{
  "id": 2948584,
  "name": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. George H. Christo, Defendant-Appellant",
  "name_abbreviation": "People v. Christo",
  "decision_date": "1974-09-25",
  "docket_number": "No. 59009",
  "first_page": "656",
  "last_page": "658",
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    "id": 8837,
    "name": "Illinois Appellate Court"
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    "name_long": "Illinois",
    "name": "Ill."
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  "last_updated": "2023-07-14T18:04:13.341458+00:00",
  "provenance": {
    "date_added": "2019-08-29",
    "source": "Harvard",
    "batch": "2018"
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  "casebody": {
    "judges": [],
    "parties": [
      "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. George H. Christo, Defendant-Appellant."
    ],
    "opinions": [
      {
        "text": "Mr. JUSTICE BURMAN\ndelivered the opinion of the court:\nThe defendant George H. Christo, was charged with the offense of theft. He waived a jury trial. After a motion to suppress evidence was heard and denied, he was found guilty as charged and sentenced to serve 120 days in the House of Correction. On appeal, the defendant solely contends that the motion to suppress evidence should have been sustained.\nOfficer Richard Stach was the only witness at the hearing on the defendants motion to suppress. Called as a witness by defendant, he testifled that on February 12, 1973, at approximately 12:20 A.M., he and another officer observed the defendant and a girl seated in a parked automobile. The officer further stated that although he had no warrant for either an arrest or search, he searched the defendant and discovered the evidence which is sought to be suppressed.\nDuring cross-examination by the State, Officer Stach detailed the events which led to the search. He testified that as he approached the vehicle, the defendant \u201cstepped out of the car in a fast manner.\u201d This drew his attention. He asked the defendant who owned the car, and the defendant responded that a friend of his did. Approximately 30 seconds after the defendant exited the vehicle, a resident of a nearby building informed the officer that the car was owned by another occupant of the building. The owner then appeared and told Officer Stach that he did not know either the defendant or his companion. Upon hearing this, Officer Stach placed the defendant under arrest and searched his person. On redirect examination he reiterated a firm recollection that the search was conducted subsequent to the arrest.\nIllinois statutory law requires that \u201cthe order or judgment granting or denying the motion [to suppress evidence] shall state the findings of facts and conclusions of law upon which the order or judgment is based.\u201d (Ill. Rev. Stat., ch. 38, par. 114 \u2014 12(e).) In compliance with the statute, the trial judge concluded: \u201cThe search was incidental to a proper stop. Motion to suppress denied.\u201d\nThe defense finds the court\u2019s use of the words \u201cproper stop\u201d particularly significant. On the basis of these words, it is argued that the search was not conducted incident to an arrest, but rather merely based upon suspicion, and that the evidence produced by the search should have been suppressed. The defendant concedes that there is no question but that a certain limited intrusion may be conducted pursuant to a \u201cproper stop,\u201d but it is emphasized that such a search has definite and narrow parameters. The defendant cites section 108 \u2014 1.01 of the Code of Criminal Procedure (Ill. Rev. Stat., ch. 38, par. 108 \u2014 1.01), which provides in pertinent part:\n\u201cWhen a peace officer has stopped a person for temporary questioning pursuant to Section 107 \u2014 14 of this Code and reasonably suspects that he or another is in danger of attack, he may search the person for weapons * *\nIt is argued that the search, therefore, must be confined in scope to an intrusion designed to discover guns, knives, clubs, or other hidden instruments for the assault of the police officer. (Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 29.) The defense stresses that the seizure of certain items from the defendant\u2019s person was conducted during a \u201cstop and frisk\u201d, and that the principles of law applicable to \u201cstop and frisk\u201d were erroneously applied by the trial judge. We are not in accord.\nThe fact that the court used the words \u201cproper stop\u201d does not in our opinion infer that it applied \u201cstop and frisk law.\u201d The defendant regards the word \u201cstop\u201d as having a settled definition, when in fact, the contours of its connotations are ill-defined. This is not to say that the word may not and has not been used in the sense propounded by the defendant. We mean only to say that the word \u201cstop\u201d has not evolved to that degree of usage and crystal certainty as to indelibly label it a term of art. Its meaning is not fixed, but varies with the context in which it is used.\nPlacing the instant usage of the word in context with the evidence, clearly the trial court concluded that the search was conducted pursuant to an arrest based upon probable cause. The sole witness called to testify on the motion to suppress was Officer Stach. He testified that he did not arrest nor search the defendant until the defendant\u2019s statement that the automobile was owned by a friend of his was refuted by the true owner. Although the original stopping was based on mere suspicion, the arrest and subsequent search were made only after probable cause existed. A search is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment when incident to a proper arrest (United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218; Gustafson v. Florida, 414 U.S. 260.) We conclude that since the evidence clearly establishes the legality of the arrest and subsequent search, the defendant cannot avail himself of the Court\u2019s use of the word \u201cstop\u201d as a ground for reversal. People v. Wilson, 45 Ill.2d 581, 262 N.E.2d 441.\nWe find no reversible error in the record, and the judgment of the circuit court is affirmed.\nAffirmed.\nADESKO, P. J., and JOHNSON, J., concur.",
        "type": "majority",
        "author": "Mr. JUSTICE BURMAN"
      }
    ],
    "attorneys": [
      "James J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Joseph Dvorak, III, and Ira Churgin, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.",
      "Bernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Patrick T. Driscoll, Jr., and Lorence H. Slutzky, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People."
    ],
    "corrections": "",
    "head_matter": "The People of the State of Illinois, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. George H. Christo, Defendant-Appellant.\n(No. 59009;\nFirst District (4th Division)\nSeptember 25, 1974.\nRehearing denied October 24, 1974.\nJames J. Doherty, Public Defender, of Chicago (Joseph Dvorak, III, and Ira Churgin, Assistant Public Defenders, of counsel), for appellant.\nBernard Carey, State\u2019s Attorney, of Chicago (Patrick T. Driscoll, Jr., and Lorence H. Slutzky, Assistant State\u2019s Attorneys, of counsel), for the People."
  },
  "file_name": "0656-01",
  "first_page_order": 678,
  "last_page_order": 680
}