next argues that his attorney was incompetent in failing to insist that all the State\u2019s witnesses be produced at the suppression hearing. We find no merit in this contention either. Based on defendant\u2019s recounting of the facts, the only persons who were present at the time of Officer Matthews\u2019 alleged threat were the officer and defendant. Both testified at the hearing. The only persons required to be present at a hearing to suppress a confession are those whose testimony is material to the question of voluntariness. (People v. Monroe (1981), 95 Ill. App. 3d 807, 812, 420 N.E.2d 544, 548. See People v. Jones (1984), 128 Ill. App. 3d 842, 846-48, 471 N.E.2d 590, 594.) The State was not required to produce every person who came in contact with defendant after Officer Matthews\u2019 alleged threat. Therefore, no other testimony was required.\nDefendant next maintains that his attorney was incompetent in failing to object to certain comments of the prosecutor in closing argument. We have considered these allegations and find them lacking merit. On defendant\u2019s direct appeal, we concluded that although counsel made only 5 objections to the 15 instances of improper conduct complained of, those errors did not rise to the level of plain error required for consideration under Supreme Court Rule 615(a) (134 Ill. 2d R. 615(a)). (People v. Visnack, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 125, 481 N.E.2d at 752.) Our conclusion was based on the \u201coverwhelming evidence against defendants.\u201d (Visnack, 135 Ill. App. 3d at 124, 481 N.E.2d at 751.) We affirm our earlier conclusion.\nSince defendant has not satisfied the Strickland requirements regarding his trial attorney, we find no merit in his contention that his appellate attorney was incompetent.\nFor the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nSCARIANO, P.J., and HARTMAN, J., concur.", "type": "majority", "author": "JUSTICE DiVITO" } ], "attorneys": [ "Randolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (James W. Younger, Jr., Ronald P. Alwin, and Timothy J. Deeming, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.", "John O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, Kevin Sweeney, and James Veldman, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." ], "corrections": "", "head_matter": "THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. JAMES KUBIK, Defendant-Appellant.\nFirst District (2nd Division)\nNo. 1\u201487\u20141525\nOpinion filed May 21, 1991.\nRandolph N. Stone, Public Defender, of Chicago (James W. Younger, Jr., Ronald P. Alwin, and Timothy J. Deeming, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.\nJohn O\u2019Malley, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Inge Fryklund, Kevin Sweeney, and James Veldman, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People." }, "file_name": "0649-01", "first_page_order": 671, "last_page_order": 684 }